An open economy with a government sector experiences the following changes over the course of a fiscal year:

• Households increase their savings by £12 billion.
• Domestic firms increase their expenditure on new capital equipment by £15 billion.
• The government reduces its spending on public infrastructure projects by £8 billion.
• Domestic consumers spend £5 billion more on imported consumer goods.
• Foreign buyers purchase £10 billion more of the economy's exports.
• Total tax revenues fall by £4 billion due to a tax rate reduction.

Assuming no other changes, what is the net effect of these transactions on the circular flow of income?