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Without the number or unit, the measured value cannot be interpreted unambiguously."},{"text":"A magnitude and a direction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Magnitude and direction are the components used to describe a vector, not every physical measurement. A complete measurement requires a number and a unit."},{"text":"A quantity and a symbol.","correct":false,"explanation":"A symbol may represent a quantity, but it does not make a measured value complete. A measurement must contain a number and a unit."},{"text":"A unit and an instrument.","correct":false,"explanation":"An instrument may be used to obtain a measurement, but it is not part of the stated result. The result requires a number and a unit."}]},{"id":"c0668a23-f727-440e-ae68-33632a376886","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] is an agreed standard used to measure a physical quantity.","back":"A unit is an agreed standard used to measure a physical quantity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"unit","correct":true,"explanation":"A unit is an agreed reference standard for expressing the size of a physical quantity, such as the metre for length or second for time."},{"text":"instrument","correct":false,"explanation":"An instrument is a device used to make a measurement, rather than the agreed standard itself. The standard used to express a physical quantity is a unit."},{"text":"scale","correct":false,"explanation":"A scale is a set of markings or values used when reading some instruments. The agreed standard for measuring a physical quantity is called a unit."},{"text":"dimension","correct":false,"explanation":"A dimension identifies the type of quantity involved, such as length or time, but it is not an agreed measurement standard. That standard is a unit."}]},{"id":"d05f46ab-6de0-41a1-9f87-3d1818a6454a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A unit is an agreed standard used to measure a [ ].","back":"A unit is an agreed standard used to measure a physical quantity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"physical quantity","correct":true,"explanation":"A physical quantity is a measurable property, such as mass, length, time or temperature. A unit provides the agreed standard for expressing its measured value."},{"text":"numerical value","correct":false,"explanation":"A numerical value gives the magnitude of a measurement but does not name the measurable property. A unit is used to measure a physical quantity."},{"text":"measuring instrument","correct":false,"explanation":"A measuring instrument is the device used to obtain a reading, not the property being measured. A unit is an agreed standard for a physical quantity."},{"text":"mathematical constant","correct":false,"explanation":"A mathematical constant has a fixed value and is not the general object measured using units. Units are standards used to measure physical quantities."}]},{"id":"a26a6d06-7666-4299-96cd-b424cf0b6424","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a current of 1 ampere (A) represent in terms of charge flow?","back":"1 coulomb of charge passing a point every second.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"1 coulomb of charge passing a point every second.","correct":true,"explanation":"Current is charge transferred per unit time. Therefore, one ampere means that one coulomb of electric charge passes a chosen point each second."},{"text":"1 electron of charge passing a point every second.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing individual charge carriers with total charge ignores the definition of the ampere. One ampere represents one coulomb of charge passing a point every second."},{"text":"1 coulomb of charge passing a point every minute.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using a minute instead of a second would describe one sixtieth of an ampere. One ampere is one coulomb of charge passing a point every second."},{"text":"1 joule of charge passing a point every second.","correct":false,"explanation":"The joule measures energy, not electric charge, so joules per second describe power. One ampere is one coulomb of charge passing a point every second."}]},{"id":"ee891080-c8e4-43a0-8e82-8449dcb0a21e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of [ ].","back":"Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"electric charge","correct":true,"explanation":"Electric current measures how quickly electric charge passes a point in a circuit. Quantitatively, current equals charge transferred divided by the time taken."},{"text":"electrical energy","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrical energy transferred per unit time is power, not current. Electric current is specifically defined as the rate of flow of electric charge."},{"text":"potential difference","correct":false,"explanation":"Potential difference is energy transferred per unit charge and does not flow through a circuit. Current is the rate of flow of electric charge."