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threatening the cohesion and survival of the Habsburg Empire."},{"text":"Britain's overseas empire.","correct":false,"explanation":"Serbian nationalism focused on uniting South Slavs in the Balkans, not challenging British colonial rule. It threatened Austria-Hungary's multi-national empire by encouraging separatism."},{"text":"Germany's industrial economy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Serbian nationalism was a territorial and ethnic challenge in the Balkans, not an economic threat to Germany. Its principal target was Austria-Hungary's multi-national empire."},{"text":"France's republican constitution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Serbian nationalists did not seek political change within France. Their ambitions threatened Austria-Hungary's multi-national empire because it contained substantial South Slav populations."}]},{"id":"912445d2-a9f5-42bb-8ec0-135a2402ef1e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why did German Weltpolitik worry Britain and France?","back":"It sought overseas influence.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It sought overseas influence.","correct":true,"explanation":"Weltpolitik aimed to expand German colonial, diplomatic and naval power overseas, challenging Britain's global dominance and competing with French imperial interests."},{"text":"It sought European disarmament.","correct":false,"explanation":"Weltpolitik was associated with expanding German power and naval strength, not promoting disarmament. Britain and France worried because Germany sought greater overseas influence."},{"text":"It sought colonial withdrawal.","correct":false,"explanation":"Germany did not intend to retreat from imperial competition under Weltpolitik. It sought overseas influence, bringing it into rivalry with the established British and French empires."},{"text":"It sought diplomatic isolation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Weltpolitik aimed to make Germany a more influential world power, not to isolate it diplomatically. Its pursuit of overseas influence alarmed Britain and France."}]},{"id":"71470047-6a5b-4da5-8eed-a17fa7e3bfe5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"German Naval Laws from [ ] intensified the [ ].","back":"German Naval Laws from 1898 intensified the Anglo-German naval race.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"German Naval Laws from 1898 intensified the Anglo-German naval race.","correct":true,"explanation":"The first German Naval Law was passed in 1898, beginning a major fleet-building programme that intensified naval competition and mistrust between Germany and Britain."},{"text":"German Naval Laws from 1906 intensified the Anglo-German naval race.","correct":false,"explanation":"1906 is associated with Britain's launch of HMS Dreadnought, not the beginning of Germany's Naval Laws. These laws dated from 1898 and intensified Anglo-German naval competition."},{"text":"German Naval Laws from 1898 intensified the Franco-German colonial rivalry.","correct":false,"explanation":"The date is accurate, but the laws expanded Germany's battle fleet and therefore intensified the Anglo-German naval race, rather than the colonial rivalry between France and Germany."},{"text":"German Naval Laws from 1900 intensified the Anglo-French naval race.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Second Naval Law was passed in 1900, but the programme began in 1898. Its main effect was intensifying the Anglo-German, not Anglo-French, naval race."}]},{"id":"768447c3-6020-4596-b256-a4a064d5bb1b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did the alliance system affect pre-1914 crises?","back":"It made crises harder to localise.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It made crises harder to localise.","correct":true,"explanation":"Alliances connected local disputes to wider great-power commitments, increasing the likelihood that mobilisation or war involving one state would draw in several others."},{"text":"It made crises easier to localise.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the alliance system's effect. Commitments between great powers meant local disputes could draw in allies, making crises harder rather than easier to localise."},{"text":"It made crises less likely to escalate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although alliances were intended to deter aggression, they could turn local confrontations into wider conflicts. They therefore made pre-1914 crises harder to localise."},{"text":"It made crises isolated from great powers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alliance obligations increased great-power involvement rather than preventing it. A dispute affecting one state could activate competing commitments, making the crisis harder to localise."}]},{"id":"73a5455a-1cd2-4663-8c80-43f82c6cfc74","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What event began the July Crisis 1914?","back":"The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo.","correct":true,"explanation":"The assassination of the Austro-Hungarian heir on 28 June 1914 prompted Austria-Hungary's action against Serbia and triggered the diplomatic confrontation known as the July Crisis."},{"text":"The German invasion of neutral Belgium.","correct":false,"explanation":"Germany invaded Belgium in August 1914, after the July Crisis had already developed into war. The crisis began with Franz Ferdinand's assassination at Sarajevo."},{"text":"The Austro-Hungarian ultimatum delivered to Serbia.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ultimatum was a major stage in the July Crisis, but it followed the triggering event. The crisis began with Franz Ferdinand's assassination at Sarajevo."},{"text":"The Russian declaration of general mobilisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Russian general mobilisation escalated the crisis at the end of July but did not begin it. The initial trigger was Franz Ferdinand's assassination at Sarajevo."}]},{"id":"0cdc7743-3923-404b-9fda-888099198458","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Britain entered the First World War after Germany violated [ ] in [ ].","back":"Britain entered the First World War after Germany violated Belgian neutrality in August 1914.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Britain entered the First World War after Germany violated Belgian neutrality in August 1914.","correct":true,"explanation":"Germany invaded neutral Belgium on 4 August 1914 while implementing the Schlieffen Plan. Britain then declared war, citing its commitment to Belgian neutrality."},{"text":"Britain entered the First World War after Germany violated Belgian neutrality in September 1914.","correct":false,"explanation":"The country is correct, but the date is one month late. Germany violated Belgian neutrality in August 1914, prompting Britain's declaration of war on 4 August."},{"text":"Britain entered the First World War after Germany violated French neutrality in August 1914.","correct":false,"explanation":"France was already Germany's declared enemy and was not neutral. Britain's immediate justification for entering the war was Germany's violation of Belgian neutrality in August 1914."},{"text":"Britain entered the First World War after Germany violated Belgian neutrality in July 1914.","correct":false,"explanation":"The July Crisis unfolded during July, but Germany did not invade Belgium until August. That violation of Belgian neutrality led Britain to declare war."}]},{"id":"c0a8a94d-b21b-4a7d-89ce-da91a4c51bc9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What helped bring the USA into the First World War in April 1917?","back":"

