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The collective term for the protons and neutrons inside the nucleus is nucleons."},{"text":"Quarks","correct":false,"explanation":"Quarks are smaller particles that make up protons and neutrons, rather than the collective name for those nuclear particles. The correct term is nucleons."},{"text":"Leptons","correct":false,"explanation":"Leptons are a family of fundamental particles that includes electrons, not the protons and neutrons in a nucleus. Those particles are called nucleons."}]},{"id":"f9b202ca-59ea-4cd6-9f67-af40c89961d0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do isotopes of the same element differ in terms of subatomic particles?","back":"They have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.","correct":true,"explanation":"Isotopes are atoms of the same element, so they have the same proton number, but they contain different numbers of neutrons."},{"text":"They have a different number of protons but the same number of neutrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing the number of protons changes the element itself. Isotopes retain the same number of protons and differ only in their number of neutrons."},{"text":"They have the same number of protons and the same number of neutrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Atoms with identical numbers of protons and neutrons are not different isotopes. Isotopes must have the same proton number but different neutron numbers."},{"text":"They have a different number of protons and a different number of neutrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different proton numbers identify different elements, so this cannot describe isotopes of one element. Isotopes differ only in neutron number."}]},{"id":"9eeae593-3298-41b9-bba2-3e78be60197a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In the symbol ${}^{A}_{Z}\\text{X}$, what does the value $A$ represent?","back":"The mass number (total protons + neutrons).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The mass number (total protons + neutrons).","correct":true,"explanation":"In ${}^{A}_{Z}\\text{X}$, $A$ is the mass number. It equals the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus."},{"text":"The atomic number (total protons).","correct":false,"explanation":"The atomic number is represented by $Z$, not $A$, and equals the number of protons. $A$ is the mass number, found by adding protons and neutrons."},{"text":"The neutron number (total neutrons).","correct":false,"explanation":"The neutron number is not represented directly by $A$; it can be found by subtracting $Z$ from $A$. The value $A$ counts protons and neutrons together."},{"text":"The electron number (total electrons).","correct":false,"explanation":"The symbol $A$ does not count electrons, which are outside the nucleus and may change when an ion forms. It represents the total protons plus neutrons."}]},{"id":"728990e9-a56b-40e3-b87f-9fa7feefbccf","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Radioactive decay is described as [ ] because you cannot predict exactly when one particular nucleus will decay.","back":"Radioactive decay is described as random because you cannot predict exactly when one particular nucleus will decay.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"random","correct":true,"explanation":"Radioactive decay is random because the exact moment when any particular unstable nucleus decays cannot be predicted, although the behaviour of a large sample can be described statistically."},{"text":"predictable","correct":false,"explanation":"The decay of an individual nucleus cannot be predicted at an exact time. Radioactive decay is described as random, even though the half-life of a sample is predictable."},{"text":"periodic","correct":false,"explanation":"Periodic processes repeat at regular, predictable intervals, unlike the decay of individual unstable nuclei. Radioactive decay is described as random."},{"text":"instantaneous","correct":false,"explanation":"Not every nucleus decays immediately; radioactive samples decay over time according to a half-life. The unpredictable timing of individual decays makes the process random."}]},{"id":"c49422dd-0933-402c-8210-ad3c91fa5d42","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is ionising radiation dangerous to living cells?","back":"It can remove electrons from atoms, forming ions that damage DNA or cause mutations.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can remove electrons from atoms, forming ions that damage DNA or cause mutations.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ionising radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms. The resulting ions can chemically damage DNA, potentially causing mutations or cell death."},{"text":"It can add electrons to atoms, forming ions that damage DNA or cause mutations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although adding electrons can produce negative ions, the key danger of ionising radiation is that it removes electrons from atoms. This creates reactive ions that can damage DNA."},{"text":"It can heat electrons in atoms, forming ions that damage DNA or cause mutations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heating electrons does not describe ionisation. The radiation must remove electrons from atoms, forming ions whose chemical reactions can damage DNA or cause mutations."},{"text":"It can split electrons from atoms, forming ions that damage DNA or cause mutations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons are removed as whole particles rather than split apart during ionisation. The correct process is removing electrons from atoms to form damaging ions."}]},{"id":"62183dcd-e92f-4b12-8a4a-8a5d4b1dc439","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the physical composition of an alpha ($̑$) particle?","back":"A helium nucleus (2 protons and 2 neutrons).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A helium nucleus (2 protons and 2 neutrons).","correct":true,"explanation":"An alpha particle is the nucleus of a helium atom, containing two protons and two neutrons. It has no electrons and therefore carries a positive charge."},{"text":"A hydrogen nucleus (1 proton and 0 neutrons).","correct":false,"explanation":"A hydrogen nucleus normally contains one proton, whereas an alpha particle contains two protons and two neutrons. An alpha particle is a helium nucleus."},{"text":"A neutron (0 protons and 1 neutron).","correct":false,"explanation":"A neutron is a single neutral nuclear particle. An alpha particle is much larger and consists of two protons and two neutrons, making it a helium nucleus."},{"text":"A helium atom (2 protons and 2 neutrons plus 2 electrons).","correct":false,"explanation":"A helium atom includes two electrons, but an alpha particle is only the helium nucleus. It contains two protons and two neutrons with no electrons."}]},{"id":"07142fd3-d8e9-4f93-923b-d62238354838","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Beta-minus ($̒^-$) radiation is a fast-moving [ ] emitted when a neutron changes into a proton.","back":"Beta-minus ($̒^-$) radiation is a fast-moving electron emitted when a neutron changes into a proton.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"electron","correct":true,"explanation":"Beta-minus radiation consists of fast-moving electrons. Inside the nucleus, a neutron changes into a proton and emits an electron, along with an antineutrino."},{"text":"proton","correct":false,"explanation":"A proton remains in the nucleus after a neutron changes into it; it is not the emitted beta-minus particle. Beta-minus radiation is a fast-moving electron."},{"text":"neutron","correct":false,"explanation":"The neutron is the particle that changes during beta-minus decay, so it is not emitted as the radiation. The emitted particle is an electron."},{"text":"photon","correct":false,"explanation":"Photons are electromagnetic radiation and are associated with gamma rays, not beta-minus particles. Beta-minus radiation is made of fast-moving electrons."}]},{"id":"090873fd-74c3-46fc-b14c-ff9f73d261cc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Beta-minus ($̒^-$) radiation is a fast-moving electron emitted when a [ ] changes into a proton.","back":"Beta-minus ($̒^-$) radiation is a fast-moving electron emitted when a neutron changes into a proton.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"neutron","correct":true,"explanation":"In beta-minus decay, a neutron changes into a proton and emits a fast-moving electron. This conversion increases the atomic number by one while leaving the mass number unchanged."},{"text":"proton","correct":false,"explanation":"A proton is produced when the neutron changes during beta-minus decay, so it is not the starting particle. The emitted electron comes from a neutron changing into a proton."},{"text":"electron","correct":false,"explanation":"The electron is the particle emitted in beta-minus radiation, not the particle that changes into a proton. A neutron undergoes that conversion."},{"text":"alpha particle","correct":false,"explanation":"An alpha particle is a helium nucleus and does not change into a proton during beta-minus decay. The particle that changes is a neutron, emitting an electron."}]},{"id":"49409b91-f1cf-4c37-967b-a93d73aa6373","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Rank alpha, beta, and gamma radiation from most to least penetrating.","back":"

