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magnetism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing a permanent magnet with a temporary magnet leads to this error. A permanent magnet keeps its magnetism under normal conditions without needing electricity."},{"text":"It produces an electric current.","correct":false,"explanation":"A stationary permanent magnet produces a magnetic field, not an electric current. Its defining feature is that it keeps its magnetism without an external supply."},{"text":"It needs a continuous current.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes an electromagnet, whose field depends on current through a coil. A permanent magnet keeps its magnetism without any electrical supply."}]},{"id":"d482081e-266d-4bd5-97d8-3aa81c7c7206","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Every magnet has a [ ] pole and a [ ] pole.","back":"Every magnet has a north pole and a south pole.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Every magnet has a north pole and a south pole.","correct":true,"explanation":"Magnetic poles always occur as a north-south pair. Even if a magnet is divided, each resulting piece has both a north pole and a south pole."},{"text":"Every magnet has a north pole and a north pole.","correct":false,"explanation":"A magnet cannot have two north poles without a south pole. Every magnet has one north pole and one south pole, forming a pole pair."},{"text":"Every magnet has a south pole and a south pole.","correct":false,"explanation":"A magnet cannot consist of two south poles. Magnetic poles occur in pairs, so every magnet has both a north pole and a south pole."},{"text":"Every magnet has a east pole and a west pole.","correct":false,"explanation":"East and west are compass directions, not types of magnetic pole. Every magnet has a north pole and a south pole."}]},{"id":"0ae3d7a7-b1b9-4ffb-b36f-ee75b7f96367","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens when like magnetic poles are brought together?","back":"They repel.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They repel.","correct":true,"explanation":"Like magnetic poles exert forces that push them apart. Therefore, two north poles repel and two south poles also repel."},{"text":"They attract.","correct":false,"explanation":"Attraction occurs between unlike poles, such as north and south. Like poles, meaning north-north or south-south, repel each other."},{"text":"They have no effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both poles produce magnetic fields and exert forces on one another. Like poles do not have zero interaction; they repel each other."},{"text":"They swap poles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bringing poles together does not normally reverse their identities. Like poles remain alike and exert a repulsive force that pushes the magnets apart."}]},{"id":"d909956a-35eb-47d5-986e-e80f7d420262","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens when unlike magnetic poles are brought together?","back":"They attract.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They attract.","correct":true,"explanation":"Unlike magnetic poles exert forces that pull them together. A north pole therefore attracts a south pole."},{"text":"They repel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repulsion occurs between like poles, such as north-north or south-south. Unlike poles, meaning north and south, attract each other."},{"text":"They have no effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unlike poles interact through their magnetic fields and exert a force. A north pole and a south pole attract rather than having no effect."},{"text":"They swap poles.","correct":false,"explanation":"The poles do not exchange identities when brought together. Unlike poles remain north and south and attract one another."}]},{"id":"40bc1914-5656-4de0-b08c-ee893475e811","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What observation is the only reliable test that an object is a magnet?","back":"Repulsion with a known magnetic pole.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Repulsion with a known magnetic pole.","correct":true,"explanation":"Only another magnet can be repelled by a magnetic pole. Testing both orientations against a known pole can therefore provide reliable evidence of magnetism."},{"text":"Attraction with a known magnetic pole.","correct":false,"explanation":"Attraction is not conclusive because an unmagnetised magnetic material can be attracted by induction. Repulsion with a known magnetic pole is the reliable test."},{"text":"Attraction to an unmagnetised iron object.","correct":false,"explanation":"A magnet can attract iron, but this observation does not distinguish a magnet from other possible causes. Repulsion with a known magnetic pole is conclusive."},{"text":"Repulsion with an unmagnetised iron object.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unmagnetised iron has no known pole against which repulsion can be tested and is normally attracted by induction. Reliable testing requires repulsion with a known magnetic pole."}]},{"id":"6b9469c1-8313-418f-91e1-4304be29a76c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does attraction alone not prove an object is a magnet?","back":"An unmagnetised iron object can also be attracted.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An unmagnetised iron object can also be attracted.","correct":true,"explanation":"A nearby magnet induces magnetism in unmagnetised iron, producing attraction. Therefore, attraction alone cannot show that the iron object was already a magnet."},{"text":"An unmagnetised copper object can also be attracted.","correct":false,"explanation":"Copper is treated as non-magnetic at IGCSE level, so it does not explain magnetic attraction. Unmagnetised iron can be attracted through induced magnetism."},{"text":"An unmagnetised aluminium object can also be attracted.","correct":false,"explanation":"Aluminium is not classed as a magnetic substance in this IGCSE context. Attraction is inconclusive because unmagnetised iron can become temporarily magnetised and be attracted."},{"text":"An unmagnetised plastic object can also be attracted.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plastic is not a magnetic material, so it does not account for magnetic attraction. Unmagnetised iron can be attracted after magnetism is induced in it."}]},{"id":"919fb1d7-75c4-40ce-b7b3-a69bc3cce2a1","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which four key IGCSE examples are magnetic substances?","back":"

