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law","correct":true,"explanation":"Civil rights establish equal legal status and protection, including equal access to voting, education, employment and political participation."},{"text":"equality of personal wealth","correct":false,"explanation":"Civil rights do not guarantee that everyone possesses equal wealth. The correct term is equality before the law, meaning equal legal status and protection."},{"text":"freedom from government authority","correct":false,"explanation":"Civil rights regulate and limit government power rather than removing it entirely. The correct term is equality before the law, which protects equal legal treatment."},{"text":"protection from social prejudice","correct":false,"explanation":"Social attitudes may persist despite civil rights legislation, so freedom from prejudice cannot be guaranteed. Civil rights principally protect equality before the law."}]},{"id":"c2d94733-8d99-4a37-9c88-b60f35a8994b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did the 13th Amendment 1865 give formerly enslaved African Americans?","back":"Freedom, but not secure equality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Freedom, but not secure equality.","correct":true,"explanation":"The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, giving formerly enslaved people legal freedom. It did not provide the wider citizenship and voting protections introduced during Reconstruction."},{"text":"Citizenship, but not secure equality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Citizenship was established by the 14th Amendment in 1868, not the 13th Amendment. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery and therefore gave freedom."},{"text":"Voting rights, but not secure equality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Black male suffrage was protected by the 15th Amendment in 1870. The 13th Amendment instead abolished slavery, giving formerly enslaved African Americans freedom."},{"text":"Forty acres of land, but not secure equality.","correct":false,"explanation":"The federal government never guaranteed formerly enslaved people forty acres through the 13th Amendment. The amendment abolished slavery and gave legal freedom."}]},{"id":"a9bbd4c4-4ba9-440e-a93f-c1ed3bc40ffd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which amendment gave Black men the vote during Reconstruction?","back":"The 15th Amendment 1870.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The 15th Amendment 1870.","correct":true,"explanation":"The 15th Amendment prohibited denying the vote because of race, colour or previous enslavement, constitutionally protecting Black men’s voting rights during Reconstruction."},{"text":"The 13th Amendment 1865.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 13th Amendment abolished slavery but did not establish voting rights. Black men’s right to vote was constitutionally protected by the 15th Amendment in 1870."},{"text":"The 14th Amendment 1868.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 14th Amendment established citizenship and equal protection, not Black male suffrage. Voting rights were protected by the 15th Amendment in 1870."},{"text":"The 19th Amendment 1920.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 19th Amendment prohibited sex-based restrictions on voting and is associated with women’s suffrage. Black men received constitutional voting protection under the 15th Amendment."}]},{"id":"b8bb26da-9140-4d52-85ff-49090dc9366f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Plessy v Ferguson 1896 accept?","back":"Legal segregation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Legal segregation.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Supreme Court upheld Louisiana’s segregation law, establishing that racially separate facilities were constitutional if supposedly equal and thereby legitimising legal segregation."},{"text":"A federal ban on segregation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plessy did not prohibit segregation; it upheld state segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine. The ruling therefore accepted legal segregation."},{"text":"The desegregation of public schools.","correct":false,"explanation":"Public-school segregation was ruled unconstitutional in Brown v Board of Education in 1954. Plessy instead accepted legal segregation under “separate but equal”."},{"text":"Universal Black male suffrage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Black male suffrage came from the 15th Amendment, although Southern states later obstructed it. Plessy concerned segregated facilities and accepted legal segregation."}]},{"id":"de03c7c5-bf89-4575-a098-14e9d5ed44a1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which organisation, founded in 1909, pursued African American civil rights through legal campaigning?","back":"The NAACP.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The NAACP.","correct":true,"explanation":"Founded in 1909, the NAACP challenged racial discrimination through litigation and legal advocacy, later supporting landmark cases such as Brown v Board of Education."},{"text":"The National Urban League.","correct":false,"explanation":"The National Urban League was founded in 1910 and concentrated on employment and urban welfare. The organisation founded in 1909 that prioritised legal campaigning was the NAACP."},{"text":"The CORE.","correct":false,"explanation":"CORE was founded in 1942 and became known for non-violent direct action such as the Freedom Rides. The 1909 legal campaigning organisation was the NAACP."},{"text":"The SCLC.","correct":false,"explanation":"The SCLC was formed in 1957 and coordinated church-led non-violent protest. The organisation founded in 1909 to pursue civil rights through legal action was the NAACP."}]},{"id":"a1486f51-abee-43de-a950-b3f524c9356e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] banned racial segregation in public accommodation.","back":"The Civil Rights Act 1964 banned racial segregation in public accommodation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Civil Rights Act 1964","correct":true,"explanation":"The Civil Rights Act 1964 prohibited racial segregation in public accommodations such as hotels, restaurants and theatres, while also strengthening protections in employment and education."},{"text":"Civil Rights Act 1957","correct":false,"explanation":"The 1957 Act mainly addressed voting rights and created federal civil rights institutions. The Civil Rights Act 1964 banned segregation in public accommodation."