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The legislature abolished by the Act of Union was Grattan’s Parliament in Dublin."},{"text":"Dáil Éireann.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dáil Éireann was established by Irish nationalists in 1919, over a century after the Act of Union. The parliament abolished in 1800 was Grattan’s Parliament."},{"text":"The Stormont Parliament.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Stormont Parliament was created for Northern Ireland in 1921 and therefore did not exist in 1800. The Act of Union abolished Grattan’s Parliament."}]},{"id":"fedc135f-f065-48c2-a42a-93bdb4019e3a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Under Home Rule, would Ireland leave the United Kingdom?","back":"No - it would have domestic self-government inside the UK.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"No - it would have domestic self-government inside the UK.","correct":true,"explanation":"Home Rule proposed an Irish legislature responsible for domestic affairs while Ireland remained within the United Kingdom and continued to recognise the British Crown."},{"text":"Yes - it would have gained complete independence outside the UK.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses Home Rule with full national independence. Home Rule meant domestic self-government, but Ireland would remain inside the United Kingdom."},{"text":"Yes - it would have formed a republic independent of the UK.","correct":false,"explanation":"A sovereign republic was the objective of republican separatists, not Home Rule supporters. Home Rule would have given Ireland domestic self-government within the United Kingdom."},{"text":"No - it would have remained directly governed from Westminster without change.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks the proposed transfer of domestic powers to an Irish legislature. Ireland would remain in the United Kingdom but gain domestic self-government."}]},{"id":"31aad0d1-013c-41f4-a8ea-dabe9bf58a3a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The United Irishmen were founded in [ ] and drew on [ ].","back":"The United Irishmen were founded in 1791 and drew on French Revolutionary ideas.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The United Irishmen were founded in 1791 and drew on French Revolutionary ideas.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Society of United Irishmen was founded in Belfast in 1791 and adopted French Revolutionary principles, including republicanism, popular sovereignty and opposition to entrenched privilege."},{"text":"The United Irishmen were founded in 1782 and drew on French Revolutionary ideas.","correct":false,"explanation":"The date 1782 is associated with legislative independence for Grattan’s Parliament, not the United Irishmen’s foundation. They were founded in 1791 and inspired by French Revolutionary ideas."},{"text":"The United Irishmen were founded in 1791 and drew on British loyalist ideas.","correct":false,"explanation":"The organisation opposed British control rather than embracing loyalism. Founded in 1791, it drew on French Revolutionary ideas of republicanism and political equality."},{"text":"The United Irishmen were founded in 1803 and drew on conservative Anglican ideas.","correct":false,"explanation":"The year 1803 belongs to Robert Emmet’s later rebellion, while conservative Anglicanism contradicted the society’s outlook. The United Irishmen began in 1791 under French Revolutionary influence."}]},{"id":"aededbda-23f5-40fc-ae8d-f5216fea2c8f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was the United Irishmen’s cross-denominational aim?","back":"To unite Catholics, Protestants and Dissenters against British control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To unite Catholics, Protestants and Dissenters against British control.","correct":true,"explanation":"The United Irishmen sought cooperation across Ireland’s religious divisions, bringing Catholics, established-church Protestants and Protestant Dissenters together in opposition to British control."},{"text":"To unite Catholics, Protestants and Dissenters in support of British control.","correct":false,"explanation":"The religious groups are correctly identified, but the political purpose is reversed. The United Irishmen aimed to unite them against British control, not in support of it."},{"text":"To unite Catholics, landlords and Anglican clergy against British control.","correct":false,"explanation":"This substitutes social and clerical elites for the intended denominational alliance. The stated aim was to unite Catholics, Protestants and Dissenters against British control."},{"text":"To unite Protestants, landlords and British officials against Catholic control.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reflects a sectarian loyalist outlook rather than the United Irishmen’s programme. Their aim was to unite Catholics, Protestants and Dissenters against British control."}]},{"id":"ef8ef402-937d-48d4-a5ff-54b4507a3398","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What nationalist tradition survived after the 1798 Rising?","back":"Physical-force republicanism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Physical-force republicanism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Although the 1798 Rising failed, it preserved a tradition that an armed uprising could establish an independent Irish republic, later influencing revolutionary nationalist movements."},{"text":"Constitutional Home Rule nationalism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Constitutional Home Rule developed as a parliamentary strategy later in the nineteenth century. The tradition surviving directly from 1798 was physical-force republicanism."