An engineer is testing a portable carbon dioxide cylinder used in fire safety systems.
Due to ambient temperature changes, the cylinder is heated, causing the temperature of the carbon dioxide gas to rise while its volume remains constant. Explain, in terms of particles, why the pressure of the gas inside the cylinder increases.
State the equation linking pressure, force, and area.
The heated carbon dioxide reaches a pressure of 4.80 MPa4.80 \text{ MPa}4.80 MPa. The cylinder's release valve has a cross-sectional area of 0.00150 m20.00150 \text{ m}^20.00150 m2. Calculate the force exerted by the gas on this valve.