},{"text":"Voting Rights Act 1965","correct":false,"explanation":"The Voting Rights Act targeted racial barriers to registration and voting, including literacy tests. Public-accommodation segregation was banned by the Civil Rights Act 1964."},{"text":"Fair Housing Act 1968","correct":false,"explanation":"The Fair Housing Act prohibited discrimination in the sale, rental and financing of housing. The Civil Rights Act 1964 banned segregation in public accommodation."}]},{"id":"a08f0338-8837-418f-a755-4c8222c7e2dc","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why was the Voting Rights Act 1965 needed after the Civil Rights Act 1964?","back":"The 1964 Act did not end voting discrimination.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The 1964 Act did not end voting discrimination.","correct":true,"explanation":"Southern states continued using literacy tests, intimidation and administrative obstruction against Black voters, so stronger federal enforcement was required through the Voting Rights Act."},{"text":"The 1964 Act did not end housing discrimination.","correct":false,"explanation":"Housing discrimination remained serious, but it was addressed principally by the Fair Housing Act 1968. The Voting Rights Act was needed because voting discrimination continued."},{"text":"The 1964 Act did not create equal employment rights.","correct":false,"explanation":"Title VII of the 1964 Act prohibited racial discrimination in employment, so this confuses its provisions. The 1965 Act was needed to combat continuing voting discrimination."},{"text":"The 1964 Act did not ban segregated public facilities.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 1964 Act did prohibit segregation in public accommodations and facilities. The separate Voting Rights Act was necessary because racial discrimination in voting persisted."}]},{"id":"9d1d3e7c-2167-4112-b5e5-63db02839460","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did the Los Angeles unrest 1992 show about civil rights change?","back":"Legal change had not ended racial injustice.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Legal change had not ended racial injustice.","correct":true,"explanation":"The unrest following the Rodney King verdict exposed continuing tensions over policing, discrimination and inequality, showing that civil rights laws had not eliminated racial injustice."},{"text":"Legal change had ended racial discrimination.","correct":false,"explanation":"The unrest demonstrated the opposite: anger over policing and the Rodney King verdict revealed persistent discrimination. Legal reform had not ended racial injustice."},{"text":"Economic growth had removed urban inequality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Economic deprivation and inequality contributed to tensions in Los Angeles rather than disappearing. The unrest showed that legal change had not ended racial injustice."},{"text":"Police reform had secured equal treatment.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Rodney King beating and the officers’ acquittal intensified concerns about unequal policing. The unrest showed that legal change had not ended racial injustice."}]},{"id":"237a61cb-95ce-440d-a9c8-1bac39d0140c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did the Wagner Act 1935 protect?","back":"Collective bargaining.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Collective bargaining.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Wagner Act protected workers’ right to organise and negotiate collectively with employers through recognised trade unions, making collective bargaining a legally protected activity."},{"text":"Equal pay.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Act did not guarantee equal wages directly; it protected collective bargaining, allowing workers to negotiate pay and conditions through trade unions."},{"text":"Unemployment insurance.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Wagner Act concerned workers’ rights to organise and bargain collectively, not unemployment insurance, which developed through separate New Deal legislation."},{"text":"A national minimum wage.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Act protected union organisation and collective bargaining rather than setting a national minimum wage, which was addressed by later legislation."}]},{"id":"a891c7c7-7bac-4b6c-9ba0-c4bd0e298e25","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did the Taft-Hartley Act 1947 do to unions?","back":"It restricted unions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It restricted unions.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Taft-Hartley Act weakened organised labour by restricting union activities, including certain strikes and secondary boycotts, and by limiting union power."},{"text":"It strengthened unions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Taft-Hartley did not strengthen unions; it restricted their activities and imposed new controls, reflecting growing concern about union power after 1945."},{"text":"It nationalised unions.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Act did not nationalise unions. It regulated them through restrictions such as limits on secondary boycotts and requirements for union officers."},{"text":"It abolished unions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Taft-Hartley did not abolish unions, although it reduced their influence by restricting their activities and giving employers and government greater leverage."}]},{"id":"30079704-479a-41fa-899d-97c8347eab2a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did Reagan’s defeat of the PATCO strike 1981 symbolise?","back":"Tougher federal attitudes and accelerating union decline.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Tougher federal attitudes and accelerating union decline.","correct":true,"explanation":"Reagan’s dismissal of striking air-traffic controllers showed that the federal government would take a harder line against organised labour, contributing to accelerating union decline."},{"text":"More supportive federal attitudes and accelerating union growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"The PATCO defeat did not signal stronger federal support for unions or their growth; it demonstrated tougher government attitudes and accelerating union decline."},{"text":"Greater worker control and accelerating union decline.","correct":false,"explanation":"The strike’s defeat did not symbolise expanding worker control. Reagan’s response weakened organised labour and reinforced the trend of union decline."