Which of the following represents an external cost of production arising from the operation of a new commercial deepwater shipping port?
The annual port licensing fees and environmental compliance tariffs paid by the operator to the maritime authority
The loss of income suffered by local commercial fishermen due to the disruption of marine breeding grounds by heavy vessel traffic
The capital expenditure incurred by the port authority to install state-of-the-art oil spill containment barriers
The wages paid to international maritime pilots hired to guide cargo ships safely through the harbor channel