Iron
Steel
Nickel
Cobalt

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Iron
Steel
Nickel
Cobalt

","correct":true,"explanation":"Iron, steel, nickel and cobalt are the four standard magnetic substances required at IGCSE. They can be attracted strongly by magnets and can become magnetised."},{"text":"

Iron
Copper
Nickel
Cobalt

","correct":false,"explanation":"Copper is commonly confused with magnetic metals because it conducts electricity, but it is not magnetic at this level. The correct list includes steel instead."},{"text":"

Iron
Steel
Aluminium
Cobalt

","correct":false,"explanation":"Aluminium is a metal but is not included as a magnetic substance at IGCSE. Nickel is the missing magnetic material alongside iron, steel and cobalt."},{"text":"

Iron
Steel
Nickel
Brass

","correct":false,"explanation":"Brass is an alloy mainly containing copper and zinc and is not one of the standard magnetic substances. Cobalt completes the correct list."}]},{"id":"be5e7bb6-46bf-4a94-b0e7-33d1c328171e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A magnetically hard material is [ ] and [ ].","back":"A magnetically hard material is difficult to magnetise and difficult to demagnetise.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A magnetically hard material is difficult to magnetise and difficult to demagnetise.","correct":true,"explanation":"Magnetically hard materials resist changes to their magnetic domain alignment. They are difficult to magnetise, but once magnetised they are also difficult to demagnetise."},{"text":"A magnetically hard material is easy to magnetise and easy to demagnetise.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are the characteristics of a magnetically soft material, whose domains change alignment readily. A magnetically hard material is difficult both to magnetise and demagnetise."},{"text":"A magnetically hard material is easy to magnetise and difficult to demagnetise.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hard materials retain magnetism well, but they are not easy to magnetise. They resist domain realignment, making them difficult both to magnetise and demagnetise."},{"text":"A magnetically hard material is difficult to magnetise and easy to demagnetise.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly reverses the material's ability to retain magnetism. A magnetically hard material resists domain changes, so it is difficult to magnetise and difficult to demagnetise."}]},{"id":"b8265d4b-60de-4714-9330-9d71bcb046d7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A magnetically soft material is [ ] and [ ].","back":"A magnetically soft material is easy to magnetise and easy to demagnetise.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A magnetically soft material is easy to magnetise and easy to demagnetise.","correct":true,"explanation":"Magnetically soft materials respond readily to an applied magnetic field but lose most of their magnetism when that field is removed."},{"text":"A magnetically soft material is difficult to magnetise and easy to demagnetise.","correct":false,"explanation":"Magnetic softness does not mean that magnetisation is difficult. A magnetically soft material is easy both to magnetise and to demagnetise."},{"text":"A magnetically soft material is easy to magnetise and difficult to demagnetise.","correct":false,"explanation":"Difficulty demagnetising is a property of magnetically hard materials used for permanent magnets. A magnetically soft material is easy to magnetise and easy to demagnetise."},{"text":"A magnetically soft material is difficult to magnetise and difficult to demagnetise.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses magnetic softness with resistance to magnetic change. Magnetically soft materials are easy to magnetise and also easy to demagnetise."}]},{"id":"ec8fd176-f3bb-4b5f-894f-e391af5ed609","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is steel used for permanent magnets?","back":"It is magnetically hard, so resists demagnetising.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is magnetically hard, so resists demagnetising.","correct":true,"explanation":"Steel retains its magnetisation because it is magnetically hard and therefore difficult to demagnetise, making it suitable for permanent magnets."},{"text":"It is magnetically soft, so demagnetises easily.","correct":false,"explanation":"A material that demagnetises easily cannot reliably form a permanent magnet. Steel is used because it is magnetically hard and resists demagnetising."},{"text":"It is magnetically soft, so magnetises temporarily.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temporary magnetisation is desirable for electromagnet cores, not permanent magnets. Steel is magnetically hard, so it retains its magnetisation after the magnetising field is removed."},{"text":"It is magnetically hard, so loses magnetism quickly.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the meaning of magnetic hardness. Magnetically hard steel loses magnetism slowly because it resists demagnetising, which makes it suitable for permanent magnets."}]},{"id":"6e0bef32-47fc-4ed0-aa1e-e0a1e81efc3e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is soft iron used for electromagnet cores?","back":"

