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A numerical value
A unit

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

A numerical value
A unit

","correct":true,"explanation":"A complete physical measurement states how much of something there is using a numerical value, and compares it with an agreed standard using a unit."},{"text":"

A measuring instrument
A unit

","correct":false,"explanation":"An instrument may be needed to obtain a reading, but it is not part of the measurement itself. The required components are a numerical value and a unit."},{"text":"

A numerical value
An equation

","correct":false,"explanation":"An equation describes a relationship between quantities rather than completing a measurement. The second component must be an agreed unit alongside the numerical value."},{"text":"

A unit
An uncertainty

","correct":false,"explanation":"Uncertainty indicates the possible range of error, but it is not essential to state a basic measurement. A numerical value and an agreed unit are required."}]},{"id":"3e232f4f-415f-4079-a544-a65247453e3a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] is something that can be measured, while a unit is the agreed standard used to state its size.","back":"A physical quantity is something that can be measured, while a unit is the agreed standard used to state its size.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"physical quantity","correct":true,"explanation":"A measurable property, such as mass, time or temperature, is called a physical quantity; its size is expressed using a numerical value and a unit."},{"text":"measuring instrument","correct":false,"explanation":"A measuring instrument is equipment used to obtain a reading, not something being measured. The correct term is physical quantity, meaning a measurable property."},{"text":"standard quantity","correct":false,"explanation":"A standard quantity is not the defined term for something that can be measured. The correct term is physical quantity, such as length, mass or time."},{"text":"derived unit","correct":false,"explanation":"A derived unit is formed from base units, such as metres per second, and describes measurement units rather than measurable properties. The correct term is physical quantity."}]},{"id":"574cb939-a52e-4f9d-b743-457bc8e3ff53","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A physical quantity is something that can be measured, while a [ ] is the agreed standard used to state its size.","back":"A physical quantity is something that can be measured, while a unit is the agreed standard used to state its size.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"unit","correct":true,"explanation":"A unit is an agreed standard used to state the size of a physical quantity, such as the metre for length or the second for time."},{"text":"measurement","correct":false,"explanation":"A measurement is the result of comparing a quantity with a standard, rather than the standard itself. The agreed standard used to state size is a unit."},{"text":"numerical value","correct":false,"explanation":"A numerical value gives the amount or number in a measurement, but it is not the agreed standard. The standard used to state size is a unit."},{"text":"physical quantity","correct":false,"explanation":"A physical quantity is something that can be measured, such as length or mass. The agreed standard used to state its size is instead called a unit."}]},{"id":"d7006e14-623c-4606-91a8-a9bd93beacfd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the standard unit and symbol for activity in radioactivity?","back":"becquerel (Bq)","mcqOptions":[{"text":"becquerel (Bq)","correct":true,"explanation":"The becquerel is the SI unit of radioactive activity, with symbol Bq. It measures the rate at which unstable nuclei undergo radioactive decay."},{"text":"curie (Ci)","correct":false,"explanation":"The curie is an older unit of radioactive activity, but the standard SI unit required here is the becquerel, symbol Bq."},{"text":"gray (Gy)","correct":false,"explanation":"The gray measures absorbed radiation dose, not the activity of a radioactive source. Activity is measured in becquerels, with symbol Bq."},{"text":"sievert (Sv)","correct":false,"explanation":"The sievert measures biological effect or equivalent radiation dose, rather than decay rate. The standard unit for activity is the becquerel, symbol Bq."}]},{"id":"e7656fe6-d0d0-4d1f-bc82-f862be7b350d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a measurement of 1 Bq represent?","back":"One nuclear decay per second.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"One nuclear decay per second.","correct":true,"explanation":"A becquerel measures activity as a rate, and 1 Bq is defined as one radioactive nuclear decay occurring every second."},{"text":"One nuclear decay per minute.","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses a minute instead of a second, making the stated rate sixty times slower than 1 Bq. One Bq represents one nuclear decay per second."},{"text":"One nucleus per second.","correct":false,"explanation":"The unit counts decay events, not simply the number of nuclei present. One Bq represents one nuclear decay per second, regardless of the source’s total nuclei."},{"text":"One nuclear decay per gram.","correct":false,"explanation":"A gram measures mass, not time, so it cannot express the decay rate defined by activity. One Bq means one nuclear decay per second."}]},{"id":"7cdb5bcc-3f35-4e68-92e5-847099cff70d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The prefix centi- means [ ], meaning there are 100 cm in 1 m.","back":"The prefix centi- means one hundredth, meaning there are 100 cm in 1 m.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"one hundredth","correct":true,"explanation":"The prefix centi- represents a factor of $10^{-2}$, or one hundredth. Therefore, one centimetre is one hundredth of one metre."},{"text":"one tenth","correct":false,"explanation":"One tenth corresponds to the prefix deci-, not centi-. Centi- represents one hundredth, so 100 centimetres make 1 metre."},{"text":"one thousandth","correct":false,"explanation":"One thousandth corresponds to the prefix milli-. Centi- is larger and represents one hundredth, giving 100 centimetres in 1 metre."},{"text":"one millionth","correct":false,"explanation":"One millionth corresponds to the prefix micro-. Centi- represents one hundredth, not a factor of $10^{-6}$."}]},{"id":"873ae7d9-f303-4bc2-a638-4f584fa0285b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The prefix centi- means one hundredth, meaning there are [ ] cm in 1 m.","back":"The prefix centi- means one hundredth, meaning there are 100 cm in 1 m.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"100","correct":true,"explanation":"Since centi- means one hundredth of a metre, one metre contains 100 centimetres. Each centimetre is therefore $\\frac{1}{100}$ of a metre."},{"text":"10","correct":false,"explanation":"Ten centimetres make a decimetre, not a metre. Confusing deci- with centi- leads to this value; the correct conversion is 100 centimetres per metre."},{"text":"1000","correct":false,"explanation":"A thousand centimetres would equal 10 metres. This value comes from confusing centi- with milli-; 1 metre contains 100 centimetres."},{"text":"1","correct":false,"explanation":"A centimetre is smaller than a metre, so one metre cannot contain only one centimetre. The conversion factor is 100 centimetres in 1 metre."}]},{"id":"016fc385-07e9-41c1-b64d-6aa38369d34b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the correct unit symbol for hour and minute in spec point 7.1?","back":"