Unrestricted submarine warfare
Zimmermann Telegram 1917

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Unrestricted submarine warfare
Zimmermann Telegram 1917

","correct":true,"explanation":"Germany's renewed unrestricted submarine warfare endangered American shipping, while the Zimmermann Telegram proposed a German-Mexican alliance. Together they increased support for US intervention."},{"text":"

Schlieffen Plan 1914
First Battle of the Marne

","correct":false,"explanation":"These events concerned Germany's 1914 campaign against France and did not directly prompt US entry. Unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram were the key immediate factors."},{"text":"

Gallipoli campaign 1915
Battle of the Somme 1916

","correct":false,"explanation":"These major Allied campaigns did not cause the US declaration of war. American intervention was encouraged by unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram of 1917."},{"text":"

Russian Revolution 1917
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

","correct":false,"explanation":"The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed in 1918, after US entry, while the Russian Revolution was not the principal trigger. Submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram were decisive."}]},{"id":"cf164f9b-74e0-425b-abe4-7c825ccb81fc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which Big Four leader wanted self-determination and a League of Nations?","back":"Woodrow Wilson.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Woodrow Wilson.","correct":true,"explanation":"US President Woodrow Wilson promoted national self-determination and the creation of a League of Nations as central principles of the post-war settlement."},{"text":"Georges Clemenceau.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clemenceau prioritised French security and weakening Germany rather than Wilsonian self-determination. Woodrow Wilson was the Big Four leader most closely associated with the League of Nations."},{"text":"David Lloyd George.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lloyd George sought a balance between punishing Germany and preserving European stability. Woodrow Wilson was the leading advocate of self-determination and a League of Nations."},{"text":"Vittorio Orlando.","correct":false,"explanation":"Orlando concentrated mainly on securing promised Italian territorial gains. Woodrow Wilson championed self-determination and proposed the League of Nations as part of his peace programme."}]},{"id":"7e4106ef-3b69-41f8-8ceb-f612de47afc5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did Clemenceau want from the Paris Peace Conference?","back":"

Security for France
Punishment of Germany

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Security for France
Punishment of Germany

","correct":true,"explanation":"Clemenceau wanted Germany contained so France would be secure from another invasion, while also demanding harsh terms to punish Germany for the damage caused by the war."},{"text":"