},{"text":"Protestant loyalist unionism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unionism defended Ireland’s connection with Britain and was politically opposed to the rebels’ objective. The Rising’s nationalist legacy was physical-force republicanism."},{"text":"Gaelic cultural nationalism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural nationalism became especially influential through the later Gaelic revival. The immediate revolutionary tradition inherited from the 1798 Rising was physical-force republicanism."}]},{"id":"d63c8aeb-30d0-4ccb-856e-a178ef6b0982","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which 1803 rebel became a nationalist martyr after execution?","back":"Robert Emmet.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Robert Emmet.","correct":true,"explanation":"Robert Emmet led the failed Dublin rebellion of 1803 and became a nationalist martyr after his execution, particularly because of his celebrated speech from the dock."},{"text":"Wolfe Tone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wolfe Tone was a leading United Irishman associated with the 1798 Rising and died that year. The executed leader of the 1803 rebellion was Robert Emmet."},{"text":"Henry Joy McCracken.","correct":false,"explanation":"Henry Joy McCracken led United Irish forces in Antrim during the 1798 Rising and was executed in 1798. Robert Emmet led the later 1803 rebellion."},{"text":"Daniel O’Connell.","correct":false,"explanation":"Daniel O’Connell pursued peaceful mass politics and died naturally in 1847 rather than being executed as a rebel. The 1803 nationalist martyr was Robert Emmet."}]},{"id":"cc091d41-933e-4f7f-ae8d-9f3bc435947d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What method did O’Connell use to campaign for Catholic Emancipation?","back":"Mass peaceful mobilisation through the Roman Catholic Association.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mass peaceful mobilisation through the Roman Catholic Association.","correct":true,"explanation":"O’Connell used the Roman Catholic Association to organise large-scale peaceful political participation, funded through the Catholic rent, and pressure the government into granting emancipation."},{"text":"Armed insurrection through the United Irishmen.","correct":false,"explanation":"The United Irishmen used revolutionary conspiracy and rebellion, whereas O’Connell rejected violence. He campaigned through mass peaceful mobilisation organised by the Roman Catholic Association."},{"text":"Agrarian violence through the Ribbon societies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ribbon societies were secret agrarian organisations and were not O’Connell’s vehicle for emancipation. He relied on mass peaceful mobilisation through the Roman Catholic Association."},{"text":"Cultural nationalism through the Gaelic League.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Gaelic League was founded in 1893, long after Catholic Emancipation, and concentrated on Irish language and culture. O’Connell used mass peaceful mobilisation through the Roman Catholic Association."}]},{"id":"f88e5024-2340-4a2d-bd65-2a6b52b735c3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Catholic Emancipation in [ ] allowed Catholics to [ ].","back":"Catholic Emancipation in 1829 allowed Catholics to sit in Parliament.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Catholic Emancipation in 1829 allowed Catholics to sit in Parliament.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1829 removed the principal legal barrier preventing Catholics from becoming MPs, enabling them to sit in the Westminster Parliament."},{"text":"Catholic Emancipation in 1832 allowed Catholics to sit in Parliament.","correct":false,"explanation":"The year 1832 is associated with the Great Reform Act, not Catholic Emancipation. Emancipation was enacted in 1829 and allowed Catholics to sit in Parliament."},{"text":"Catholic Emancipation in 1829 allowed Catholics to establish an Irish republic.","correct":false,"explanation":"Emancipation removed religious restrictions on political participation; it did not grant independence or create a republic. In 1829, Catholics gained the right to sit in Parliament."},{"text":"Catholic Emancipation in 1801 allowed Catholics to vote for the first time.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses emancipation with the Act of Union, while some propertied Catholics had already received voting rights in 1793. The 1829 measure allowed Catholics to sit in Parliament."}]},{"id":"be038235-17f4-41d7-b1ff-acaf69ab8959","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why was Catholic Emancipation 1829 limited for poorer Catholic voters?","back":"The 40-shilling freeholders were disfranchised.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The 40-shilling freeholders were disfranchised.","correct":true,"explanation":"The county voting qualification was raised from 40 shillings to £10, disfranchising many poorer Catholic freeholders even as Catholics became eligible to sit in Parliament."},{"text":"The £10 county freeholders were disfranchised.","correct":false,"explanation":"£10 freeholders retained the county vote under the new qualification. The people disfranchised were the 40-shilling freeholders, many of whom were poorer Catholic tenants."},{"text":"The Catholic borough householders were disfranchised.","correct":false,"explanation":"The limitation did not specifically remove Catholic borough householders from the electorate. It disfranchised 40-shilling freeholders by raising the county voting qualification to £10."