},{"text":"Tougher federal attitudes and reversing union decline.","correct":false,"explanation":"The outcome did not produce softer federal attitudes or union recovery. The mass dismissal instead demonstrated hostility towards unions and their weakening position."}]},{"id":"5db8805c-acd0-4b88-b4b6-b9687b03cf25","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did the Dawes Act 1887 attack Native communal landholding?","back":"It divided reservation land into individual allotments.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It divided reservation land into individual allotments.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Dawes Act broke up communally held reservations by allocating parcels to individual Native Americans, undermining communal ownership and making surplus land available to settlers."},{"text":"It preserved reservation land as communal holdings.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Dawes Act did not preserve communal ownership; it attacked it by dividing reservation land into individual allotments held by separate Native Americans."},{"text":"It transferred reservation land to tribal councils.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Act did not transfer all reservation land directly to tribes. Its policy was individual allotment, with remaining surplus land often opened to settlers."},{"text":"It moved Native families into urban plots.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Dawes Act did not create urban plots for Native Americans. It divided reservation land into individual agricultural allotments as part of assimilation policy."}]},{"id":"b7825f4e-e864-4dd4-bcb2-a91371261650","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] granted US citizenship to Native Americans.","back":"The Indian Citizenship Act 1924 granted US citizenship to Native Americans.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Indian Citizenship Act 1924","correct":true,"explanation":"The Indian Citizenship Act 1924 granted US citizenship to Native Americans born in the United States, although it did not immediately remove all barriers to voting."},{"text":"Dawes Act 1887","correct":false,"explanation":"The Dawes Act divided reservation land into individual allotments but did not grant universal US citizenship to Native Americans."},{"text":"Indian Reorganisation Act 1934","correct":false,"explanation":"The Indian Reorganisation Act ended aspects of allotment and supported tribal reorganisation, but it was not the citizenship measure passed in 1924."},{"text":"Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act 1975","correct":false,"explanation":"The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act expanded Native control over services in 1975; it did not grant citizenship, which came through the 1924 Act."}]},{"id":"a7920559-0419-4a43-9d55-e76bd5fd795f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What policy did the Indian Reorganisation Act 1934 end?","back":"Allotment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Allotment.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Indian Reorganisation Act ended the policy of allotment, which had divided reservation land into individual holdings and weakened Native communal landholding."},{"text":"Tribal government.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Act did not end tribal government; it encouraged tribal reorganisation and greater self-government after the damaging allotment policy."},{"text":"Reservation landholding.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Indian Reorganisation Act did not end reservation landholding. It ended allotment and aimed to protect more communal forms of tribal land ownership."},{"text":"Native self-government.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Act did not end Native self-government. Its purpose was to reverse assimilationist policies and support renewed tribal organisation and autonomy."}]},{"id":"c91d1598-a768-4c57-935e-c457b7fe0dd9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What wider policy shift was shown by the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act 1975?","back":"A shift towards Native self-determination.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A shift towards Native self-determination.","correct":true,"explanation":"The 1975 Act marked a move away from forced assimilation and towards Native self-determination, giving tribes greater control over education and other federally funded services."},{"text":"A return to Native assimilation.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Act represented a move away from forced assimilation, not renewed assimilation; it increased Native control over services and decision-making."},{"text":"A shift away from Native self-government.","correct":false,"explanation":"The legislation did not signal an end to Native political participation. It expanded tribal authority and reflected a shift towards self-determination."},{"text":"A shift towards federal centralisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Act did not transfer authority entirely to the federal government. It increased tribal control over programmes, reflecting greater Native self-determination."}]},{"id":"0bddfec9-cfef-4d51-9116-3f6d6b5a91e3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which amendment gave women the federal vote?","back":"The 19th Amendment 1920.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The 19th Amendment 1920.","correct":true,"explanation":"The 19th Amendment, ratified in 1920, prohibited denying the vote on the basis of sex and therefore extended the federal franchise to women."},{"text":"The 15th Amendment 1870.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 15th Amendment prohibited racial discrimination in voting, but it did not give women the federal vote; that was achieved by the 19th Amendment."},{"text":"The 14th Amendment 1868.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 14th Amendment established citizenship and equal protection principles, but it did not grant women the federal vote."},{"text":"The 26th Amendment 1971.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 26th Amendment lowered the voting age to eighteen in 1971. It did not establish women’s federal voting rights, which came in 1920."}]},{"id":"0d0445ec-2168-4e73-8593-aa1741b8e9cd","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] banned employment discrimination based on sex.","back":"The Civil Rights Act 1964 Title VII banned employment discrimination based on sex.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Civil Rights Act 1964 Title VII","correct":true,"explanation":"Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 1964 prohibited employment discrimination based on sex as well as race, colour, religion and national origin."