31:I[196793,["/_next/static/chunks/04dz0xqjvyj1r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/176p1wltq5_f6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1f95q9c4h-8pl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2u46tugibrk1v.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/03q735zs9dbpu.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/330aj5rw-3o2w.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xa2z7fbv2riw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/381o-754ev9ia.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2th820ily21xq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3kom3ps_bn2q6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1x_yxljsdq0vl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1xkpwfqqdrdio.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3dcuhw7_p-nlv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2a4uxh-kqx1wo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2-3hvjs177r4z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1l2yee13s4kff.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1pp_uf_jx5j9r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2b6r02yb2zswo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/422ba61wql3d7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2opkuzmjw8cxb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/34ux0fo6f-rm8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0rt2_go1it43r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v5zhouho0zlq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1gtlwpzgzi12z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2zwoemojbdlmi.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jzaxe43n3e1e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xz_lj7nwz2k-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2tgvlfspjb-j8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0pdzmybpnr872.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1zt4k83kx3bkw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/200x0be4hbjpj.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/35bn8r0ao86_s.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/120-bka6zq5lp.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181"],"Gingerbread"] 33:I[647935,["/_next/static/chunks/04dz0xqjvyj1r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/176p1wltq5_f6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1f95q9c4h-8pl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2u46tugibrk1v.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/03q735zs9dbpu.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/330aj5rw-3o2w.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xa2z7fbv2riw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/381o-754ev9ia.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2th820ily21xq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3kom3ps_bn2q6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1x_yxljsdq0vl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1xkpwfqqdrdio.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3dcuhw7_p-nlv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2a4uxh-kqx1wo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2-3hvjs177r4z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1l2yee13s4kff.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1pp_uf_jx5j9r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2b6r02yb2zswo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/422ba61wql3d7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2opkuzmjw8cxb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/34ux0fo6f-rm8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0rt2_go1it43r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v5zhouho0zlq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1gtlwpzgzi12z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2zwoemojbdlmi.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jzaxe43n3e1e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xz_lj7nwz2k-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2tgvlfspjb-j8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0pdzmybpnr872.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1zt4k83kx3bkw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/200x0be4hbjpj.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/35bn8r0ao86_s.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/120-bka6zq5lp.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181"],"RecordResourceResume"] 34:I[830476,["/_next/static/chunks/04dz0xqjvyj1r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/176p1wltq5_f6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1f95q9c4h-8pl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2u46tugibrk1v.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/03q735zs9dbpu.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/330aj5rw-3o2w.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xa2z7fbv2riw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/381o-754ev9ia.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2th820ily21xq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3kom3ps_bn2q6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1x_yxljsdq0vl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1xkpwfqqdrdio.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3dcuhw7_p-nlv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2a4uxh-kqx1wo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2-3hvjs177r4z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1l2yee13s4kff.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1pp_uf_jx5j9r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2b6r02yb2zswo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/422ba61wql3d7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2opkuzmjw8cxb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/34ux0fo6f-rm8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0rt2_go1it43r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v5zhouho0zlq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1gtlwpzgzi12z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2zwoemojbdlmi.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jzaxe43n3e1e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xz_lj7nwz2k-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2tgvlfspjb-j8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0pdzmybpnr872.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1zt4k83kx3bkw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/200x0be4hbjpj.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/35bn8r0ao86_s.