hour: h
minute: min

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

hour: h
minute: min

","correct":true,"explanation":"The accepted symbols are h for hour and min for minute. The minute symbol is written as min to distinguish it from metre, m."},{"text":"

hour: hr
minute: m

","correct":false,"explanation":"These abbreviations are commonly used informally, but the specified symbols are h for hour and min for minute. Using m for minute conflicts with the metre symbol."},{"text":"

hour: h
minute: s

","correct":false,"explanation":"The symbol s represents seconds, not minutes. The correct time symbols here are h for hour and min for minute."},{"text":"

hour: min
minute: h

","correct":false,"explanation":"The two symbols have been interchanged: h denotes an hour, while min denotes a minute. Reversing them gives both units the wrong symbols."}]},{"id":"229823e2-8958-4c8b-a7e4-1cfa08f45a5c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many seconds are in 1 hour?","back":"$$3600\\ \\text{s}$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$3600\\ \\text{s}$","correct":true,"explanation":"One hour contains 60 minutes, and each minute contains 60 seconds. Therefore, $60 \\times 60 = 3600$, so one hour equals $3600\\ \\text{s}$."},{"text":"$$60\\ \\text{s}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This converts hours to minutes but omits the second factor of 60 needed to convert minutes to seconds. The correct result is $60 \\times 60 = 3600\\ \\text{s}$."},{"text":"$$600\\ \\text{s}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This results from treating each minute as containing only 10 seconds. Since an hour has 60 lots of 60 seconds, the correct answer is $3600\\ \\text{s}$."},{"text":"$$360\\ \\text{s}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This is a factor-of-ten conversion error. Multiplying 60 minutes by 60 seconds per minute gives $3600\\ \\text{s}$, not $360\\ \\text{s}$."}]},{"id":"fa282c66-740d-4b71-a2b7-26c6e5360064","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When converting from hours to minutes, do you multiply or divide by 60?","back":"Multiply (smaller unit, bigger number).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Multiply (smaller unit, bigger number).","correct":true,"explanation":"Minutes are smaller than hours, so the numerical value must increase. Each hour contains 60 minutes, meaning the number of hours is multiplied by 60."},{"text":"Divide (smaller unit, smaller number).","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing would be appropriate when converting minutes into the larger unit of hours. For hours to minutes, multiply by 60 because the smaller unit produces a bigger number."},{"text":"Multiply (larger unit, smaller number).","correct":false,"explanation":"The operation is associated with the wrong conversion direction here. Converting hours to minutes means moving to a smaller unit, so multiply by 60 to obtain a bigger number."},{"text":"Divide (larger unit, bigger number).","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both the unit relationship and the required operation. Minutes are smaller than hours, so converting hours to minutes requires multiplication by 60."}]},{"id":"ec446283-2bb4-4171-b5c1-ccd0f16eb046","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Convert 3 min 20 s into seconds.","back":"$$200\\ \\text{s}$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$200\\ \\text{s}$","correct":true,"explanation":"Three minutes equals $3 \\times 60 = 180$ seconds. Adding the remaining 20 seconds gives $180 + 20 = 200\\ \\text{s}$."},{"text":"$$180\\ \\text{s}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This converts the three minutes correctly but leaves out the additional 20 seconds. Adding them gives $180 + 20 = 200\\ \\text{s}$."},{"text":"$$320\\ \\text{s}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly joins the digits for 3 minutes and 20 seconds rather than converting units. Three minutes is 180 seconds, giving $200\\ \\text{s}$ in total."},{"text":"$$220\\ \\text{s}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This likely comes from treating three minutes as 200 seconds before adding 20. The correct conversion is $3 \\times 60 + 20 = 200\\ \\text{s}$."}]},{"id":"59f6d8ef-cf3c-4746-9eff-05871345bbf4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How do you convert a length from metres (m) to centimetres (cm)?","back":"Multiply by 100.