Self-determination for France
Reconciliation with Germany

","correct":false,"explanation":"These aims fit Wilson’s emphasis on self-determination and a less punitive peace, not Clemenceau’s priority of protecting France and punishing Germany after the invasion."},{"text":"

Expansion of France
Restoration of Germany

","correct":false,"explanation":"Clemenceau did seek French security and German punishment, but he did not want Germany restored or simply seek territorial expansion as his main objectives."},{"text":"

Disarmament of France
Economic aid for Germany

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Clemenceau’s position. He wanted Germany weakened and France protected, rather than France disarmed and Germany supported economically."}]},{"id":"33a01b8c-37fd-4294-abb4-fbf13350b34f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Many Germans saw the Treaty of Versailles as a [ ], meaning an [ ].","back":"Many Germans saw the Treaty of Versailles as a Diktat, meaning an imposed settlement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Many Germans saw the Treaty of Versailles as a Diktat, meaning an imposed settlement.","correct":true,"explanation":"Diktat means a dictated or imposed settlement. Germans used the term because they had not been allowed to negotiate the Treaty of Versailles on equal terms."},{"text":"Many Germans saw the Treaty of Versailles as a compromise, meaning a negotiated agreement.","correct":false,"explanation":"The treaty was not viewed by Germans as a compromise because Germany was excluded from the negotiations. The correct description is Diktat, meaning an imposed settlement."},{"text":"Many Germans saw the Treaty of Versailles as a victory, meaning an honourable peace.","correct":false,"explanation":"Germany had lost the war and faced reparations, territorial losses and military restrictions, so the treaty was regarded as a Diktat, meaning an imposed settlement."},{"text":"Many Germans saw the Treaty of Versailles as a guarantee, meaning an international protection.","correct":false,"explanation":"The treaty was associated with humiliation and imposed terms, not protection for Germany. The historically accurate description is Diktat, meaning an imposed settlement."}]},{"id":"0c64170f-dec9-44b7-949e-50e12d57f911","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The League of Nations was weakened because decisions often required [ ] and it had [ ].","back":"The League of Nations was weakened because decisions often required unanimity and it had no army.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The League of Nations was weakened because decisions often required unanimity and it had no army.","correct":true,"explanation":"Unanimity made decisions slow and difficult because one member could block agreement, while the absence of an army meant the League lacked force to impose its decisions."},{"text":"The League of Nations was weakened because decisions often required majority voting and it had no army.","correct":false,"explanation":"The League’s key decision-making weakness was unanimity, not majority voting. Although it had no army, requiring every member to agree made decisive action especially difficult."},{"text":"The League of Nations was weakened because decisions often required unanimity and it had a permanent army.","correct":false,"explanation":"The League did require unanimity for important decisions, but it did not possess a permanent army. Its lack of military force limited enforcement against aggressors."},{"text":"The League of Nations was weakened because decisions often required majority voting and it had a permanent army.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both details are incorrect: important decisions generally required unanimity, and the League had no army of its own to enforce sanctions or resolutions."}]},{"id":"a9b36c07-6f60-49b9-8185-d59de6510422","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Manchuria and Abyssinia badly damage the League of Nations?","back":"Major aggressive powers ignored League condemnation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Major aggressive powers ignored League condemnation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Japan in Manchuria and Italy in Abyssinia showed that powerful aggressors could ignore League condemnation without facing effective military action, badly damaging the organisation’s credibility."},{"text":"Major aggressive powers accepted League condemnation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Japan and Italy did not accept the League’s criticism in practice. Their ability to ignore condemnation demonstrated the League’s weakness; the correct answer is that they ignored it."},{"text":"Small neutral states ignored League condemnation.","correct":false,"explanation":"The crises involved major aggressive powers, especially Japan and Italy, rather than small neutral states. Their defiance exposed the League’s inability to restrain powerful aggressors."},{"text":"Major aggressive powers enforced League condemnation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Aggressive powers were the targets of League condemnation, not its enforcers. Japan and Italy continued their expansion, showing that condemnation without effective force was insufficient."}]},{"id":"e27705a4-5e65-4c5e-9a73-a0f2c971a305","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did the Locarno Treaties 1925 guarantee?","back":"Germany's western borders.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Germany's western borders.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Locarno Treaties guaranteed Germany’s western borders with France and Belgium, helping create improved relations and a temporary sense of stability in Europe."},{"text":"Germany's eastern borders.","correct":false,"explanation":"Locarno gave stronger guarantees to Germany’s western borders, while its eastern frontiers were not guaranteed in the same way. This unequal treatment remained a source of tension."},{"text":"Germany's colonial borders.","correct":false,"explanation":"Germany’s former colonies had already been removed after the First World War. Locarno concerned European security, specifically guaranteeing Germany’s western borders."},{"text":"Germany's all borders.","correct":false,"explanation":"Locarno did not guarantee every German frontier. Its firm guarantees applied to the western borders, while the eastern borders received weaker arrangements."}]},{"id":"473a108c-a6d9-4903-af6c-ea9dfc9cdec4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Great Depression encouraged [ ] and strengthened [ ].","back":"The Great Depression encouraged economic nationalism and strengthened dictators.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Great Depression encouraged economic nationalism and strengthened dictators.","correct":true,"explanation":"Economic crisis encouraged countries to protect their own industries and trade, while unemployment and insecurity increased support for authoritarian leaders who promised decisive solutions."},{"text":"The Great Depression encouraged international cooperation and strengthened democratic governments.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Depression generally undermined cooperation and weakened many democracies by increasing social unrest. The stronger historical pattern was economic nationalism and increased support for dictators."},{"text":"The Great Depression encouraged economic nationalism and strengthened liberal parties.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protectionist economic policies did grow, but the crisis more often strengthened dictators and extremist movements than liberal parties. The correct pairing is economic nationalism and dictators."},{"text":"The Great Depression encouraged free trade and strengthened dictators.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although dictators gained support during the crisis, governments generally responded with protectionism and economic nationalism rather than free trade. Both developments must be considered together."}]},{"id":"b25e98b8-4ac1-48e2-b957-9ab88d859ca5","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Why did appeasement seem rational to many British and French leaders?","back":"