Easy to magnetise when current flows.
Easy to demagnetise when current stops.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Easy to magnetise when current flows.
Easy to demagnetise when current stops.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Soft iron quickly becomes magnetic while the coil carries current and quickly loses its magnetism when the current stops, allowing the electromagnet to switch on and off."},{"text":"

Difficult to magnetise when current flows.
Easy to demagnetise when current stops.

","correct":false,"explanation":"An electromagnet core must become strongly magnetised when current flows. Soft iron is easy to magnetise and easy to demagnetise, rather than difficult to magnetise."},{"text":"

Easy to magnetise when current flows.
Difficult to demagnetise when current stops.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Retaining magnetism after the current stops would prevent effective switching. Soft iron is easy to magnetise while current flows and easy to demagnetise afterwards."},{"text":"

Difficult to magnetise when current flows.
Difficult to demagnetise when current stops.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are properties associated with resistance to magnetic change, not a useful electromagnet core. Soft iron must magnetise and demagnetise easily as the current changes."}]},{"id":"35b4ea75-2f84-4472-b4d4-c0b5f292ee58","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In a magnetic field, what happens to a magnet, compass or magnetic material?","back":"It experiences a magnetic force.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It experiences a magnetic force.","correct":true,"explanation":"A magnet, compass or magnetic material interacts with a magnetic field, so it experiences a magnetic force that may cause movement or turning."},{"text":"It experiences an electric force.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electric forces act on electric charges in electric fields. A magnet, compass or magnetic material placed in a magnetic field experiences a magnetic force."},{"text":"It experiences a gravitational force.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gravity acts because objects have mass and is not the specific effect of a magnetic field. The field produces a magnetic force on magnetic objects."},{"text":"It experiences no resultant force.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ignoring the interaction between the field and the magnetic object is the misconception here. In a magnetic field, the object experiences a magnetic force."}]},{"id":"de910049-54af-4460-a988-bc4032ef971b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does the north-seeking end of a compass needle show?","back":"The magnetic field direction at that point.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The magnetic field direction at that point.","correct":true,"explanation":"Magnetic field direction is defined as the direction in which the north-seeking end of a compass needle points at that location."},{"text":"The magnetic field strength at that point.","correct":false,"explanation":"A compass direction alone does not measure field strength. Its north-seeking end shows the magnetic field direction at the point where the compass is placed."},{"text":"The electric field direction at that point.","correct":false,"explanation":"A compass needle responds to magnetic fields, not electric fields. Its north-seeking end aligns to show the local magnetic field direction."},{"text":"The conventional current direction at that point.","correct":false,"explanation":"Current can produce a magnetic field, but a compass does not directly show current direction. Its north-seeking end indicates the magnetic field direction."}]},{"id":"7f756982-7d26-43c6-8e41-759d2e5323ec","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Outside a bar magnet, magnetic field lines go from [ ].","back":"Outside a bar magnet, magnetic field lines go from N to S.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"N to S","correct":true,"explanation":"By convention, magnetic field lines outside a bar magnet leave the north pole and enter the south pole, so their direction is N to S."},{"text":"S to N","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the external field direction. Outside a bar magnet, field lines leave the north pole and enter the south pole, travelling from N to S."},{"text":"N to N","correct":false,"explanation":"Field lines do not run from one north pole to another. Outside a bar magnet, they emerge from N and enter S."},{"text":"S to S","correct":false,"explanation":"Field lines enter rather than leave a south pole, so they cannot travel from S to S. Outside the magnet, their direction is N to S."}]},{"id":"2b50d32d-01cd-439a-9d12-ab82d20fa06b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does closer spacing of magnetic field lines show?","back":"A stronger magnetic field.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A stronger magnetic field.","correct":true,"explanation":"Magnetic field-line density represents field strength. Where the lines are closer together, the magnetic field is stronger and its effects are greater."},{"text":"A weaker magnetic field.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the field-line convention. Widely spaced lines indicate a weaker field, whereas closer spacing shows that the magnetic field is stronger."},{"text":"A uniform magnetic field.","correct":false,"explanation":"Uniformity is shown by parallel, equally spaced field lines, not simply close spacing. Closer spacing specifically represents a stronger magnetic field."