},{"text":"electrical resistance","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrical resistance describes opposition to current rather than something that flows. Electric current is defined as the rate at which electric charge flows."}]},{"id":"229efc22-40cc-44f8-b078-ec5b2b31304d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"State the equation linking charge ($Q$), current ($I$), and time ($t$).","back":"$$$Q = I \\times t$$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$$Q = I \\times t$$","correct":true,"explanation":"Current is charge transferred per unit time, so multiplying current by elapsed time gives the total charge transferred: $Q = I \\times t$."},{"text":"$$$Q = \\frac{I}{t}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing current by time incorrectly makes the calculated charge decrease as time increases. Charge accumulates over time, so the correct relationship is $Q = I \\times t$."},{"text":"$$$Q = \\frac{t}{I}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"This rearrangement confuses charge with the reciprocal of current. Since current is $Q/t$, the total transferred charge is calculated using $Q = I \\times t$."},{"text":"$$$Q = I + t$$","correct":false,"explanation":"Current and time cannot be added because they are different physical quantities with incompatible units. Their product gives charge, so $Q = I \\times t$."}]},{"id":"38d09902-b90b-44a3-ad71-876873e1157a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"One ampere ($1\\ \\text{A}$) is equivalent to one $\\text{[...]}$ (coulomb per second).","back":"One ampere ($1\\ \\text{A}$) is equivalent to one $\\boxed{\\text{C/s}}$ (coulomb per second).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$\\text{C/s}$","correct":true,"explanation":"Current is charge flow per unit time, so the ampere has units of coulombs per second. Thus $1\\ \\text{A} = 1\\ \\text{C/s}$."},{"text":"$$\\text{C}\\cdot\\text{s}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying coulombs by seconds does not represent a rate of charge flow. Current requires charge divided by time, so one ampere is one coulomb per second."},{"text":"$$\\text{C/min}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Coulombs per minute uses the wrong time unit and would be one sixtieth of a coulomb per second. One ampere is one coulomb per second."},{"text":"$$\\text{J/s}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Joules per second are watts, the unit of power, rather than amperes. The ampere measures charge flow rate in coulombs per second."}]},{"id":"3eabcedd-bb6d-4268-b32a-e4824cf7a94b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"When calculating charge ($Q = It$), what must you do if time is given in minutes?","back":"Convert it to seconds (multiply by 60).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Convert it to seconds (multiply by 60).","correct":true,"explanation":"The equation uses current in amperes, equivalent to coulombs per second, so time must be in seconds. Multiply a time in minutes by 60."},{"text":"Convert it to seconds (divide by 60).","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing minutes by 60 converts them to hours, not seconds, and produces a charge that is too small. Convert minutes to seconds by multiplying by 60."},{"text":"Convert it to hours (divide by 60).","correct":false,"explanation":"Converting minutes to hours does not match amperes, which measure coulombs per second. Time must be converted to seconds by multiplying the minutes by 60."},{"text":"Leave it in minutes (do not convert it).","correct":false,"explanation":"Leaving time in minutes mixes incompatible units because amperes are coulombs per second. Convert the time to seconds by multiplying the number of minutes by 60."}]},{"id":"9ffb18fe-eb70-41e9-9e65-fc201a54359b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a voltage of 1 volt (V) represent in terms of energy transfer?","back":"1 joule of energy transferred per coulomb of charge.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"1 joule of energy transferred per coulomb of charge.","correct":true,"explanation":"Voltage measures the energy transferred for each coulomb of charge. Therefore, 1 V means that 1 J of energy is transferred by every 1 C of charge."},{"text":"1 coulomb of charge transferred per joule of energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship between energy and charge. Voltage is energy transferred per coulomb, so the correct definition is 1 joule of energy transferred per coulomb of charge."},{"text":"1 joule of energy transferred per ampere of current.","correct":false,"explanation":"Current is not the denominator in the definition of voltage. Voltage is energy transferred per unit charge, so the correct answer uses joules per coulomb."