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everything outside the chosen system, so they cannot be identified first. The system must be chosen before its energy transfers are described."},{"text":"The pathway.","correct":false,"explanation":"A pathway describes how energy is transferred, such as mechanically or electrically. The system must first be chosen to establish what is being analysed."},{"text":"The store.","correct":false,"explanation":"An energy store is identified within a system and is not the starting choice itself. The system must be defined before changes in its stores are described."}]},{"id":"871e83b5-84d7-4235-b229-e3a200e39240","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which energy store does a raised object have?","back":"A gravitational store.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A gravitational store.","correct":true,"explanation":"Raising an object increases its gravitational potential energy because work is done against gravity, so energy is held in its gravitational store."},{"text":"A kinetic store.","correct":false,"explanation":"A kinetic store depends on motion rather than height, so a raised stationary object need not have one. Its raised position gives it a gravitational store."},{"text":"An elastic store.","correct":false,"explanation":"An elastic store belongs to a stretched or compressed object, not merely a raised one. Height in a gravitational field gives the object a gravitational store."},{"text":"A chemical store.","correct":false,"explanation":"A chemical store is associated with fuels, foods and batteries rather than an object’s height. A raised object has a gravitational store."}]},{"id":"d01c3135-f877-4310-a410-d0d8b5c91d00","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which energy store does a stretched spring have?","back":"An elastic store.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An elastic store.","correct":true,"explanation":"Stretching a spring changes its shape and stores energy through elastic deformation, so the spring’s energy is held in its elastic store."},{"text":"A gravitational store.","correct":false,"explanation":"A gravitational store depends on position in a gravitational field, not deformation. Stretching a spring increases its elastic store."},{"text":"A kinetic store.","correct":false,"explanation":"A kinetic store is associated with movement, whereas a stretched spring may be stationary. Its deformation gives it an elastic store."},{"text":"A chemical store.","correct":false,"explanation":"A chemical store contains energy associated with chemical reactions, as in fuels or batteries. A stretched spring instead has an elastic store."}]},{"id":"9c717d9a-6d72-4832-8c65-d58304318fc2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Energy moves between stores by [ ].","back":"Energy moves between stores by transfer pathways.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"transfer pathways","correct":true,"explanation":"Transfer pathways describe how energy moves between stores, including mechanically, electrically, by heating or by radiation."},{"text":"energy stores","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy stores describe where energy is held, not how it moves. Energy moves between those stores through transfer pathways."},{"text":"energy resources","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy resources are sources such as fuels, sunlight or wind, rather than methods of moving energy. Transfers between stores occur through transfer pathways."},{"text":"power ratings","correct":false,"explanation":"Power ratings measure the rate of energy transfer and do not describe how energy moves. The methods of transfer are called transfer pathways."}]},{"id":"f35384eb-c9d5-46db-a100-83cee2d0a1fa","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When a force moves an object, which pathway transfers energy?","back":"Mechanically.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mechanically.","correct":true,"explanation":"A force doing work by moving an object transfers energy mechanically, because the force acts through a distance."},{"text":"Electrically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrical transfer requires moving charges and a potential difference, not simply a force moving an object. A force acting through a distance transfers energy mechanically."},{"text":"Thermally.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thermal transfer is associated with heating caused by a temperature difference. When a force moves an object through a distance, energy is transferred mechanically."},{"text":"Chemically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical energy is a type of stored energy, not the pathway used whenever a force moves an object. Such a transfer occurs mechanically."}]},{"id":"1d303df3-0431-464c-a8cb-5c4606464fd3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When charges move in a circuit, which pathway transfers energy?","back":"Electrically.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Electrically.","correct":true,"explanation":"Moving charges carry energy through a circuit, so energy transferred by an electric current follows the electrical pathway."