Gamma (most)
Beta
Alpha (least)

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Gamma (most)
Beta
Alpha (least)

","correct":true,"explanation":"Gamma radiation is the most penetrating because it is uncharged electromagnetic radiation. Beta is moderately penetrating, while alpha is stopped easily by paper or skin."},{"text":"

Alpha (most)
Beta
Gamma (least)

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the correct order by confusing penetrating power with ionising power. The correct ranking is gamma most penetrating, followed by beta, then alpha least penetrating."},{"text":"

Beta (most)
Gamma
Alpha (least)

","correct":false,"explanation":"Beta penetrates further than alpha but not further than gamma. The correct order from most to least penetrating is gamma, beta, then alpha."},{"text":"

Gamma (most)
Alpha
Beta (least)

","correct":false,"explanation":"Alpha is incorrectly placed above beta despite being stopped more easily. The correct order is gamma as most penetrating, followed by beta, with alpha least penetrating."}]},{"id":"069a03a6-14db-407d-813e-e6edcef87437","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which material is usually required to stop gamma ($̓$) radiation?","back":"Thick lead or several metres of concrete.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Thick lead or several metres of concrete.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gamma radiation is highly penetrating, so effective shielding requires dense, thick material. Thick lead or several metres of concrete substantially reduces its intensity."},{"text":"A sheet of paper or a few centimetres of air.","correct":false,"explanation":"Paper can stop alpha particles but provides almost no effective shielding against penetrating gamma radiation. Gamma usually requires thick lead or several metres of concrete."},{"text":"Thin aluminium or several millimetres of plastic.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thin aluminium is commonly used to stop beta radiation, not gamma radiation. Gamma usually requires thick lead or several metres of concrete because it penetrates much further."},{"text":"A layer of card or several metres of air.","correct":false,"explanation":"A short distance through air can reduce alpha radiation, but gamma travels through air readily. Thick lead or several metres of concrete is usually needed."}]},{"id":"f4d2664b-e94a-4782-85f9-4e6563317013","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How is the corrected count rate calculated in radioactivity experiments?","back":"Measured count rate minus background count rate.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Measured count rate minus background count rate.","correct":true,"explanation":"Background radiation contributes to the measured count even when the source is absent. Subtracting its count rate isolates the count rate produced by the radioactive source."},{"text":"Measured count rate plus background count rate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding background radiation counts it twice rather than removing its contribution. The corrected rate is the measured count rate minus the background count rate."},{"text":"Background count rate minus measured count rate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reversing the subtraction can produce a negative value because the measured rate normally includes the background. Subtract background count rate from measured count rate instead."},{"text":"Measured count rate divided by background count rate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing by the background gives a ratio rather than the source’s corrected count rate. The background count rate must be subtracted from the measured count rate."}]},{"id":"e3efd11f-defe-4f2e-ace1-390dc596fc20","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens to the mass number and atomic number of a nucleus during alpha decay?","back":"

Mass number decreases by 4
Atomic number decreases by 2

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Mass number decreases by 4
Atomic number decreases by 2

","correct":true,"explanation":"An alpha particle contains two protons and two neutrons. Losing it therefore reduces the parent nucleus’s mass number by 4 and atomic number by 2."},{"text":"

Mass number decreases by 2
Atomic number decreases by 4

","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the numbers of neutrons and protons in an alpha particle. Alpha decay decreases mass number by 4 and atomic number by 2."},{"text":"

Mass number increases by 4
Atomic number increases by 2

","correct":false,"explanation":"An emitted alpha particle leaves the nucleus, so its nucleons and protons are lost rather than gained. Mass number decreases by 4 and atomic number decreases by 2."},{"text":"