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/120-bka6zq5lp.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181"],"FlashcardAccessBranch"] 35:I[315438,["/_next/static/chunks/04dz0xqjvyj1r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/176p1wltq5_f6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1f95q9c4h-8pl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2u46tugibrk1v.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/03q735zs9dbpu.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/330aj5rw-3o2w.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xa2z7fbv2riw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/381o-754ev9ia.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2th820ily21xq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3kom3ps_bn2q6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1x_yxljsdq0vl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1xkpwfqqdrdio.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3dcuhw7_p-nlv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2a4uxh-kqx1wo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2-3hvjs177r4z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1l2yee13s4kff.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1pp_uf_jx5j9r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2b6r02yb2zswo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/422ba61wql3d7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2opkuzmjw8cxb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/34ux0fo6f-rm8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0rt2_go1it43r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v5zhouho0zlq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1gtlwpzgzi12z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2zwoemojbdlmi.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jzaxe43n3e1e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xz_lj7nwz2k-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2tgvlfspjb-j8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0pdzmybpnr872.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1zt4k83kx3bkw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/200x0be4hbjpj.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/35bn8r0ao86_s.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/120-bka6zq5lp.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181"],"TopicFlashcardRunner"] 22:[["$","$L31",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L32",["$","$L33",null,{"href":"/igcse/physics/edexcel/motion-in-the-universe/flashcards","label":"Motion in the universe","subjectCode":"igcse_physics","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L34",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L35",null,{"decks":[{"id":"2d700236-99a7-48e0-975c-179746abb1ac","title":"Motion in the universe Flashcards","topicId":"f449d9ce-2537-5af5-86ab-111085c2a0c8","topicSlug":"motion-in-the-universe","cards":[{"id":"73f73b69-0c9b-4176-bf14-70e29e442c8d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is a galaxy?","back":"A collection of billions of stars held together by gravity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A collection of billions of stars held together by gravity.","correct":true,"explanation":"A galaxy is a huge collection of stars bound together by gravity. Galaxies can also contain gas, dust and planets, but stars and gravitational attraction are central to the definition."},{"text":"A collection of planets orbiting a single star held together by gravity.","correct":false,"explanation":"A solar system contains one star and the objects orbiting it, so it is much smaller than a galaxy. The correct definition is a collection of billions of stars held together by gravity."},{"text":"A collection of planets and moons held together by magnetism.","correct":false,"explanation":"A galaxy is not a single star surrounded by planets; that describes a solar system. The correct definition is a collection of billions of stars held together by gravity."},{"text":"A collection of billions of stars moving apart because of expansion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gravity holds galaxies together, whereas expansion describes the large-scale movement of galaxies apart. The correct definition is a collection of billions of stars held together by gravity."}]},{"id":"81c001ff-502b-4e63-b1fb-b8a458c4c5a6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where is the Solar System located?","back":"Within the Milky Way galaxy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Within the Milky Way galaxy.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Solar System is located inside the Milky Way, specifically in a relatively small region of one of its spiral arms. The Milky Way is our home galaxy."},{"text":"Within the Andromeda galaxy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Andromeda is a neighbouring galaxy, not the galaxy containing the Sun and its planets. The Solar System is within the Milky Way galaxy."},{"text":"Within the Universe.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Solar System is part of a galaxy, not the entire Universe. The correct location is within the Milky Way galaxy."},{"text":"Within the Orion Nebula.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Solar System is not located in a nebula; a nebula is a cloud of gas and dust within a galaxy. It lies within the Milky Way galaxy."}]},{"id":"f02a062f-c077-4cd2-9a2e-e2655ff9df80","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Universe is a collection of many [ ].","back":"The Universe is a collection of many galaxies.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"galaxies","correct":true,"explanation":"Galaxies are enormous systems containing stars, gas, dust and other objects. The Universe contains many galaxies, along with the space and matter between them."},{"text":"stars","correct":false,"explanation":"Stars are components of galaxies, not the large collections referred to here. The Universe is a collection of many galaxies."},{"text":"solar systems","correct":false,"explanation":"Solar systems are smaller structures found inside galaxies. The Universe contains many galaxies rather than merely many solar systems."},{"text":"planets","correct":false,"explanation":"Planets usually orbit stars and are much smaller structures than galaxies. The missing term must describe the large star systems that make up the Universe."}]},{"id":"f5a20b63-d565-4faa-b70b-25ee4e106cd9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What are the two variables that determine the gravitational field strength at a planet's surface?","back":"