},{"text":"The Irish Catholic clergy were disfranchised.","correct":false,"explanation":"Catholic clergy were not the voting group targeted by the accompanying franchise restriction. The 40-shilling freeholders lost their votes when the county qualification increased."}]},{"id":"199e656b-541f-4768-ba27-948a2618d177","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why was the Catholic Church usually suspicious of Fenianism?","back":"Fenianism used secret revolutionary violence.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fenianism used secret revolutionary violence.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Church condemned Fenianism because its secret oath-bound organisation and willingness to use revolutionary violence conflicted with clerical authority and Catholic teaching."},{"text":"Fenianism used constitutional electoral campaigning.","correct":false,"explanation":"Constitutional electoral campaigning was generally more acceptable to the Catholic hierarchy. Its suspicion arose because Fenians organised secretly and advocated revolutionary violence."},{"text":"Fenianism used parliamentary obstruction at Westminster.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parliamentary obstruction was associated particularly with later constitutional nationalists rather than the revolutionary Fenians. The Church opposed Fenian secret societies and their use of violence."},{"text":"Fenianism used Catholic clerical leadership.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fenianism was not primarily a movement for clerical political leadership; it was often hostile to clerical influence. The Church particularly distrusted its secrecy and revolutionary violence."}]},{"id":"375a832b-7704-4365-b3ab-c5d74237812f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Protestant Ascendancy was the dominance of the mainly [ ] [ ].","back":"The Protestant Ascendancy was the dominance of the mainly Anglican landowning elite.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Protestant Ascendancy was the dominance of the mainly Anglican landowning elite.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Ascendancy consisted chiefly of the established Anglican landed class, which dominated Irish landownership, government and political institutions despite being a small minority."},{"text":"The Protestant Ascendancy was the dominance of the mainly Presbyterian landowning elite.","correct":false,"explanation":"Presbyterians were Protestants but remained outside the established Church of Ireland and faced legal disabilities. The Ascendancy was principally the Anglican landowning elite."},{"text":"The Protestant Ascendancy was the dominance of the mainly Anglican urban middle class.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Ascendancy’s power rested on landed wealth and control of institutions, not chiefly on an urban middle class. It was dominated by the Anglican landowning elite."},{"text":"The Protestant Ascendancy was the dominance of the mainly Catholic tenant-farming majority.","correct":false,"explanation":"Catholics formed most of Ireland’s population but were excluded from the Protestant Ascendancy. That ruling group was principally an Anglican landowning elite."}]},{"id":"e47eb334-33e5-4498-9678-f531e0989954","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which 1869 act weakened the Protestant Ascendancy by ending Church establishment?","back":"The Irish Church Act 1869.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Irish Church Act 1869.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Irish Church Act 1869 disestablished the Anglican Church of Ireland, removing its privileged status and thereby weakening a central institution of the Protestant Ascendancy."},{"text":"The Irish Land Act 1870.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Irish Land Act 1870 addressed tenant rights and compensation rather than Church establishment. Disestablishment was enacted by the Irish Church Act 1869."},{"text":"The Ballot Act 1872.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Ballot Act 1872 introduced secret voting in parliamentary and local elections; it did not disestablish Ireland’s established Church. That was achieved by the Irish Church Act 1869."},{"text":"The University Tests Act 1871.","correct":false,"explanation":"The University Tests Act 1871 widened access to university positions by removing religious tests. The Irish Church Act 1869 ended the Church of Ireland’s established status."}]},{"id":"f26af161-5a80-4d24-9d08-d345e93287f6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happened to Unionism after the First Home Rule Bill 1886?","back":"It became more popular and Ulster-centred.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It became more popular and Ulster-centred.","correct":true,"explanation":"The 1886 Home Rule crisis mobilised opponents of Irish self-government and shifted Unionism’s centre of gravity towards Protestant Ulster, where resistance was strongest."},{"text":"It became more divided and southern-centred.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unionism became increasingly concentrated in Ulster rather than southern Ireland. The First Home Rule Bill broadened its appeal among those fearing separation from Britain."},{"text":"It became more unpopular and politically marginal.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Home Rule crisis strengthened rather than marginalised Unionism, particularly among Ulster Protestants. It consequently became more popular and increasingly Ulster-centred."},{"text":"It became more supportive of Gladstonian Home Rule.