},{"text":"1 watt of power transferred per coulomb of charge.","correct":false,"explanation":"A watt measures the rate of energy transfer, whereas voltage measures energy transfer per charge. The correct definition is 1 joule per coulomb, not power per coulomb."}]},{"id":"961d578a-fe8d-4563-8243-542c3d65986c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"State the equation linking energy transferred ($E$), charge ($Q$), and voltage ($V$).","back":"$$$E = Q \\times V$$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$$E = Q \\times V$$","correct":true,"explanation":"Rearranging the definition of voltage, energy transferred equals charge multiplied by voltage. Thus, $E = Q \\times V$, with energy in joules, charge in coulombs and voltage in volts."},{"text":"$$$E = \\frac{Q}{V}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing charge by voltage gives the wrong relationship for energy and usually results from rearranging the equation incorrectly. The correct equation is $E = Q \\times V$."},{"text":"$$$E = V - Q$$","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy is not found by subtracting charge from voltage; these quantities combine multiplicatively. The correct relationship is $E = Q \\times V$."},{"text":"$$$E = \\frac{V}{Q}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"Voltage divided by charge does not give energy and reverses the role of the variables. Since voltage is energy per coulomb, energy is found using $E = Q \\times V$."}]},{"id":"ddd38d28-5880-4bd4-9762-aa3b4e927ea9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"One volt ($1\\ \\text{V}$) is equivalent to one $\\text{[...]}$ (joule per coulomb).","back":"One volt ($1\\ \\text{V}$) is equivalent to one $\\boxed{\\text{J/C}}$ (joule per coulomb).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$\\text{J/C}$","correct":true,"explanation":"A volt is defined as one joule of energy transferred for every coulomb of charge. Therefore, the unit equivalent to one volt is joule per coulomb, written $\\text{J/C}$."},{"text":"$$\\text{C/J}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses joules and coulombs, giving charge per energy rather than energy per charge. One volt is correctly expressed as $\\text{J/C}$."},{"text":"$$\\text{J}\\times\\text{C}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying joules by coulombs does not represent energy transferred per unit charge. The definition of voltage requires division, so one volt is $\\text{J/C}$."},{"text":"$$\\text{J/A}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Amperes measure current, not charge, so this is not the unit definition of voltage. One volt represents one joule per coulomb, written $\\text{J/C}$."}]},{"id":"aea785ef-b709-46bb-af27-94ac948acfc9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Distinguish between voltage and energy.","back":"Voltage is energy per coulomb of charge, not the total energy transferred.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Voltage is energy per coulomb of charge, not the total energy transferred.","correct":true,"explanation":"Voltage describes how much energy is transferred for each coulomb of charge. Total energy also depends on the amount of charge, so voltage alone is not the total energy."},{"text":"Voltage is the total energy transferred, not energy per coulomb of charge.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses voltage with total energy. Voltage is energy transferred per coulomb of charge, while total energy depends on both voltage and charge."},{"text":"Voltage is energy per second of charge, not the total energy transferred.","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy per second describes power, not voltage. Voltage is energy transferred per coulomb of charge, so it measures energy per unit charge."},{"text":"Voltage is charge per joule of energy, not the total energy transferred.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the definition of voltage and gives charge per energy. Voltage is energy transferred per coulomb of charge, not coulombs per joule."}]},{"id":"cc2af6ca-423f-422d-b7da-9e9d0e97ebab","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Power is defined as the [ ] at which energy is transferred.","back":"Power is defined as the rate at which energy is transferred.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"rate","correct":true,"explanation":"Power measures how quickly energy is transferred. Therefore, it is defined as the rate at which energy is transferred, usually measured in watts."},{"text":"amount","correct":false,"explanation":"The total amount of energy is not the definition of power. Power describes how quickly energy is transferred, so the correct term is rate."},{"text":"voltage","correct":false,"explanation":"Voltage measures energy transferred per coulomb of charge, rather than how quickly energy is transferred. Power is defined as the rate of energy transfer."},{"text":"charge","correct":false,"explanation":"Charge is the quantity that flows in an electrical circuit, not the speed of energy transfer. Power is defined as the rate at which energy is transferred."