An optical detector circuit uses a photodiode connected to an operational amplifier with a feedback resistor.
The responsivity Rλ R_\lambda\,Rλ of the photodiode is defined as:
Rλ=IpP R_\lambda = \frac{I_p}{P} Rλ=PIpwhere Ip I_p\,Ip is the photocurrent and P P\,P is the incident light power.
At a wavelength of λ=850 nm\lambda = 850\text{ nm}λ=850 nm, the responsivity of the photodiode is 0.45 A W-1. Monochromatic light at the same wavelength with an incident power of 8.0 μW8.0\ \mu\text{W}8.0 μW is directed onto the photodiode. The operational amplifier has a feedback resistor of 390 kΩ390\text{ k}\Omega390 kΩ.
Calculate the photocurrent Ip I_p\,Ip generated by the photodiode.
Calculate the magnitude of the output voltage VoutV_{\text{out}}Vout of the detector circuit.
Explain the effect of dark current in the photodiode and why it must be kept as small as possible in optical communication applications.