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unionists were defined by their opposition to Home Rule, so they did not adopt Gladstone’s programme. After 1886, Unionism became more popular and Ulster-centred."}]},{"id":"69793b17-f549-4aa9-b45f-b79d9b214f39","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Ulster Unionists mean by warning of “Rome Rule”?","back":"Home Rule would mean Catholic-majority dominance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Home Rule would mean Catholic-majority dominance.","correct":true,"explanation":"Unionists feared that an Irish parliament would be controlled by the Catholic majority, threatening Protestant religious, political and economic interests in Ireland."},{"text":"Home Rule would mean Presbyterian-majority dominance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Presbyterians were concentrated in Ulster but were a minority across Ireland. “Rome Rule” expressed fear that a Home Rule parliament would produce Catholic-majority dominance."},{"text":"Home Rule would mean continued rule from Westminster.","correct":false,"explanation":"Home Rule proposed an Irish legislature and therefore reduced direct government from Westminster. Unionists used “Rome Rule” to warn instead of Catholic-majority dominance."},{"text":"Home Rule would mean the Anglican Ascendancy restored.","correct":false,"explanation":"Home Rule would not restore the old Anglican Ascendancy, whose privileges had already been weakened. Unionists feared political dominance by Ireland’s Catholic majority."}]},{"id":"c9a9885b-8051-44cc-886f-bbaa66e6abed","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Carson and Craig used the [ ] in 1912 and the [ ] in 1913.","back":"Carson and Craig used the Solemn League and Covenant in 1912 and the Ulster Volunteers in 1913.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Carson and Craig used the Solemn League and Covenant in 1912 and the Ulster Volunteers in 1913.","correct":true,"explanation":"The 1912 Covenant pledged resistance to Home Rule, while the Ulster Volunteers were formed in 1913 to give that resistance an organised paramilitary force."},{"text":"Carson and Craig used the Ulster Volunteers in 1912 and the Solemn League and Covenant in 1913.","correct":false,"explanation":"The chronology is reversed: the Solemn League and Covenant was signed in 1912, and the Ulster Volunteers were then established in 1913."},{"text":"Carson and Craig used the Home Rule League in 1912 and the Irish Volunteers in 1913.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Home Rule League belonged to an earlier phase of constitutional nationalism, while the Irish Volunteers supported nationalist aims. Carson and Craig used the Covenant and Ulster Volunteers."},{"text":"Carson and Craig used the People’s Budget in 1912 and the Irish Volunteers in 1913.","correct":false,"explanation":"The People’s Budget was a Liberal financial measure, and the Irish Volunteers were a nationalist organisation. Unionist resistance centred on the Covenant and the Ulster Volunteers."}]},{"id":"c62c17e3-4ba6-4eee-a88a-6a4781f6c8da","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How did the Parliament Act 1911 affect the Lords’ power over Home Rule?","back":"The Lords could delay but not permanently block it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Lords could delay but not permanently block it.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Parliament Act replaced the Lords’ absolute veto over most legislation with a temporary delaying power, allowing Home Rule eventually to pass without their consent."},{"text":"The Lords could veto Home Rule permanently.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Parliament Act removed the Lords’ permanent veto over ordinary public bills. They could delay Home Rule for a limited period but could not block it indefinitely."},{"text":"The Lords could amend it without Commons’ approval.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Act did not grant the Lords an independent power to rewrite Home Rule legislation. It reduced their role to delaying, rather than permanently blocking, the bill."},{"text":"The Lords could delay it for only one month.","correct":false,"explanation":"A one-month restriction applied to money bills, not Home Rule legislation. The Lords could delay an ordinary bill for up to two years but not veto it permanently."}]},{"id":"a5bdbbe4-aeb7-4ef8-84e9-c3495ca65f48","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why was Home Rule enacted in 1914 but not implemented immediately?","back":"It was suspended because of the First World War.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It was suspended because of the First World War.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Home Rule Act reached the statute book in September 1914, but the outbreak of the First World War led Parliament to suspend its operation for the war’s duration."},{"text":"It was rejected by the House of Lords.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Lords had delayed Home Rule, but the Parliament Act allowed it to become law without their consent. Implementation was actually suspended because of the First World War."},{"text":"It was withdrawn by the Irish Parliamentary Party.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Irish Parliamentary Party remained committed to Home Rule and had helped secure its enactment. The measure was not implemented immediately because the First World War caused its suspension."},{"text":"It was postponed until after a general election.","correct":false,"explanation":"No general election was established as the condition for implementation. Home Rule was enacted in 1914 but suspended because Britain had entered the First World War."