The planet's mass
The planet's radius

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

The planet's mass
The planet's radius

","correct":true,"explanation":"At a planet’s surface, gravitational field strength depends on the planet’s mass and its radius. Increasing mass strengthens the field, while increasing radius generally weakens the surface field."},{"text":"

The planet's temperature
The planet's radius

","correct":false,"explanation":"The planet’s temperature does not determine its gravitational field strength. The relevant variables are the planet’s mass and radius, as shown by the relationship $g = \\frac{GM}{r^2}$."},{"text":"

The planet's mass
The planet's volume

","correct":false,"explanation":"The planet’s volume is not an independent variable in the usual surface-field relationship. Gravitational field strength is determined by mass and radius."},{"text":"

The planet's atmosphere
The planet's radius

","correct":false,"explanation":"The planet’s atmosphere does not determine its gravitational field strength. The field at the surface depends on the planet’s mass and radius."}]},{"id":"5bf348e0-a46a-4026-9564-62100f45228d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How does gravitational field strength change as the distance from the centre of a body increases?","back":"The field strength decreases (gets weaker).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The field strength decreases (gets weaker).","correct":true,"explanation":"Gravitational field strength decreases with distance from the centre because the same gravitational influence is spread over a larger area. The field therefore gets weaker farther from the body."},{"text":"The field strength increases (gets stronger).","correct":false,"explanation":"Gravitational field strength is strongest close to the centre and decreases with distance. Confusing it with some outward effects leads to the incorrect idea that it increases."},{"text":"The field strength stays constant (does not change).","correct":false,"explanation":"The field does not remain constant as distance changes. It decreases with distance from the centre, approximately following an inverse-square relationship outside a spherical body."},{"text":"The field strength becomes zero immediately.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gravitational field strength is not zero at every greater distance, although it becomes very small far away. It decreases rather than disappearing immediately."}]},{"id":"369e9991-3432-4881-8adc-f644fdce927f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Define gravitational field strength ($g$).","back":"The gravitational force exerted on each kilogram of mass (N/kg).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The gravitational force exerted on each kilogram of mass (N/kg).","correct":true,"explanation":"Gravitational field strength is the gravitational force acting per kilogram of mass. Its unit is N/kg, so it indicates the force experienced by each kilogram."},{"text":"The gravitational energy exerted on each kilogram of mass (N/kg).","correct":false,"explanation":"Weight is the total gravitational force on an object, not the force per kilogram. Gravitational field strength is the gravitational force exerted on each kilogram of mass."},{"text":"The gravitational force exerted on each newton of mass (N/kg).","correct":false,"explanation":"The field strength is not defined as force on each newton of mass. Its definition uses force per kilogram: the gravitational force exerted on each kilogram of mass."},{"text":"The gravitational force exerted on all the mass (N/kg).","correct":false,"explanation":"Using all the mass gives the object’s total weight rather than field strength. Field strength is the gravitational force exerted on each kilogram of mass."}]},{"id":"28fc4471-ae4a-46ab-8e12-e47ca4335b86","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Mass is the amount of matter in an object measured in kg, whereas weight is the [ ] measured in Newtons.","back":"Mass is the amount of matter in an object measured in kg, whereas weight is the gravitational force measured in Newtons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"gravitational force","correct":true,"explanation":"Weight is a force caused by gravity, so it is the gravitational force acting on an object. Unlike mass, weight can change when the gravitational field changes."},{"text":"amount of matter","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass is the amount of matter in an object, not its weight. Weight is specifically the gravitational force acting on that mass."},{"text":"gravitational field strength","correct":false,"explanation":"Gravitational field strength describes force per kilogram, measured in N/kg, rather than the total force on an object. The missing term is gravitational force."},{"text":"resistance to motion","correct":false,"explanation":"Inertia is an object’s resistance to changes in motion and is related to mass, not weight. Weight is the gravitational force acting on the object."}]},{"id":"62db96e5-8f5f-4b60-85b0-e6bd8499b1f7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Mass is the amount of matter in an object measured in kg, whereas weight is the gravitational force measured in [ ].","back":"Mass is the amount of matter in an object measured in kg, whereas weight is the gravitational force measured in Newtons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Newtons","correct":true,"explanation":"The newton, written N, is the SI unit of force. Since weight is a gravitational force, it is measured in newtons rather than kilograms."},{"text":"kilograms","correct":false,"explanation":"Kilograms measure mass, not force. Weight is a force and therefore must be measured in newtons."},{"text":"N/kg","correct":false,"explanation":"N/kg is the unit of gravitational field strength, meaning force per kilogram. Weight itself is measured in newtons."},{"text":"Joules","correct":false,"explanation":"Joules measure energy or work, not force. The gravitational force called weight is measured in newtons."}]},{"id":"ecd080d4-9e26-42dc-a19b-889268a3a3eb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"State the equation linking weight, mass, and gravitational field strength.","back":"$$W = m \\times g$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$W = m \\times g$","correct":true,"explanation":"Weight is the force caused by gravity, so it equals an object's mass multiplied by the gravitational field strength."},{"text":"$$W = \\frac{m}{g}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing mass by gravitational field strength gives an incorrect relationship. Weight is found by multiplying mass by gravitational field strength, so the correct equation is $W = m \\times g$."},{"text":"$$m = W \\times g$","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps weight and mass and also places gravitational field strength incorrectly. The correct relationship is weight equals mass multiplied by gravitational field strength: $W = m \\times g$."},{"text":"$$W = m + g$","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding the quantities does not represent the gravitational force on a mass. Weight depends on multiplication, giving the correct equation $W = m \\times g$."}]},{"id":"623a7e9f-6167-4105-a36a-d9c89ef66f6f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens to an object's mass and weight if it is moved from Earth to the Moon?","back":"