Mass number decreases by 4
Atomic number stays the same

","correct":false,"explanation":"The atomic number is not unchanged because an alpha particle contains two protons. Alpha decay decreases mass number by 4 and atomic number by 2."}]},{"id":"7f9036e8-c3f6-4173-b889-74e56155a82f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How does the atomic number change during beta-minus emission?","back":"It increases by 1.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It increases by 1.","correct":true,"explanation":"In beta-minus decay, a neutron changes into a proton while emitting an electron and an antineutrino. The extra proton increases the atomic number by 1."},{"text":"It decreases by 1.","correct":false,"explanation":"Decreasing by 1 describes beta-plus emission, where a proton becomes a neutron. In beta-minus emission, a neutron becomes a proton, so atomic number increases by 1."},{"text":"It stays the same.","correct":false,"explanation":"The mass number stays constant in beta-minus emission, but the atomic number does not. A neutron becomes a proton, causing the atomic number to increase by 1."},{"text":"It decreases by 2.","correct":false,"explanation":"A change of 2 is associated with the proton loss in alpha decay, not beta-minus emission. Beta-minus emission increases the atomic number by exactly 1."}]},{"id":"27c76aa9-aa13-47ff-84a8-f9b023719fc3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"During [ ] emission, both the mass number and atomic number of the nucleus stay the same.","back":"During gamma emission, both the mass number and atomic number of the nucleus stay the same.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"gamma","correct":true,"explanation":"Gamma emission releases excess nuclear energy as electromagnetic radiation without ejecting protons or neutrons. Consequently, both mass number and atomic number remain unchanged."},{"text":"alpha","correct":false,"explanation":"Alpha emission ejects two protons and two neutrons, decreasing mass number by 4 and atomic number by 2. Gamma emission leaves both numbers unchanged."},{"text":"beta-minus","correct":false,"explanation":"Beta-minus emission changes a neutron into a proton, so atomic number increases by 1 even though mass number remains constant. Gamma emission changes neither number."},{"text":"neutron","correct":false,"explanation":"Neutron emission reduces the mass number by 1 while leaving the atomic number unchanged. It is gamma emission that leaves both nuclear numbers unchanged."}]},{"id":"bdc36f8c-b35f-49eb-b1f9-dd206ddef981","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"During gamma emission, both the mass number and atomic number of the nucleus [ ].","back":"During gamma emission, both the mass number and atomic number of the nucleus stay the same.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"stay the same","correct":true,"explanation":"Gamma radiation carries away energy but contains no protons or neutrons. The nucleus therefore retains the same total number of nucleons and the same number of protons."},{"text":"both increase by 1","correct":false,"explanation":"Gamma emission does not add particles to the nucleus, so neither number increases. Both the mass number and atomic number stay the same."},{"text":"decrease by 4 and 2 respectively","correct":false,"explanation":"A decrease of 4 and 2 occurs during alpha decay because two protons and two neutrons are emitted. During gamma emission, both numbers stay the same."},{"text":"remain constant and increase by 1 respectively","correct":false,"explanation":"An atomic-number increase of 1 occurs in beta-minus decay, not gamma emission. Gamma releases energy without changing either mass number or atomic number."}]},{"id":"927f40df-acc5-4f8d-bdf9-8779e71efebe","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Define the Becquerel (Bq).","back":"One nuclear decay per second.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"One nuclear decay per second.","correct":true,"explanation":"The becquerel is the SI unit of activity. An activity of one becquerel means that, on average, one unstable nucleus decays every second."},{"text":"One nuclear decay per minute.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using minutes instead of seconds makes the stated rate sixty times smaller than one becquerel. One becquerel is one nuclear decay per second."},{"text":"One detected count per second.","correct":false,"explanation":"Detector counts are not necessarily equal to total nuclear decays because some radiation is not detected. One becquerel means one nuclear decay per second."