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Multiply by 100.","correct":true,"explanation":"One metre contains 100 centimetres. Converting from metres to the smaller unit of centimetres therefore requires multiplying the numerical value by 100."},{"text":"Divide by 100.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing by 100 converts centimetres into metres, not metres into centimetres. Since centimetres are smaller, multiply the metre value by 100."},{"text":"Multiply by 10.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses centimetres with decimetres, as one metre contains 10 decimetres. One metre contains 100 centimetres, so the correct multiplier is 100."},{"text":"Divide by 10.","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses both the wrong direction and the wrong scale factor. To convert metres into centimetres, multiply by 100 because $1\\ \\text{m}=100\\ \\text{cm}$."}]},{"id":"40892d4e-0e23-4252-9aad-7a81e390c88d","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which distance is larger: 0.15 m or 8 cm? Show the comparison.","back":"0.15 m (which is $15\\ \\text{cm}$, and $15 > 8$)","mcqOptions":[{"text":"0.15 m (which is $15\\ \\text{cm}$, and $15 > 8$)","correct":true,"explanation":"Multiplying $0.15\\ \\text{m}$ by 100 converts it to $15\\ \\text{cm}$. Since $15\\ \\text{cm}$ is greater than $8\\ \\text{cm}$, $0.15\\ \\text{m}$ is larger."},{"text":"8 cm (which is $0.8\\ \\text{m}$, and $0.8 > 0.15$)","correct":false,"explanation":"This divides by 10 rather than 100 when converting centimetres to metres. In fact, $8\\ \\text{cm}=0.08\\ \\text{m}$, so $0.15\\ \\text{m}$ is larger."},{"text":"8 cm (which is $80\\ \\text{cm}$, and $80 > 15$)","correct":false,"explanation":"The value $8\\ \\text{cm}$ has been incorrectly multiplied by 10 even though it is already in centimetres. Since $0.15\\ \\text{m}=15\\ \\text{cm}$, $0.15\\ \\text{m}$ is larger."},{"text":"0.15 m (which is $1.5\\ \\text{cm}$, and $1.5 > 0.8$)","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the larger distance is identified, the comparison shown is false: $0.15\\ \\text{m}=15\\ \\text{cm}$, not $1.5\\ \\text{cm}$. The valid comparison is $15 > 8$."}]},{"id":"4aaccce6-4ade-42e2-9577-40d5c2cb325a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Radioactive activity is defined as the [ ] at which unstable nuclei decay.","back":"Radioactive activity is defined as the rate at which unstable nuclei decay.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"rate","correct":true,"explanation":"Activity measures how frequently unstable nuclei decay, usually as the number of decays per second. It is therefore a rate, measured in becquerels."},{"text":"time","correct":false,"explanation":"Time is the interval over which decays are observed, not the quantity defining activity. Radioactive activity is the rate at which unstable nuclei decay."},{"text":"energy","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy may be released during radioactive decay, but it does not define activity. Activity is the rate at which unstable nuclei decay."},{"text":"distance","correct":false,"explanation":"Distance is unrelated to the definition of radioactive activity. Activity describes the rate at which unstable nuclei decay, commonly measured in decays per second."}]},{"id":"13c0eb52-33f9-4f7d-ba76-c77091543ff3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Radioactive activity is defined as the rate at which [ ] decay.","back":"Radioactive activity is defined as the rate at which unstable nuclei decay.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"unstable nuclei","correct":true,"explanation":"Radioactive decay occurs when unstable atomic nuclei spontaneously change and emit radiation. Activity measures the rate at which these unstable nuclei undergo decay."},{"text":"stable nuclei","correct":false,"explanation":"Stable nuclei do not spontaneously undergo radioactive decay. Activity is defined using unstable nuclei, whose decay events can be counted over a given time."},{"text":"orbital electrons","correct":false,"explanation":"Radioactive decay is a change in an unstable nucleus, not an ordinary change involving orbital electrons. Activity therefore measures the rate at which unstable nuclei decay."},{"text":"alpha particles","correct":false,"explanation":"Alpha particles may be emitted during decay, but they are not the objects whose decay rate defines activity. The definition refers to unstable nuclei."