In recent winters, the UK has faced unprecedented rainfall, with key river systems consistently breaching their banks. According to meteorological reports, the frequency of severe precipitation events has doubled over the past two decades. This has increased the risk of severe damage to homes, businesses, and transport links, highlighting the critical role of state-funded flood mitigation schemes.
While some minor drainage systems remain the responsibility of private landowners or local authorities, the strategic management of major flood defences is directed by national public bodies. Public sector expenditure on flood defences can be seen in Table 1.1. This expenditure can be evaluated in relation to the size of the national economy; the UK's GDP was £2,200 billion in the fiscal year 2023/24.
| Year | Expenditure (£ million) |
|---|---|
| 2019/20 | 720 |
| 2020/21 | 790 |
| 2021/22 | 810 |
| 2022/23 | 850 |
| 2023/24 | 880 |
Using the data in Table 1.1 and the information in Extract 1, calculate public sector expenditure on flood defences as a percentage of GDP in 2023/24. Show your working.