War-weariness after 1914-1918
Military weakness
Economic problems

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

War-weariness after 1914-1918
Military weakness
Economic problems

","correct":true,"explanation":"Memories of the First World War made leaders reluctant to risk another conflict, while military weakness and economic difficulties made compromise appear safer and more practical than confrontation."},{"text":"

War-enthusiasm after 1914-1918
Military strength
Economic prosperity

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are the opposite of the conditions encouraging appeasement. Leaders were influenced by war-weariness, military weakness and economic problems, which made confrontation seem especially dangerous."},{"text":"

War-weariness after 1914-1918
Military superiority
Economic prosperity

","correct":false,"explanation":"War-weariness was an important reason, but Britain and France were not acting from military superiority or prosperity. Military weakness and economic problems made appeasement seem rational."},{"text":"

War-enthusiasm after 1914-1918
Military weakness
Economic problems

","correct":false,"explanation":"Military weakness and economic problems did encourage caution, but public and political opinion was marked by war-weariness rather than enthusiasm for another major European war."}]},{"id":"5d86c9c9-0908-4fa4-8dda-96fba57d9024","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What issue did the Munich Agreement 1938 settle temporarily?","back":"The Sudetenland.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Sudetenland.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Munich Agreement allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia, temporarily settling Hitler’s immediate territorial demand through appeasement."},{"text":"The Rhineland.","correct":false,"explanation":"Germany reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936, two years before Munich. The 1938 agreement concerned the Sudetenland, not this demilitarised zone."},{"text":"The Danzig Corridor.","correct":false,"explanation":"Danzig and the Polish Corridor became major issues in the crisis of 1939. The Munich Agreement of 1938 temporarily settled the Sudetenland question."},{"text":"Austria.","correct":false,"explanation":"Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss of March 1938, before the Munich Agreement. Munich temporarily settled the dispute over the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia."}]},{"id":"a79e57b8-d155-4cc8-90ca-3b1ceca0edb9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Britain and France do after Germany occupied the rest of Czechoslovakia?","back":"They guaranteed Poland.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They guaranteed Poland.","correct":true,"explanation":"Following the destruction of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, Britain and France pledged to defend Polish independence, signalling that further German expansion would be resisted."},{"text":"They guaranteed Czechoslovakia.","correct":false,"explanation":"Czechoslovakia had already been occupied, so guaranteeing it was no longer a practical response. Britain and France instead guaranteed Poland against a German attack."},{"text":"They declared war on Germany.","correct":false,"explanation":"Britain and France did not respond by immediately declaring war because Germany had not attacked either country. They instead guaranteed Poland, Hitler’s likely next target."},{"text":"They continued appeasing Germany.","correct":false,"explanation":"Germany’s occupation showed that Hitler’s promises at Munich were unreliable, discrediting further appeasement. Britain and France responded by guaranteeing Poland."}]},{"id":"80eca4a8-8b79-4054-9f46-fc4560c45c11","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Nazi-Soviet Pact of August 1939 included secret protocols dividing [ ].","back":"The Nazi-Soviet Pact of August 1939 included secret protocols dividing eastern Europe.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"eastern Europe","correct":true,"explanation":"The secret protocols allocated territories across this region to German and Soviet spheres of influence, including the planned partition of Poland between the two powers."},{"text":"western Europe","correct":false,"explanation":"The pact did not allocate western European territory to Soviet and German spheres. Its secret protocols concerned eastern Europe, particularly Poland and the Baltic region."},{"text":"the British Empire","correct":false,"explanation":"Britain’s overseas possessions were not divided by this agreement. The secret protocols divided eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence."},{"text":"Germany itself","correct":false,"explanation":"Germany was one of the powers making the agreement, not territory divided by it. The secret protocols apportioned eastern Europe between German and Soviet spheres."}]},{"id":"46f73bc1-7e09-443f-b575-2d0c6c3a2fd9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was Operation Barbarossa?","back":"Germany's invasion of the USSR in June 1941.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Germany's invasion of the USSR in June 1941.