}]},{"id":"a3020f41-d558-4958-8196-38fbd2a68e58","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the formula for activity ($A$) using decays ($N$) and time ($t$)?","back":"$$$A = \\frac{N}{t}$$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$$A = \\frac{N}{t}$$","correct":true,"explanation":"Activity is the number of nuclear decays occurring per unit time. Dividing the number of decays, $N$, by the elapsed time, $t$, gives $A=N/t$."},{"text":"$$$A = \\frac{t}{N}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the fraction and gives time per decay rather than decays per unit time. Activity is calculated using $A=N/t$."},{"text":"$$$A = Nt$$","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying decays by time does not produce a rate and gives the wrong units. A rate is found by dividing the number of decays by time: $A=N/t$."},{"text":"$$$A = N - t$$","correct":false,"explanation":"Subtracting time from a number of decays combines unlike physical quantities and cannot calculate a rate. Activity is the number of decays divided by time: $A=N/t$."}]},{"id":"9d185733-f881-4a2d-b2bd-497b9149b58b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Calculate the activity in Bq if a sample undergoes 2400 decays in 2 minutes.","back":"20 Bq ($2400 / 120\\ \\text{s}$)","mcqOptions":[{"text":"20 Bq ($2400 / 120\\ \\text{s}$)","correct":true,"explanation":"Activity is the number of decays per second. Two minutes is 120 seconds, so $2400 / 120 = 20$ decays each second, giving 20 Bq."},{"text":"40 Bq ($2400 / 60\\ \\text{s}$)","correct":false,"explanation":"This divides by 60 seconds, treating two minutes as one minute. Converting correctly gives 120 seconds, so $2400 / 120 = 20$ Bq."},{"text":"288 Bq ($2400 \\times 120\\ \\text{s}$)","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying by the time reverses the activity relationship and produces the wrong units. Activity is decays divided by time, so $2400 / 120 = 20$ Bq."},{"text":"0.05 Bq ($120\\ \\text{s} / 2400$)","correct":false,"explanation":"This calculates the time per decay rather than decays per second, effectively taking the reciprocal of the required rate. The activity is $2400 / 120 = 20$ Bq."}]},{"id":"16405303-126f-4362-9e04-5346b04efffc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why must time be converted to seconds before calculating activity in Bq?","back":"The becquerel is defined as decays per second.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The becquerel is defined as decays per second.","correct":true,"explanation":"A becquerel measures one nuclear decay per second, so the elapsed time must be expressed in seconds before calculating an activity in Bq."},{"text":"The becquerel is defined as decays per minute.","correct":false,"explanation":"Minutes are sometimes used for counting decays, but a becquerel specifically means one decay per second. Using minutes would give a different rate unit."},{"text":"The becquerel is defined as decays per hour.","correct":false,"explanation":"An hourly decay rate is not the SI definition of a becquerel. Bq requires the number of decays divided by time in seconds."},{"text":"The becquerel is defined as decays per kilogram.","correct":false,"explanation":"Decays per kilogram describes a mass-related quantity, not the time-based activity unit. A becquerel is defined as one decay per second."}]},{"id":"9a2774f9-d2cb-4aa4-a2f1-251c858e3ea0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the correct way to write the plural of 30 seconds using symbols?","back":"30 s (symbols never become plural, e.g., no \"secs\" or \"ss\").","mcqOptions":[{"text":"30 s (symbols never become plural, e.g., no \"secs\" or \"ss\").","correct":true,"explanation":"Unit symbols do not change for plural quantities. Therefore, thirty seconds is written as 30 s, with the same symbol used for one second."},{"text":"30 sec (symbols never become plural, e.g., no \"secs\" or \"ss\").","correct":false,"explanation":"\"sec\" is an informal abbreviation rather than the correct SI symbol for seconds. The recognised symbol is lowercase s, so the answer is 30 s."},{"text":"30 secs (symbols never become plural, e.g., no \"secs\" or \"ss\").","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding letters to make a plural is incorrect for unit symbols. The symbol remains s regardless of the number, so the correct form is 30 s."