},{"text":"Civil Rights Act 1964 Title II","correct":false,"explanation":"Title II dealt mainly with discrimination in public accommodations, not employment. The correct provision was Title VII, which prohibited workplace discrimination based on sex."},{"text":"Equal Pay Act 1963","correct":false,"explanation":"The Equal Pay Act 1963 targeted unequal pay for men and women performing substantially equal work, but the correct employment discrimination provision was Civil Rights Act 1964 Title VII."},{"text":"Voting Rights Act 1965","correct":false,"explanation":"The Voting Rights Act 1965 protected access to voting rather than workplace equality. Employment discrimination based on sex was banned by Civil Rights Act 1964 Title VII."}]},{"id":"fc3bc5c5-28d4-4427-91d1-61727b4c612d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did the Equal Rights Amendment fail by 1982?","back":"It failed ratification after conservative opposition.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It failed ratification after conservative opposition.","correct":true,"explanation":"The amendment needed ratification by 38 states, but conservative opponents mobilised against it and the deadline passed in 1982 without enough states approving it."},{"text":"It failed ratification after liberal opposition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Liberals generally supported the amendment because it promised constitutional equality for women. It failed because conservative opposition prevented ratification by the required number of states."},{"text":"It failed ratification after Supreme Court opposition.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Supreme Court did not block the amendment; the problem was insufficient state ratification. Conservative campaigners helped prevent the required 38 states from approving it."},{"text":"It failed ratification after presidential opposition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Presidential opposition was not the decisive obstacle, and the amendment was not rejected by Congress. Conservative opposition in the states stopped it reaching the ratification threshold."}]},{"id":"a024722e-7054-43c3-ba56-137f76bd834a","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Why is the Gilded Age often seen as a disaster for African American civil rights?","back":"Reconstruction ended, enforcement weakened and segregation hardened.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Reconstruction ended, enforcement weakened and segregation hardened.","correct":true,"explanation":"The end of Reconstruction in 1877 reduced federal protection, while weakened enforcement allowed southern states to impose Jim Crow laws and entrench racial segregation."},{"text":"Reconstruction ended, enforcement weakened and racial equality expanded.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Gilded Age saw racial equality retreat rather than expand. Reconstruction’s end and weaker federal enforcement allowed segregation and African American disfranchisement to become more firmly established."},{"text":"Reconstruction continued, enforcement strengthened and segregation hardened.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reconstruction did not continue throughout the Gilded Age, and federal enforcement weakened after 1877. These changes enabled segregation to harden, making the stated combination incorrect."},{"text":"Reconstruction ended, enforcement strengthened and segregation collapsed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Federal enforcement weakened after Reconstruction, while segregation expanded through Jim Crow laws. The correct description is that enforcement weakened and segregation hardened, not that segregation collapsed."}]},{"id":"5ba9757a-12ac-405c-80ba-24303963b1b4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The New Deal’s [ ] excluded many agricultural and domestic workers in 1935.","back":"The New Deal’s Social Security excluded many agricultural and domestic workers in 1935.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Social Security","correct":true,"explanation":"The Social Security Act 1935 excluded agricultural and domestic workers, occupations in which many African Americans worked, limiting the New Deal’s benefits for Black communities."},{"text":"Wagner Act","correct":false,"explanation":"The Wagner Act protected collective bargaining and trade-union rights rather than creating the relevant exclusions from welfare provision. The correct term is Social Security."},{"text":"Fair Labor Standards Act","correct":false,"explanation":"The Fair Labor Standards Act established minimum wages and maximum hours, with exclusions affecting some workers, but the 1935 measure was Social Security."},{"text":"Agricultural Adjustment Act","correct":false,"explanation":"The Agricultural Adjustment Act addressed farm production and prices, not the main social insurance programme that excluded many agricultural and domestic workers. That programme was Social Security."}]},{"id":"0fe6337f-dcca-446c-80ad-7cca2ff90a58","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Roosevelt refuse to back federal anti-lynching legislation?","back":"He needed support from southern Democrats.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"He needed support from southern Democrats.","correct":true,"explanation":"Roosevelt feared that supporting federal anti-lynching legislation would alienate powerful southern Democrats whose votes he needed to pass wider New Deal legislation."},{"text":"He needed support from Republican progressives.","correct":false,"explanation":"Republican progressives were more likely to support federal anti-lynching measures. Roosevelt’s reluctance reflected his dependence on conservative southern Democrats in Congress."},{"text":"He needed support from northern industrialists.","correct":false,"explanation":"Northern industrialists were not the key congressional group threatening Roosevelt’s legislative programme. He avoided the bill because he needed continued support from southern Democrats."},{"text":"He needed support from Black nationalists.","correct":false,"explanation":"Black nationalists generally demanded stronger action against racial violence, not opposition to anti-lynching legislation. Roosevelt’s political calculation centred on retaining southern Democratic support."}]},{"id":"9925053e-fa13-4236-b3f9-69cf1c172444","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Why was the New Deal more transformative for labour than for African American civil rights?","back":"

Wagner Act strengthened collective bargaining.