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hitler launched this vast surprise attack on 22 June 1941 to destroy the Soviet Union and acquire territory and resources in the east."},{"text":"Germany's invasion of Britain in June 1941.","correct":false,"explanation":"The planned invasion of Britain was Operation Sea Lion, not Barbarossa, and it was never launched. Barbarossa was Germany's invasion of the USSR in June 1941."},{"text":"Germany's invasion of Poland in June 1941.","correct":false,"explanation":"Germany invaded Poland in September 1939 under Case White, beginning the European war. Operation Barbarossa was the invasion of the USSR in June 1941."},{"text":"Germany's invasion of the Balkans in June 1941.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Balkan invasions preceded Barbarossa but were separate campaigns against Yugoslavia and Greece. Barbarossa was Germany's invasion of the USSR in June 1941."}]},{"id":"ad4277b0-244e-4434-89d9-7a2b2641464e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Versailles feed Japanese resentment in 1919?","back":"Japan's racial equality clause was rejected.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Japan's racial equality clause was rejected.","correct":true,"explanation":"Japan had proposed recognising racial equality among League of Nations members, but Western powers rejected the proposal, reinforcing Japanese perceptions of discriminatory treatment."},{"text":"Japan's claim to Shandong was rejected.","correct":false,"explanation":"The peace settlement awarded Germany’s former rights in Shandong to Japan rather than rejecting Japan’s claim. Resentment instead grew because its racial equality clause was rejected."},{"text":"Japan's navy was completely disarmed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Japan was not subjected to Germany-style compulsory disarmament at Versailles. Its resentment centred on the rejection of its proposed racial equality clause."},{"text":"Japan's Pacific islands were confiscated.","correct":false,"explanation":"Japan received mandates over former German Pacific islands north of the equator, so it did not lose them. Its racial equality clause was instead rejected."}]},{"id":"8ffee531-2fa2-4f13-9964-f79cbb47ecb9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] on 18 September 1931 began the [ ].","back":"The Mukden Incident on 18 September 1931 began the Manchurian Crisis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Mukden Incident on 18 September 1931 began the Manchurian Crisis.","correct":true,"explanation":"Japanese officers staged an explosion near the South Manchurian Railway as a pretext for occupying Manchuria, creating the international confrontation known by this name."},{"text":"The Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 18 September 1931 began the Manchurian Crisis.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Marco Polo Bridge Incident occurred near Beijing in July 1937 and triggered wider war with China. The event on this date was the Mukden Incident, beginning the Manchurian Crisis."},{"text":"The Mukden Incident on 18 September 1931 began the Second Sino-Japanese War.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Mukden Incident led to Japan’s occupation of Manchuria and the Manchurian Crisis. The wider Second Sino-Japanese War began after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937."},{"text":"The Shanghai Incident on 18 September 1931 began the Shanghai Crisis.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Shanghai Incident occurred in 1932, several months after Japan’s actions at Mukden. On this date, the Mukden Incident began the Manchurian Crisis."}]},{"id":"4bff00c8-3c42-43c0-a0e5-b72715597052","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What incident began war between Japan and China in 1937?","back":"The Marco Polo Bridge Incident.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Marco Polo Bridge Incident.","correct":true,"explanation":"A clash between Japanese and Chinese troops near Beijing in July 1937 escalated into full-scale conflict, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War."},{"text":"The Mukden Railway Incident.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Mukden Incident occurred in 1931 and provided the pretext for Japan’s occupation of Manchuria. War expanded in 1937 after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident."},{"text":"The Shanghai Defence Incident.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Shanghai Incident was a 1932 conflict connected to the Manchurian Crisis. The clash that began full-scale war in 1937 was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident."},{"text":"The Xi’an Detention Incident.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Xi’an Incident involved Chiang Kai-shek’s detention in 1936 and encouraged Chinese cooperation against Japan. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident began war in 1937."}]},{"id":"cfa3d44e-f6ec-4dce-847b-6f11fd693461","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did the USA respond after Japan moved into Indo-China in 1940-1941?","back":"