Mass stays the same
Weight decreases (because $g$ is lower)

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Mass stays the same
Weight decreases (because $g$ is lower)

","correct":true,"explanation":"Mass measures the amount of matter and does not depend on location, while weight depends on gravitational field strength, which is lower on the Moon."},{"text":"

Mass stays the same
Weight stays the same

","correct":false,"explanation":"Moving to the Moon does not change the amount of matter, so mass stays the same. Its lower gravitational field strength makes weight decrease rather than stay the same."},{"text":"

Mass decreases
Weight decreases (because $g$ is lower)

","correct":false,"explanation":"The Moon's weaker gravity reduces weight, but it does not alter the amount of matter. Therefore mass stays the same, not decreases, while weight decreases."},{"text":"

Mass increases
Weight increases (because $g$ is lower)

","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass is independent of gravitational field strength, so it does not increase on the Moon. The weaker gravity causes weight to decrease, not increase."}]},{"id":"cbd4fae4-02ac-4aa3-8d30-365562a45b0c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In what direction does gravitational force act on a satellite in orbit?","back":"Towards the centre of the body being orbited.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Towards the centre of the body being orbited.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gravity provides the centripetal force needed to keep the satellite in orbit, so it acts radially inwards towards the centre of the body being orbited."},{"text":"Away from the centre of the body being orbited.","correct":false,"explanation":"The satellite's velocity is tangent to its path, but gravitational force is directed inwards. It acts towards the centre of the body being orbited."},{"text":"Along the tangent to the orbital path.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gravity does not act along the direction of motion; it continually changes the velocity's direction by acting inwards. The force points towards the centre of the body being orbited."},{"text":"Parallel to the surface of the body being orbited.","correct":false,"explanation":"The orbital plane is not the direction of the gravitational force. Gravity acts radially inwards, towards the centre of the body being orbited."}]},{"id":"711784fa-acf3-43ff-807c-55cc0e6d7fa5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the direction of an orbiting object's velocity?","back":"Tangent to the orbital path.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Tangent to the orbital path.","correct":true,"explanation":"At every point in a circular or elliptical orbit, the instantaneous velocity points along the tangent to the path, while gravity acts towards the centre."},{"text":"Towards the centre of the orbit.","correct":false,"explanation":"The radius points towards the centre, whereas instantaneous velocity is perpendicular to the radius and follows the tangent. The correct direction is tangent to the orbital path."},{"text":"Along the radius of the orbit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Velocity does not point along the radius in an orbit. The inward force changes the direction of motion, while velocity itself is tangent to the orbital path."},{"text":"Directly away from the centre of the orbit.","correct":false,"explanation":"The velocity is not directed away from the orbit's centre. At each instant it follows the tangent to the orbital path, with gravity curving the motion inwards."}]},{"id":"8c1ea31b-2eae-4cf2-a517-efc8172cc9f4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Without gravity, an object in orbit would travel off in a [ ].","back":"Without gravity, an object in orbit would travel off in a straight line.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"straight line","correct":true,"explanation":"Gravity continually provides the inward force that bends the object's motion into an orbit. Without that force, it would continue along the tangent in a straight line."},{"text":"curved path","correct":false,"explanation":"A curved path requires a force to continually change the direction of motion. Without gravity, the object would continue in a straight line due to inertia."},{"text":"circular orbit","correct":false,"explanation":"A circular path needs an inward centripetal force, supplied by gravity in an orbit. Without gravity, the object would travel in a straight line instead."},{"text":"parabolic path","correct":false,"explanation":"An orbit does not become a parabolic path merely because gravity is removed. With no force acting, the object maintains its velocity and travels in a straight line."}]},{"id":"b3e013d2-99f9-48ad-85e6-8469483b9422","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Contrast the orbital paths of planets and comets.","back":"