},{"text":"A zero magnetic field.","correct":false,"explanation":"A zero field would not be represented by closely spaced field lines. Close spacing indicates a high field-line density and therefore a stronger magnetic field."}]},{"id":"be3f0882-bfb5-4c97-a8f8-ce68798e4238","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A north pole is brought near an unmagnetised iron nail. What pole is induced in the nearest end?","back":"A south pole.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A south pole.","correct":true,"explanation":"Magnetic induction creates the opposite pole at the nearest end of the nail, so an approaching north pole induces a south pole there and causes attraction."},{"text":"A north pole.","correct":false,"explanation":"Induction does not create a like pole at the nearest end. The approaching north pole induces a south pole there, producing attraction between the magnet and nail."},{"text":"No magnetic pole.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the nail begins unmagnetised, the nearby magnet induces poles in it. A north pole induces a south pole at the nearest end."},{"text":"Both north and south poles.","correct":false,"explanation":"The nail develops both poles overall, but they occur at opposite ends rather than both at the nearest end. The nearest end becomes a south pole."}]},{"id":"f28c01e8-d3d0-470b-b1bf-f8b147822b19","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is an unmagnetised magnetic substance attracted to a magnet?","back":"The magnet induces an opposite pole in the nearest end.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The magnet induces an opposite pole in the nearest end.","correct":true,"explanation":"Magnetic induction causes the nearest end of the unmagnetised substance to become the opposite pole, producing attraction between the magnet and the induced pole."},{"text":"The magnet induces a like pole in the nearest end.","correct":false,"explanation":"An identical pole would repel the magnet rather than attract it. Attraction occurs because induction produces an opposite pole at the nearest end of the substance."},{"text":"The magnet removes the magnetic poles from the nearest end.","correct":false,"explanation":"The substance becomes magnetically polarised by induction, rather than losing all poles. The nearest end becomes an opposite pole, which is attracted to the magnet."},{"text":"The magnet induces an opposite pole in the farthest end.","correct":false,"explanation":"The magnet does not permanently reverse the whole substance. It induces an opposite pole specifically at the nearest end, causing the observed attraction."}]},{"id":"42bb8632-9b7c-4c97-9157-e48f086fb305","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When unlike poles face, what happens to field lines across the gap?","back":"They connect across the gap.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They connect across the gap.","correct":true,"explanation":"Field lines run from a north pole towards a south pole, so unlike poles facing one another have lines joining continuously through the gap."},{"text":"They stop at the midpoint.","correct":false,"explanation":"Field lines do not stop halfway between unlike poles. They connect across the gap because the field direction leads from one unlike pole towards the other."},{"text":"They spread away from the gap.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spreading away is characteristic of like poles facing. Unlike poles attract, so their field lines join across the region between them."},{"text":"They loop around the outside.","correct":false,"explanation":"Field lines do not form closed loops only within the gap. For unlike poles, the lines visibly connect across the gap between the facing poles."}]},{"id":"6f81c99a-e5ed-40ee-8d40-c4a34055038d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"When like poles face, how do field lines behave in the gap?","back":"They spread away; there may be a weak region.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They spread away; there may be a weak region.","correct":true,"explanation":"Like poles repel, so the magnetic field lines bend away from the gap instead of joining there. This can leave a region where the field is relatively weak."},{"text":"They connect across the gap; there may be a strong region.","correct":false,"explanation":"Connecting across the gap occurs when unlike poles face. Like poles repel, causing their field lines to spread away from the gap."},{"text":"They stop at the midpoint; there may be no field.","correct":false,"explanation":"Field lines do not stop at the midpoint because magnetic field lines continue through space. Like poles make them diverge away from the central gap."},{"text":"They remain parallel; the field is uniform.","correct":false,"explanation":"A uniform pattern of parallel lines is not produced by facing like poles. Their repulsion makes the lines spread away and creates a weaker region between them."}]},{"id":"5545a97d-5a43-4e7f-a043-bc5ed79519a9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A uniform magnetic field has the same [ ] and [ ] throughout a region.","back":"A uniform magnetic field has the same strength and direction throughout a region.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A uniform magnetic field has the same strength and direction throughout a region.","correct":true,"explanation":"A uniform magnetic field has constant strength and constant direction at every point in the region, represented by equally spaced parallel field lines."},{"text":"A uniform magnetic field has the same strength and shape throughout a region.","correct":false,"explanation":"A field can have the same direction while its strength changes, such as when field lines become more widely spaced. Uniformity requires both strength and direction to remain constant."