}]},{"id":"64d346e8-7f86-40e5-9524-a43204dd1f28","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Power is defined as the rate at which [ ] is transferred.","back":"Power is defined as the rate at which energy is transferred.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"energy","correct":true,"explanation":"Power measures how quickly energy is transferred, so it is defined as the rate at which energy is transferred. Its unit, the watt, is equal to a joule per second."},{"text":"charge","correct":false,"explanation":"Charge is measured in coulombs and is involved in electrical energy calculations, but it is not what power measures transferring per unit time. The correct term is energy."},{"text":"power","correct":false,"explanation":"Using power in its own definition is circular and does not identify the transferred quantity. Power is the rate at which energy is transferred."},{"text":"voltage","correct":false,"explanation":"Voltage is energy transferred per coulomb of charge, not the quantity transferred by power. Power is defined as the rate at which energy is transferred."}]},{"id":"e606f244-a05b-493f-8fca-5d69971c5a99","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a power of 1 watt (W) represent in terms of energy transfer?","back":"Energy transferred at a rate of 1 joule per second.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Energy transferred at a rate of 1 joule per second.","correct":true,"explanation":"One watt is defined as one joule of energy transferred every second. Therefore, a power of 1 W represents an energy transfer rate of 1 joule per second."},{"text":"Energy transferred at a rate of 1 coulomb per second.","correct":false,"explanation":"Coulombs per second measure electric current, not power. One watt is a rate of energy transfer equal to 1 joule per second."},{"text":"Energy transferred at a rate of 1 joule per coulomb.","correct":false,"explanation":"Joules per coulomb measure voltage, not power. Power is energy transferred per unit time, so 1 W equals 1 joule per second."},{"text":"Energy transferred at a rate of 1 watt per second.","correct":false,"explanation":"A watt already measures energy transferred per second, so dividing it by another second gives the wrong unit. The correct definition is 1 joule per second."}]},{"id":"5ef99e1a-1f0c-487b-bc4b-b8e267706f64","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"State the equation linking power ($P$), current ($I$), and voltage ($V$).","back":"$$$P = I \\times V$$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$$P = I \\times V$$","correct":true,"explanation":"Electrical power equals the product of current and voltage. Therefore, $P = I \\times V$, with power in watts, current in amperes and voltage in volts."},{"text":"$$$P = \\frac{I}{V}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing current by voltage gives the wrong relationship for power and is a common rearrangement error. The correct equation multiplies current by voltage: $P = I \\times V$."},{"text":"$$$P = V - I$$","correct":false,"explanation":"Power is not calculated by subtracting current from voltage. These electrical quantities are multiplied, so the correct equation is $P = I \\times V$."},{"text":"$$$P = \\frac{V}{I}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"Voltage divided by current gives resistance, not power. Electrical power is found by multiplying voltage and current, using $P = I \\times V$."}]},{"id":"7602709b-6a0d-41a1-b1bd-2d17bf7b8a3f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"One watt ($1\\ \\text{W}$) is equivalent to one $\\text{[...]}$ (joule per second).","back":"One watt ($1\\ \\text{W}$) is equivalent to one $\\boxed{\\text{J/s}}$ (joule per second).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$\\text{J/s}$","correct":true,"explanation":"Power measures the rate of energy transfer, so one watt means one joule of energy transferred every second. The equivalent unit is therefore joules per second."},{"text":"$$\\text{J/C}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Joules per coulomb measures potential difference, not power. One watt is one joule of energy transferred per second, so the correct equivalent unit is $\\text{J/s}$."},{"text":"$$\\text{J}\\cdot\\text{s}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying joules by seconds does not describe the rate of energy transfer. Power divides energy by time, so one watt is equivalent to $\\text{J/s}$."},{"text":"$$\\text{C/s}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Coulombs per second measures electric current and is equivalent to an ampere. A watt measures energy transferred per second, so its equivalent unit is $\\text{J/s}$."}]},{"id":"2a6637a5-5a47-4f49-96f9-f8c8ab261b24","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do the units for voltage (V) and power (W) differ in meaning?","back":"