Planets: nearly circular (slightly elliptical)
Comets: highly elliptical (elongated)

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Planets: nearly circular (slightly elliptical)
Comets: highly elliptical (elongated)

","correct":true,"explanation":"Planets have orbits that are nearly circular, with only slight elliptical eccentricity. Comets usually follow much more elongated, highly elliptical paths."},{"text":"

Planets: highly elliptical (elongated)
Comets: nearly circular (slightly elliptical)

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the typical orbital shapes. Planets generally have nearly circular orbits, whereas comets have highly elliptical, elongated orbits."},{"text":"

Planets: nearly circular (slightly elliptical)
Comets: circular (constant distance)

","correct":false,"explanation":"Comet orbits are not generally nearly circular; their characteristic paths are highly elliptical and elongated. Planetary orbits are usually nearly circular with slight ellipticity."},{"text":"

Planets: highly elliptical (elongated)
Comets: slightly elliptical (nearly circular)

","correct":false,"explanation":"Planets do not normally follow highly elongated paths, and comets are not confined to slightly elliptical ones. The usual contrast is nearly circular planets and highly elliptical comets."}]},{"id":"380dc97a-3ad1-4bb8-84da-f902ed3b8c45","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"At what point in its orbit is a comet travelling at its fastest?","back":"When it is closest to the Sun.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When it is closest to the Sun.","correct":true,"explanation":"A comet moves fastest when it is closest to the Sun because the Sun's gravitational pull is strongest there, increasing its orbital speed."},{"text":"When it is farthest from the Sun.","correct":false,"explanation":"A comet travels slowest when farthest from the Sun, not fastest. Its speed is greatest when it is closest to the Sun, where gravitational attraction is strongest."},{"text":"When it is closest to Earth.","correct":false,"explanation":"The comet's speed depends on its distance from the Sun rather than its position relative to Earth. It travels fastest when closest to the Sun."},{"text":"When it is at the midpoint of its orbit.","correct":false,"explanation":"At the midpoint of an elongated orbit, the comet is neither at its greatest nor least distance from the Sun. Its maximum speed occurs when closest to the Sun."}]},{"id":"bc4b8f90-aa75-494b-aadd-b7881e4fc4cc","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Give one example of a natural satellite and one example of an artificial satellite.","back":"

Natural: A moon
Artificial: Human-made (e.g. communications/GPS satellite)

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Natural: A moon
Artificial: Human-made (e.g. communications/GPS satellite)

","correct":true,"explanation":"A moon is a natural satellite because it occurs naturally and orbits a planet. A communications or GPS satellite is artificial because it is made and launched by humans."},{"text":"

Natural: A communications satellite
Artificial: moon

","correct":false,"explanation":"A communications satellite is artificial, not natural, while the Moon is a natural satellite. This option reverses the two categories."},{"text":"