Froze Japanese assets
Imposed an oil embargo

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Froze Japanese assets
Imposed an oil embargo

","correct":true,"explanation":"Washington used economic pressure to restrict Japan’s access to money and vital fuel, hoping to deter further expansion without immediately entering the war."},{"text":"

Released Japanese assets
Lifted the oil embargo

","correct":false,"explanation":"These measures would have reduced rather than increased pressure on Japan. The USA actually froze Japanese assets and imposed an oil embargo in response to expansion."},{"text":"

Froze Chinese assets
Imposed an arms embargo

","correct":false,"explanation":"The sanctions targeted Japan, not China, because Japanese forces had expanded into Indo-China. The USA froze Japanese assets and imposed an oil embargo."},{"text":"

Declared war on Japan
Launched an immediate invasion

","correct":false,"explanation":"The USA did not enter direct war with Japan until after Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Before then, it froze Japanese assets and imposed an oil embargo."}]},{"id":"d6a40144-1e6b-4fd9-a2b9-826e120a2df7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Japan attacked [ ] on [ ], bringing the USA fully into the Second World War.","back":"Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, bringing the USA fully into the Second World War.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, bringing the USA fully into the Second World War.","correct":true,"explanation":"The surprise strike against the US Pacific Fleet in Hawaii caused the United States to declare war on Japan the following day."},{"text":"Japan attacked Midway Island on 7 December 1941, bringing the USA fully into the Second World War.","correct":false,"explanation":"Midway was attacked during the decisive naval battle of June 1942, after American entry into the war. The December 1941 attack was on Pearl Harbor."},{"text":"Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on 8 December 1941, bringing the USA fully into the Second World War.","correct":false,"explanation":"The attack occurred on 7 December according to the local Hawaiian and American date. The confusion arises because it was already 8 December in East Asia."},{"text":"Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1940, bringing the USA fully into the Second World War.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Pearl Harbor attack took place in 1941, not 1940. It immediately prompted American declarations of war and full participation in the global conflict."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-19","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"International Relations 1890–1941","title":"International Relations 1890–1941 Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/history/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"0c725f90-c91c-5d15-b695-ec746885a2ab","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]