},{"text":"30 ss (symbols never become plural, e.g., no \"secs\" or \"ss\").","correct":false,"explanation":"Unit symbols are never pluralised by repeating or modifying them. Seconds use the single lowercase symbol s, making the correct notation 30 s."}]},{"id":"5efe5634-c433-4187-aab4-de3b61c1fc5b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"When writing measurements, always place a [ ] between the numerical value and the unit symbol (e.g., 25 cm).","back":"When writing measurements, always place a space between the numerical value and the unit symbol (e.g., 25 cm).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"space","correct":true,"explanation":"A space separates the numerical value from its unit symbol in standard measurement notation, as in 25 cm. The unit symbol should not be attached directly to the number."},{"text":"hyphen","correct":false,"explanation":"A hyphen is not used between a numerical value and a unit symbol in standard notation. Measurements require a space, as in 25 cm."},{"text":"comma","correct":false,"explanation":"A comma separates parts of some numbers or lists, but it does not separate a value from its unit. The correct convention is a space, as in 25 cm."},{"text":"line break","correct":false,"explanation":"A line break is unnecessary and would disrupt the measurement notation. The numerical value and unit symbol should be separated by a space."}]},{"id":"6989c43e-5851-4919-a61c-2ecd172b1a50","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A source has an activity of 30 Bq. How many nuclear decays occur in 5 minutes?","back":"9000 ($30 \\times 300\\ \\text{s}$)","mcqOptions":[{"text":"9000 ($30 \\times 300\\ \\text{s}$)","correct":true,"explanation":"An activity of 30 Bq means 30 decays per second. Five minutes is 300 seconds, so the total number of decays is $30 \\times 300 = 9000$."},{"text":"150 ($30 \\times 5$)","correct":false,"explanation":"This multiplies by five minutes without converting minutes to seconds. Since activity is measured per second, use 300 seconds: $30 \\times 300 = 9000$ decays."},{"text":"600 ($30 \\times 20\\ \\text{s}$)","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly treats five minutes as 20 seconds, rather than multiplying five by 60. The correct duration is 300 seconds, giving $30 \\times 300 = 9000$ decays."},{"text":"0.17 ($5 / 30$)","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing time by activity finds an interval associated with the rate, not the total number of decays. Convert five minutes to 300 seconds and calculate $30 \\times 300 = 9000$."}]},{"id":"18d1cc04-f94c-49ac-9bd3-e9356638bc4e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The unit symbol for becquerel is case-sensitive and must be written as [ ].","back":"The unit symbol for becquerel is case-sensitive and must be written as Bq.","mcqOptions":null},{"id":"a84234bd-f522-4782-a621-f682e7669249","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to an unstable nucleus during a nuclear decay?","back":"It changes to become more stable (often emitting radiation).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It changes to become more stable (often emitting radiation).","correct":true,"explanation":"Nuclear decay occurs because an unstable nucleus moves towards a more stable arrangement. It may emit alpha, beta or gamma radiation during this change."},{"text":"It changes to become less stable (often emitting radiation).","correct":false,"explanation":"Decay does not normally make the nucleus less stable; that would increase the reason for further decay. The nucleus changes towards greater stability, often emitting radiation."},{"text":"It changes to become more massive (often emitting radiation).","correct":false,"explanation":"The defining outcome of radioactive decay is increased nuclear stability, not necessarily greater mass. The correct description is that the nucleus becomes more stable, often emitting radiation."},{"text":"It changes to become more radioactive (often emitting radiation).","correct":false,"explanation":"Radioactive decay reduces the instability of the original nucleus rather than making it more radioactive. The nucleus changes to become more stable, sometimes emitting radiation."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-25","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Units","title":"Units Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/physics/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"30362c41-1cc2-566b-bae7-86f936f45c3d","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]