Natural: A moon
Artificial: Sun

","correct":false,"explanation":"The Moon is natural, but the Sun is a star rather than a satellite, and it is not human-made. A valid artificial example is a human-made communications or GPS satellite."},{"text":"

Natural: A GPS satellite
Artificial: moon

","correct":false,"explanation":"A GPS satellite is artificial because humans build and launch it, while a moon is natural. These examples are therefore assigned to the wrong categories."}]},{"id":"8456aebb-5f59-4926-a82a-3f43f5049c54","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"State the formula for orbital speed ($v$).","back":"$$v = \\frac{2 \\times \\pi \\times r}{T}$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$v = \\frac{2 \\times \\pi \\times r}{T}$","correct":true,"explanation":"Orbital speed equals the circumference of the orbit, $2 \\times \\pi \\times r$, divided by the time period, $T$, giving the distance travelled each second."},{"text":"$$v = 2 \\times \\pi \\times r \\times T$","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying by the time period gives distance multiplied by time, not distance divided by time. The correct relationship divides the orbit’s circumference by $T$: $v = \\frac{2 \\times \\pi \\times r}{T}$."},{"text":"$$v = \\frac{2 \\times \\pi \\times T}{r}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This places the radius in the denominator and the time period in the numerator, reversing both roles. Orbital speed is circumference divided by time: $v = \\frac{2 \\times \\pi \\times r}{T}$."},{"text":"$$v = \\frac{\\pi \\times r}{T}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This misses the factor of 2, so it calculates only half the orbit’s circumference divided by the period. The full formula is $v = \\frac{2 \\times \\pi \\times r}{T}$."}]},{"id":"5b95bbef-b025-412f-a08d-846e30bab17b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Define orbital radius ($r$) in the context of speed calculations.","back":"Distance from the centre of the orbited body to the orbiting object.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Distance from the centre of the orbited body to the orbiting object.","correct":true,"explanation":"Orbital radius is measured from the centre of the body being orbited to the orbiting object. It therefore includes the planet’s radius as well as any altitude above its surface."},{"text":"Distance from the surface of the orbited body to the orbiting object.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes altitude, not orbital radius. Orbital radius is measured from the centre of the orbited body, so the planet’s radius must be added to the altitude."},{"text":"Distance from the centre of the orbiting object to the orbited body.","correct":false,"explanation":"The reference point is the centre of the body being orbited, not the centre of the orbiting object. Measuring from the wrong body reverses the physical meaning of orbital radius."},{"text":"Distance from the surface of the orbited body to its centre.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is simply the radius of the orbited body and does not reach the orbiting object. Orbital radius extends from the body’s centre all the way to the object."}]},{"id":"7127ae6b-c204-4ffa-ba82-62a210ac2b88","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The time period ($T$) of an orbit is the time taken for [ ].","back":"The time period ($T$) of an orbit is the time taken for one complete orbit.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"one complete orbit","correct":true,"explanation":"The time period is the time required for the orbiting object to travel once around its path and return to its starting position."},{"text":"one half orbit","correct":false,"explanation":"Half an orbit takes only half the time period, assuming constant orbital speed. The time period is defined as the time for one complete orbit."},{"text":"one complete rotation of the orbiting object","correct":false,"explanation":"A rotation is the object spinning about its own axis, whereas an orbit is motion around another body. The time period here refers to one complete orbital path."},{"text":"the distance around the orbit","correct":false,"explanation":"The distance around the path is its circumference, not a time. The time period specifically measures how long one complete orbit takes."}]},{"id":"0c1fd6de-d854-4521-a0a4-30b9ff11e13f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How must altitude (height above surface) be adjusted to find the orbital radius ($r$)?","back":"Add the radius of the planet to the altitude.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Add the radius of the planet to the altitude.","correct":true,"explanation":"Altitude is measured from the planet’s surface, but orbital radius is measured from its centre. Adding the planet’s radius converts the surface-based height into centre-to-object distance."