},{"text":"A uniform magnetic field has the same direction and spacing throughout a region.","correct":false,"explanation":"A field can have the same direction while its strength varies, so direction alone is insufficient. A uniform field must have the same strength and direction throughout."},{"text":"A uniform magnetic field has the same shape and spacing throughout a region.","correct":false,"explanation":"The shape of field lines is not the defining pair of properties. Uniformity means both the field strength and its direction are unchanged throughout the region."}]},{"id":"ffc12f36-17c6-42a3-9971-37bf86553102","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How should two permanent magnets be arranged to produce an approximately uniform field?","back":"Put unlike poles facing with a small gap.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Put unlike poles facing with a small gap.","correct":true,"explanation":"Unlike poles facing across a small gap produce field lines that are nearly parallel and equally spaced in the central region, giving an approximately uniform field."},{"text":"Put like poles facing with a small gap.","correct":false,"explanation":"Like poles repel and make field lines spread away from the gap, producing a weak and non-uniform central region rather than an approximately uniform field."},{"text":"Put unlike poles side by side with a large gap.","correct":false,"explanation":"Putting poles side by side does not create a broad region of parallel, equally spaced field lines. Unlike poles should face across a small gap."},{"text":"Put unlike poles facing with a large gap.","correct":false,"explanation":"A large gap reduces the useful interaction between the facing poles and does not provide the strongest approximately uniform central field. A small gap is required."}]},{"id":"146bebd4-2716-42e2-9d45-72da2e98ef89","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a field-pattern practical, iron filings show field [ ]; a plotting compass shows field [ ].","back":"In a field-pattern practical, iron filings show field shape; a plotting compass shows field direction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In a field-pattern practical, iron filings show field shape; a plotting compass shows field direction.","correct":true,"explanation":"Iron filings align themselves along the magnetic field, revealing its shape. A plotting compass points along the field, allowing its direction to be determined."},{"text":"In a field-pattern practical, iron filings show field direction; a plotting compass shows field shape.","correct":false,"explanation":"Iron filings reveal the field pattern or shape rather than its direction at individual points. A plotting compass shows direction, so the two observations are reversed here."},{"text":"In a field-pattern practical, iron filings show field strength; a plotting compass shows field direction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Iron filings do not directly measure field strength, and a compass does not map the complete shape alone. The filings show shape while the compass shows direction."},{"text":"In a field-pattern practical, iron filings show field shape; a plotting compass shows field strength.","correct":false,"explanation":"A compass indicates field direction, not strength. Iron filings show the field's shape, so neither observation supports this pairing of strength and shape."}]},{"id":"82087efc-f32d-4ce7-b211-84c59a35e7d9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the field-pattern practical, the independent variable is the [ ]; the dependent variable is the [ ].","back":"In the field-pattern practical, the independent variable is the magnet arrangement; the dependent variable is the observed field pattern.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the field-pattern practical, the independent variable is the magnet arrangement; the dependent variable is the observed field pattern.","correct":true,"explanation":"The magnet arrangement is deliberately changed, making it the independent variable. The resulting field pattern is observed and recorded, making it the dependent variable."},{"text":"In the field-pattern practical, the independent variable is the observed field pattern; the dependent variable is the magnet arrangement.","correct":false,"explanation":"The observed field pattern is the outcome, not the factor deliberately changed. The magnet arrangement is varied, so it is independent, while the pattern is dependent."},{"text":"In the field-pattern practical, the independent variable is the magnet arrangement; the dependent variable is the constant field strength.","correct":false,"explanation":"The field pattern is not normally kept constant when comparing arrangements; it changes in response to the arrangement. Thus arrangement is independent and pattern is dependent."},{"text":"In the field-pattern practical, the independent variable is the field strength; the dependent variable is the magnet arrangement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Field strength is not the stated observed outcome for this practical. The arrangement is deliberately changed and the resulting field pattern is observed as the dependent variable."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-25","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Magnetism","title":"Magnetism Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/physics/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"c23a64e3-5d1d-5613-9d30-476f30a66a51","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]