Voltage (V): energy per coulomb
Power (W): energy per second

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Voltage (V): energy per coulomb
Power (W): energy per second

","correct":true,"explanation":"Voltage measures the energy transferred per unit charge, with $1\\ \\text{V}=1\\ \\text{J/C}$. Power measures the rate of energy transfer, with $1\\ \\text{W}=1\\ \\text{J/s}$."},{"text":"

Voltage (V): energy per second
Power (W): energy per coulomb

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two definitions. Voltage is energy transferred per coulomb of charge, whereas power is energy transferred per second."},{"text":"

Voltage (V): charge per second
Power (W): energy per coulomb

","correct":false,"explanation":"Charge per second defines electric current, while energy per coulomb defines voltage rather than power. Voltage is energy per coulomb, and power is energy per second."},{"text":"

Voltage (V): energy per coulomb
Power (W): charge per second

","correct":false,"explanation":"The voltage definition is correct, but charge per second is electric current, measured in amperes. Power is the energy transferred per second."}]},{"id":"b22522d1-d30a-4bfa-b711-8fb8afc56974","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the expression \"12 V\", V is the [ ], whereas in the equation $P = I \\times V$, V is the quantity symbol.","back":"In the expression \"12 V\", V is the unit symbol, whereas in the equation $P = I \\times V$, V is the quantity symbol.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"unit symbol","correct":true,"explanation":"When V follows a numerical measurement such as 12, it identifies the unit volt. It is therefore acting as a unit symbol."},{"text":"quantity symbol","correct":false,"explanation":"V represents the physical quantity potential difference only when used as a variable in an equation. Following the number in “12 V”, it is the unit symbol."},{"text":"unit name","correct":false,"explanation":"The written unit name is “volt”; V is its abbreviated symbol. In the measurement “12 V”, the required term is therefore unit symbol."},{"text":"numerical value","correct":false,"explanation":"The numerical value in “12 V” is 12, not V. The V identifies volts and is therefore the unit symbol."}]},{"id":"325396f2-b4cb-4a54-b338-d2651c6bccc0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the expression \"12 V\", V is the unit symbol, whereas in the equation $P = I \\times V$, V is the [ ].","back":"In the expression \"12 V\", V is the unit symbol, whereas in the equation $P = I \\times V$, V is the quantity symbol.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"quantity symbol","correct":true,"explanation":"In the equation $P=I\\times V$, V represents the physical quantity potential difference. It is therefore a quantity symbol rather than a unit symbol."},{"text":"unit symbol","correct":false,"explanation":"A V following a number, as in “12 V”, is a unit symbol. In $P=I\\times V$, however, V is the quantity symbol for potential difference."},{"text":"unit name","correct":false,"explanation":"The unit name is “volt”, but V in this equation represents the variable potential difference. The correct term is quantity symbol."},{"text":"numerical value","correct":false,"explanation":"No numerical value is specified by V alone in the equation. V represents the variable potential difference, making it a quantity symbol."}]},{"id":"4b49636d-c036-4d4a-96f0-30dfafdfd2af","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What are three formatting rules for writing unit symbols (A, V, W) in exam answers?","back":"

Use capital letters
No plurals (e.g., 5 A, not 5 As)
Space between number and symbol

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Use capital letters
No plurals (e.g., 5 A, not 5 As)
Space between number and symbol

","correct":true,"explanation":"The symbols A, V and W are capitalised because their units are named after people. Unit symbols are never pluralised and are separated from numerical values by a space."},{"text":"

Use lower-case letters
No plurals (e.g., 5 A, not 5 As)
Space between number and symbol

","correct":false,"explanation":"Writing these symbols in lower case confuses them with other quantities or prefixes. The named units ampere, volt and watt use capital symbols: A, V and W."},{"text":"

Use capital letters
Use plurals (e.g., 5 As, not 5 A)
Space between number and symbol

","correct":false,"explanation":"Unit names can be plural, but unit symbols never take a plural ending. Write 5 A rather than 5 As, while retaining capitals and a space."},{"text":"

Use capital letters
No plurals (e.g., 5 A, not 5 As)
No space between number and symbol

","correct":false,"explanation":"A space must separate the numerical value from its unit symbol. The correct form is 5 A, not 5A, with a capital and no plural ending."}]},{"id":"775d79f9-d356-4fe3-8f6c-9e31c6c70ffe","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many watts (W) are in 1 kilowatt (kW)?","back":"$$$1000\\ \\text{W}$$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$$1000\\ \\text{W}$$","correct":true,"explanation":"The prefix kilo- represents a factor of $10^3$, or 1000. Therefore, one kilowatt is equal to 1000 watts."},{"text":"$$$100\\ \\text{W}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats kilo- as a factor of $10^2$. Kilo- means $10^3$, so one kilowatt equals $1000\\ \\text{W}$."},{"text":"$$$10000\\ \\text{W}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly uses a factor of $10^4$ for kilo-. The prefix kilo- represents $10^3$, making one kilowatt equal to $1000\\ \\text{W}$."},{"text":"$$$0.001\\ \\text{W}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the conversion and divides by 1000 instead of multiplying. A kilowatt is larger than a watt, so $1\\ \\text{kW}=1000\\ \\text{W}$."}]},{"id":"12a9c91b-e81a-44a3-b627-b14edc02e43f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A motor connected to 12 V has 3.0 A flowing through it. Calculate its power.","back":"$$$36\\ \\text{W}$$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$$36\\ \\text{W}$$","correct":true,"explanation":"Electrical power is calculated using $P=IV$. Multiplying the current by the potential difference gives $3.0\\times12=36\\ \\text{W}$."},{"text":"$$$4\\ \\text{W}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"This results from dividing voltage by current, which calculates resistance rather than power. Using $P=IV$ gives $12\\times3.0=36\\ \\text{W}$."},{"text":"$$$15\\ \\text{W}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"This adds voltage and current even though unlike physical quantities cannot be added here. Power requires multiplication: $P=IV=12\\times3.0=36\\ \\text{W}$."},{"text":"$$$108\\ \\text{W}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly squares the current before multiplying by voltage. The direct power relation is $P=IV$, giving $12\\times3.0=36\\ \\text{W}$."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-25","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Units","title":"Units Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/physics/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"1122ff83-ae52-5b6c-9f7f-d5e5947017d4","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]