},{"text":"Subtract the radius of the planet from the altitude.","correct":false,"explanation":"Subtracting makes the centre-to-object distance too small because altitude already starts at the surface. The planet’s radius must be added to reach the centre."},{"text":"Add the altitude of the planet to the radius.","correct":false,"explanation":"The required addition is the planet’s radius and the object’s altitude. A planet’s altitude is not the relevant measurement, so this combines the wrong quantities."},{"text":"Multiply the radius of the planet by the altitude.","correct":false,"explanation":"Orbital radius is a length found by adding two lengths, not multiplying them. Adding the planet’s radius to the altitude gives the required centre-to-object distance."}]},{"id":"b6f6de52-d898-4d17-a2fd-d09527f8020e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"To calculate orbital speed in $m/s$, the radius must be converted to [ ] and the time period to seconds.","back":"To calculate orbital speed in $m/s$, the radius must be converted to metres and the time period to seconds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"metres","correct":true,"explanation":"Using metres for radius and seconds for time gives the formula units metres per second, which is the required unit for orbital speed."},{"text":"kilometres","correct":false,"explanation":"Kilometres would produce orbital speed in kilometres per second unless converted afterwards. For a direct answer in $m/s$, the radius must be expressed in metres."},{"text":"centimetres","correct":false,"explanation":"Centimetres are not the required SI length unit for a speed in $m/s$. The radius must be converted to metres before applying the formula."},{"text":"millimetres","correct":false,"explanation":"Millimetres would make the calculated distance use a smaller unit than metres, producing the wrong numerical scale. Convert the radius to metres for an answer in $m/s$."}]},{"id":"886d248f-df75-47a9-a8ef-4e94c74c4422","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"To calculate orbital speed in $m/s$, the radius must be converted to metres and the time period to [ ].","back":"To calculate orbital speed in $m/s$, the radius must be converted to metres and the time period to seconds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"seconds","correct":true,"explanation":"Metres divided by seconds gives metres per second, $m/s$. Therefore, the time period must be converted to seconds before calculating orbital speed."},{"text":"minutes","correct":false,"explanation":"Minutes would give a result in metres per minute rather than $m/s$. Convert the time period to seconds so the units match the required speed unit."},{"text":"hours","correct":false,"explanation":"Using hours leaves the speed in metres per hour and makes the numerical value inconsistent with $m/s$. The time period must be expressed in seconds."},{"text":"milliseconds","correct":false,"explanation":"Milliseconds are a time unit, but using them directly produces metres per millisecond, not $m/s$. Convert the period to seconds before substituting into the formula."}]},{"id":"48a8da8f-3b63-4314-9b0d-012211fc3b78","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Rearrange the orbital speed formula to solve for time period ($T$).","back":"$$T = \\frac{2 \\times \\pi \\times r}{v}$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$T = \\frac{2 \\times \\pi \\times r}{v}$","correct":true,"explanation":"Starting with $v = \\frac{2 \\times \\pi \\times r}{T}$, multiplying by $T$ and dividing by $v$ isolates the time period: $T = \\frac{2 \\times \\pi \\times r}{v}$."},{"text":"$$T = \\frac{v}{2 \\times \\pi \\times r}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the reciprocal of the required rearrangement. To isolate $T$, multiply by $T$ first and then divide by $v$, giving $T = \\frac{2 \\times \\pi \\times r}{v}$."},{"text":"$$T = \\frac{2 \\times \\pi \\times v}{r}$","correct":false,"explanation":"The speed has been placed in the numerator and the radius in the denominator, reversing their roles. Solving the original equation gives $T = \\frac{2 \\times \\pi \\times r}{v}$."},{"text":"$$T = \\frac{v \\times r}{2 \\times \\pi}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly treats speed and radius as factors in the numerator. Rearranging the original formula leaves the circumference in the numerator and speed dividing it: $T = \\frac{2 \\times \\pi \\times r}{v}$."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-25","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Motion in the universe","title":"Motion in the universe Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/physics/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"f449d9ce-2537-5af5-86ab-111085c2a0c8","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]