},{"text":"One joule released per second.","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy released per second is power and is measured in watts, not becquerels. One becquerel represents one nuclear decay occurring per second."}]},{"id":"d0d33576-0400-47bb-aa30-427646efc0d8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Define the term \"half-life\".","back":"The time taken for the activity (or number of unstable nuclei) to fall to half its original value.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The time taken for the activity (or number of unstable nuclei) to fall to half its original value.","correct":true,"explanation":"Half-life is defined as the time required for a radioactive sample’s activity, or number of unstable nuclei, to decrease to half its initial value."},{"text":"The time taken for the activity (or number of unstable nuclei) to fall to one quarter its original value.","correct":false,"explanation":"One quarter represents two half-lives, not one. The correct definition is the time taken for the activity or number of unstable nuclei to fall to half its original value."},{"text":"The time taken for the activity (or number of unstable nuclei) to double its original value.","correct":false,"explanation":"Radioactive activity decreases rather than doubles. Half-life is the time taken for the activity or number of unstable nuclei to fall to half its original value."},{"text":"The time taken for all the unstable nuclei to decay completely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Radioactive decay is random, so a sample does not suddenly reach zero activity. Half-life instead measures the time for the activity or number of unstable nuclei to halve."}]},{"id":"4cefde2e-50bf-4d95-bf64-59b01590860b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A source has a half-life of 2 days. What fraction of the original activity remains after 6 days?","back":"1/8 (halved three times).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"1/8 (halved three times).","correct":true,"explanation":"Six days contains three 2-day half-lives. The activity therefore becomes $1/2 \\times 1/2 \\times 1/2 = 1/8$ of its original value."},{"text":"1/4 (halved two times).","correct":false,"explanation":"Six days contains three half-lives, not two. Halving twice would take four days and leave $1/4$, whereas three halvings leave the correct fraction, $1/8$."},{"text":"1/16 (halved four times).","correct":false,"explanation":"A 2-day half-life gives only three halvings in six days. Four halvings would require eight days, so the correct remaining fraction after six days is $1/8$."},{"text":"1/3 (divided by the number of half-lives).","correct":false,"explanation":"Half-life means repeated halving, not dividing the original activity by the number of half-lives. Three halvings give $1/2^3 = 1/8$, the correct fraction."}]},{"id":"c56f6867-69d8-444b-8769-e78e2979bdfa","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is beta radiation used for monitoring the thickness of paper in industry?","back":"Alpha is stopped by paper and gamma passes through entirely; beta penetration varies with thickness.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Alpha is stopped by paper and gamma passes through entirely; beta penetration varies with thickness.","correct":true,"explanation":"Beta has intermediate penetration, so increasing paper thickness reduces the detected beta radiation. Alpha would be absorbed immediately, while gamma would show little change because it passes through."},{"text":"Alpha is stopped by paper and gamma passes through entirely; beta penetration is unaffected by thickness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Beta is partly absorbed, so its detected intensity changes as the paper gets thicker. Assuming no effect confuses beta with highly penetrating gamma radiation; the correct explanation is that beta penetration varies with thickness."},{"text":"Alpha passes through paper entirely and gamma is stopped by paper; beta penetration varies with thickness.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the penetrating abilities of alpha and gamma. Alpha has the shortest range and is stopped by paper, whereas gamma is highly penetrating; beta is useful because its penetration varies with thickness."},{"text":"Alpha is stopped by paper and gamma passes through entirely; beta is stopped completely by the thinnest paper.","correct":false,"explanation":"Beta is more penetrating than alpha and is not stopped completely by thin paper. Its partial absorption makes the detector reading change with thickness, which enables monitoring during manufacture."}]},{"id":"de97dac1-66ab-40e3-a83d-a0436f4152f9","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Distinguish between irradiation and contamination.","back":"