}]},{"id":"49c0b967-5226-481a-9447-8cf98a908982","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How did the Famine 1845-1849 affect attitudes to British rule?","back":"It intensified criticism of British rule.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It intensified criticism of British rule.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mass death, emigration and the perceived inadequacy of government relief deepened resentment, encouraging many Irish people to blame British rule and policy for worsening the catastrophe."},{"text":"It weakened criticism of British rule.","correct":false,"explanation":"The scale of suffering did not reconcile Ireland to British government. Perceived failures in relief and continued food exports intensified criticism of British rule."},{"text":"It ended opposition to British rule.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating the Famine as ending opposition reverses its political effect. Death, emigration and inadequate relief intensified criticism of British rule and strengthened nationalist grievances."},{"text":"It increased confidence in British rule.","correct":false,"explanation":"Government relief measures did not create widespread confidence because they were regarded as inadequate and shaped by laissez-faire assumptions. The Famine instead intensified criticism of British rule."}]},{"id":"3358c423-b27d-40c0-b77b-62b861a9d46b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did the Land League link land issues to nationalism?","back":"It turned tenant grievances into political pressure for Home Rule.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It turned tenant grievances into political pressure for Home Rule.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Land League organised tenants around rent, eviction and ownership, connecting everyday agrarian grievances with the wider nationalist campaign for Irish self-government through Home Rule."},{"text":"It turned landlord grievances into political pressure for Home Rule.","correct":false,"explanation":"The League represented tenants rather than landlords, who generally defended the existing land system. It converted tenant grievances over rent and eviction into political pressure for Home Rule."},{"text":"It turned tenant grievances into political pressure for Unionism.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Land League’s mobilisation supported nationalist politics, not the preservation of the Union. It channelled tenant grievances into pressure for Home Rule and wider Irish self-government."},{"text":"It kept tenant grievances separate from political pressure for Home Rule.","correct":false,"explanation":"The League did not isolate land reform from constitutional nationalism. Its importance lay in turning tenant grievances into organised political pressure for Home Rule."}]},{"id":"5631a0cd-327f-4611-bb0a-0016c489f189","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Ulster industrialisation strengthen Unionism?","back":"Many Protestants linked prosperity to British markets and empire.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Many Protestants linked prosperity to British markets and empire.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ulster’s industrial economy depended heavily on access to British and imperial trade. Many Protestants therefore believed remaining in the Union protected their prosperity and commercial connections."},{"text":"Many Protestants linked prosperity to Irish agriculture and protectionism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Industrial Ulster relied on external British and imperial markets rather than an inward-looking agricultural economy. This dependence encouraged Protestants to associate prosperity with the Union."},{"text":"Many Protestants linked prosperity to Home Rule and separation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ulster Protestants commonly feared that Home Rule would weaken valuable economic connections. They linked industrial prosperity to British markets and empire, strengthening support for Unionism."},{"text":"Many Protestants linked prosperity to French markets and republicanism.","correct":false,"explanation":"France and republican government were not the foundations of Ulster’s industrial confidence. Protestants principally associated prosperity with access to British markets and the wider empire."}]},{"id":"f87ba2cb-7e73-40f1-b6b5-8474f25495e1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Marianne Elliott emphasises the seriousness of [ ] and [ ] ideals in 1798.","back":"Marianne Elliott emphasises the seriousness of republican and cross-denominational ideals in 1798.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Marianne Elliott emphasises the seriousness of republican and cross-denominational ideals in 1798.","correct":true,"explanation":"Elliott treats the United Irish commitment to republican government and cooperation across religious divisions as genuine and significant, rather than merely disguising sectarian or local motives."},{"text":"Marianne Elliott emphasises the seriousness of monarchical and exclusively Anglican ideals in 1798.","correct":false,"explanation":"The United Irish challenge opposed monarchical privilege and sought cooperation beyond the established Anglican elite. Elliott instead emphasises the seriousness of republican and cross-denominational ideals."},{"text":"Marianne Elliott emphasises the seriousness of sectarian and exclusively Catholic ideals in 1798.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sectarian violence occurred, but Elliott does not reduce the movement’s stated ideals to Catholic exclusivity. She emphasises genuine republican and cross-denominational aspirations in 1798."