Southern Democrats limited racial reform.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Wagner Act strengthened collective bargaining.
Southern Democrats limited racial reform.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The Wagner Act gave organised labour stronger collective-bargaining rights, while southern Democrats used their influence to block or dilute measures that would challenge racial inequality."},{"text":"

Wagner Act strengthened collective bargaining.
Northern Republicans limited racial reform.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Northern Republicans were not the main group limiting New Deal racial reform. The key obstacle was southern Democrats, who protected segregation and restricted the impact of civil-rights measures."},{"text":"

National Recovery Administration strengthened collective bargaining.
Southern Democrats limited racial reform.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The National Recovery Administration supported some labour regulation but was not the central statutory basis for collective bargaining. The correct labour measure was the Wagner Act."},{"text":"

Wagner Act weakened collective bargaining.
Southern Democrats limited racial reform.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The Wagner Act strengthened rather than weakened collective bargaining by recognising workers’ union rights. Southern Democrats did limit racial reform, but the first bullet is incorrect."}]},{"id":"339288f0-43a8-4e3a-9e2e-d22077dc4aa4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did Malcolm X’s outlook change after leaving the Nation of Islam in 1964?","back":"It broadened towards international human rights and possible cooperation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It broadened towards international human rights and possible cooperation.","correct":true,"explanation":"After leaving the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X became more willing to work with others and reframed the struggle as an international human-rights issue rather than only Black nationalism."},{"text":"It narrowed towards domestic Black separatism and rejected cooperation.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes the Nation of Islam’s separatist outlook more closely than Malcolm X’s later position. After leaving, he broadened his approach towards international human rights and cooperation."},{"text":"It shifted towards American liberal integration and abandoned international issues.","correct":false,"explanation":"Malcolm X did not simply adopt white-led liberal integrationism or abandon international concerns. His later outlook retained Black self-determination while expanding towards international human rights and cooperation."},{"text":"It returned towards religious conservatism and opposed political action.","correct":false,"explanation":"His post-Nation of Islam activism remained strongly political and did not represent a return to religious conservatism. The important change was his broader human-rights focus and openness to cooperation."}]},{"id":"dddf912a-12b5-45c8-b828-2aafd8cf9a60","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The FBI’s [ ] targeted Black Power organisations.","back":"The FBI’s COINTELPRO targeted Black Power organisations.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"COINTELPRO","correct":true,"explanation":"COINTELPRO was the FBI’s counterintelligence programme, used to surveil, disrupt and undermine Black Power groups and other organisations considered politically threatening."},{"text":"Freedom Summer","correct":false,"explanation":"Freedom Summer was a 1964 civil-rights campaign to register Black voters and establish freedom schools in Mississippi. The FBI programme targeting Black Power organisations was COINTELPRO."},{"text":"Operation CHAOS","correct":false,"explanation":"Operation CHAOS was a CIA programme investigating domestic anti-war and radical activity, not the FBI’s named campaign against Black Power organisations. The correct term is COINTELPRO."},{"text":"The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission","correct":false,"explanation":"The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission was a state body that resisted civil-rights activism and investigated campaigners. The FBI programme targeting Black Power organisations was COINTELPRO."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-19","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Civil Rights in the USA 1865–1992","title":"Civil Rights in the USA 1865–1992 Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/history/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"7956de69-dae1-5c2a-954d-848f1135ea41","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]