Irradiation: exposure to external radiation.
Contamination: radioactive material gets onto or inside the object.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Irradiation: exposure to external radiation.
Contamination: radioactive material gets onto or inside the object.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Irradiation means being exposed to radiation from an external source. Contamination means radioactive material is transferred onto or into an object, person or environment."},{"text":"

Irradiation: radioactive material gets onto or inside the object.
Contamination: exposure to external radiation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These definitions have been swapped. Irradiation is exposure to external radiation, whereas contamination occurs when radioactive material gets onto or inside the object."},{"text":"

Irradiation: exposure to visible light.
Contamination: exposure to external radiation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Irradiation in this context concerns ionising radiation, not ordinary visible light. Contamination specifically involves radioactive material getting onto or inside the object."},{"text":"

Irradiation: radioactive material is permanently destroyed.
Contamination: exposure to external radiation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Radioactive material is not defined as being destroyed during irradiation. Irradiation is external radiation exposure, while contamination means radioactive material gets onto or inside the object."}]},{"id":"1b9a050b-9a98-4493-bf7f-7bc85d30ac81","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Alpha radiation is most dangerous when [ ] because it is strongly ionising.","back":"Alpha radiation is most dangerous when inside the body because it is strongly ionising.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"inside the body","correct":true,"explanation":"Alpha particles have a short range but produce dense ionisation. If an alpha source is inside the body, its energy is deposited directly in living tissue, making it especially dangerous."},{"text":"outside the body","correct":false,"explanation":"Alpha radiation is usually less dangerous externally because it is stopped by skin or a short distance of air. It is most dangerous when the source is inside the body."},{"text":"far from the body","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing the distance reduces the radiation reaching the body, so this does not make alpha radiation most dangerous. Internal exposure is the serious hazard because tissue is irradiated directly."},{"text":"behind a sheet of paper","correct":false,"explanation":"Paper stops alpha particles before they reach living tissue, so it provides protection rather than increasing danger. Alpha radiation is most hazardous when radioactive material enters the body."}]},{"id":"b4e9db59-0f12-4ae4-9b26-720df5632b11","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Alpha radiation is most dangerous when inside the body because it is [ ].","back":"Alpha radiation is most dangerous when inside the body because it is strongly ionising.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"strongly ionising","correct":true,"explanation":"Alpha particles cause many ionisations over a short distance. This strong ionising ability causes substantial damage to nearby living cells when the source is inside the body."},{"text":"weakly ionising","correct":false,"explanation":"Alpha radiation is strongly, not weakly, ionising. Its dense ionisation along a short path is why internal alpha contamination can cause serious damage to living tissue."},{"text":"highly penetrating","correct":false,"explanation":"Alpha radiation has low penetration and is stopped by paper or skin. Its danger inside the body comes from being strongly ionising, not from penetrating deeply from outside."},{"text":"non-ionising","correct":false,"explanation":"Alpha particles are ionising radiation, so they can remove electrons from atoms. The correct description is strongly ionising, which explains their damaging effect inside the body."}]},{"id":"2c454a56-9468-4030-ba3c-1654eba2955e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Name two sources of background radiation from space or Earth.","back":"

Cosmic rays (space)
Radon gas / rocks / food (Earth)

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Cosmic rays (space)
Radon gas / rocks / food (Earth)

","correct":true,"explanation":"Cosmic rays provide a space-based source of background radiation. Radon gas, radioactive rocks and radioactive materials in food are examples of sources originating on Earth."},{"text":"

Ultraviolet light (space)
Sound waves / soil / water (Earth)

","correct":false,"explanation":"Ultraviolet light and sound waves are not the expected sources of ionising background radiation here. The correct examples are cosmic rays and radon gas, rocks or food."},{"text":"

Radio waves (space)
Radon gas / rocks / food (Earth)

","correct":false,"explanation":"Radon gas, rocks and food are valid Earth sources, but radio waves are non-ionising electromagnetic radiation. The space source expected in this answer is cosmic rays."},{"text":"

Cosmic rays (space)
Visible light / electricity / heat (Earth)

","correct":false,"explanation":"Cosmic rays are a correct space source, but visible light, electricity and heat are not standard sources of ionising background radiation. Suitable Earth examples include radon gas, rocks or food."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-25","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Radioactivity","title":"Radioactivity Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/physics/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"a614471e-89e2-5733-90be-20d82cb7aada","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]