},{"text":"Marianne Elliott emphasises the seriousness of imperial and denominational ideals in 1798.","correct":false,"explanation":"The United Irish movement challenged British imperial authority and promoted religious cooperation. Elliott therefore stresses republican and cross-denominational ideals, despite the rising’s local sectarian tensions."}]},{"id":"e136dcf4-0545-4486-b46d-47c78498c059","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What explains the pattern and violence of the 1798 Rising better than ideology alone?","back":"Local conditions, including sectarian conflict and agrarian anger.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Local conditions, including sectarian conflict and agrarian anger.","correct":true,"explanation":"The rising varied sharply between regions because local religious tensions, agrarian disputes and social conditions shaped participation and violence more directly than a uniform revolutionary ideology."},{"text":"Republican ideology, including democratic theory and French influence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Republican ideas helped inspire the rebellion but cannot alone explain its uneven geography or forms of violence. Local conditions, especially sectarian conflict and agrarian anger, explain these variations better."},{"text":"National leadership, including central planning and military coordination.","correct":false,"explanation":"The rising lacked sufficiently effective central coordination to explain its varied regional character. Local conditions, including sectarian conflict and agrarian anger, better account for its pattern and violence."},{"text":"French intervention, including invasion forces and military supplies.","correct":false,"explanation":"French assistance was limited and arrived too late to determine most of the rising’s pattern. Local sectarian and agrarian conditions better explain where violence occurred and what form it took."}]},{"id":"c028f006-9de1-44a0-b945-9af76c21e35b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Alvin Jackson and Paul Bew emphasise the strength, organisation and identity of [ ].","back":"Alvin Jackson and Paul Bew emphasise the strength, organisation and identity of Ulster Unionism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ulster Unionism","correct":true,"explanation":"Jackson and Bew highlight Ulster Unionism as a powerful movement with strong institutions, effective organisation and a distinct political identity, rather than merely a temporary reaction to Home Rule."},{"text":"Irish Republicanism","correct":false,"explanation":"Republicanism was an important Irish tradition, but the interpretation named here concerns the organised strength and distinctive identity of Ulster Unionism, particularly during the Home Rule crisis."},{"text":"Catholic Nationalism","correct":false,"explanation":"Catholic nationalism supported Irish self-government, whereas Jackson and Bew’s emphasis in this context is the strength, organisation and identity developed by Ulster Unionism."},{"text":"British Liberalism","correct":false,"explanation":"British Liberalism promoted Home Rule under Gladstone and Asquith, but it is not the movement highlighted here. Jackson and Bew emphasise the organised strength of Ulster Unionism."}]},{"id":"db213964-3b40-4182-8136-b81bfba2e3a2","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Why had exclusion become highly likely by 1914?","back":"

Armed mobilisation by Unionists and Nationalists.
Conservative backing for Ulster Unionism.
Government weakness in enforcing a settlement.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Armed mobilisation by Unionists and Nationalists.
Conservative backing for Ulster Unionism.
Government weakness in enforcing a settlement.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Armed rival organisations raised the danger of civil conflict, Conservatives supported Ulster resistance, and the government struggled to command obedience, making some form of Ulster exclusion highly likely."},{"text":"

Peaceful demobilisation by Unionists and Nationalists.
Conservative opposition to Ulster Unionism.
Government strength in enforcing a settlement.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These claims reverse the situation in 1914. Armed mobilisation, Conservative backing for Ulster Unionism and government weakness in enforcing an all-Ireland settlement made exclusion increasingly likely."},{"text":"

Unionist acceptance of all-Ireland Home Rule.
Conservative support for coercing Ulster.
Army willingness to enforce a settlement.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Unionists resisted all-Ireland Home Rule, Conservatives backed them, and the Curragh incident exposed doubts about army cooperation. These pressures weakened enforcement and made exclusion highly likely."},{"text":"

Nationalist support for permanent partition.
Cross-party agreement on Ulster’s exclusion.
Full implementation of Home Rule before the war.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Nationalists resisted permanent partition, no settled cross-party agreement existed, and Home Rule was not implemented before the war. Exclusion became likely because mobilisation and government weakness threatened conflict."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-19","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Britain and Ireland 1791–1921","title":"Britain and Ireland 1791–1921 Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/history/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"08aa239f-22df-512a-8da5-1e8d2cec53ae","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]