},{"text":"Mechanically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mechanical transfer occurs when a force moves an object through a distance. Moving charges in a circuit instead transfer energy electrically."},{"text":"Thermally.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thermal transfer involves heating due to a temperature difference, although a circuit may later heat components. The moving charges transfer energy electrically."},{"text":"Chemically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical stores can supply energy in a cell, but chemical is not the pathway through the circuit. Moving charges transfer the energy electrically."}]},{"id":"e05c2927-9867-4d49-8669-0abe78f66404","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"As a ball falls, energy is transferred mechanically from which store to which store?","back":"Gravitational store to kinetic store.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Gravitational store to kinetic store.","correct":true,"explanation":"As the ball loses height, its gravitational store decreases while its speed and kinetic store increase, with energy transferred mechanically by gravity."},{"text":"Kinetic store to gravitational store.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the energy change for a falling ball. Its gravitational store decreases and energy is transferred mechanically to its kinetic store as it accelerates."},{"text":"Gravitational store to thermal store.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some energy may eventually dissipate thermally because of air resistance, but the principal transfer during the fall is from the gravitational store to the kinetic store."},{"text":"Elastic store to kinetic store.","correct":false,"explanation":"A falling ball does not begin with energy stored by elastic deformation. Its decreasing gravitational store transfers energy mechanically to its increasing kinetic store."}]},{"id":"130a4690-2981-45f3-8e88-a27fc542df5c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Dissipated energy is spread into less useful stores, usually the [ ] store of the surroundings.","back":"Dissipated energy is spread into less useful stores, usually the thermal store of the surroundings.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"thermal","correct":true,"explanation":"Dissipation commonly warms the surroundings through friction or resistance, spreading energy into their thermal store and making it less useful for further transfers."},{"text":"kinetic","correct":false,"explanation":"A kinetic store belongs to moving objects and does not normally represent dispersed energy in the surroundings. Dissipated energy usually increases the surroundings’ thermal store."},{"text":"gravitational","correct":false,"explanation":"A gravitational store depends on height within a gravitational field, not on energy becoming dispersed. Dissipation usually transfers energy to the surroundings’ thermal store."},{"text":"elastic","correct":false,"explanation":"An elastic store requires deformation of an object and is not the usual destination of dissipated energy. Dissipation generally increases the surroundings’ thermal store."}]},{"id":"f3091294-a4a6-4c8a-821e-110bdb03307e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"For a complete system, how does total energy before a change compare with after?","back":"They are equal.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are equal.","correct":true,"explanation":"Energy is conserved in a complete system, so the total energy before a change is exactly the same as the total energy after it."},{"text":"They are greater before.","correct":false,"explanation":"This suggests energy disappears during the change, which violates conservation of energy. In a complete system, energy is transferred between stores, so the totals are equal."},{"text":"They are greater after.","correct":false,"explanation":"This suggests energy is created during the change, which is impossible in a complete system. Energy may change form, but the total before and after is equal."},{"text":"They are unrelated.","correct":false,"explanation":"The before-and-after totals are linked by conservation of energy, not independent of one another. For a complete system, both totals must be equal."}]},{"id":"28a3c298-5c45-4899-9fc3-e0feca127997","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A motor receives 240 J, outputs 180 J usefully and 30 J as sound. How much goes to thermal stores?","back":"30 J.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"30 J.","correct":true,"explanation":"The input energy is 240 J. Subtracting the useful output of 180 J and sound output of 30 J leaves 30 J transferred to thermal stores."},{"text":"60 J.","correct":false,"explanation":"This forgets to subtract the sound output and calculates only 240 J minus 180 J. Subtracting both known outputs gives 240 - 180 - 30 = 30 J."},{"text":"90 J.","correct":false,"explanation":"This results from adding or mishandling the useful and sound outputs rather than accounting for both transfers. Conservation of energy leaves 240 - 180 - 30 = 30 J."},{"text":"210 J.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats the useful output and sound output as energy entering the thermal store. They are separate transfers, so only 30 J remains for thermal stores."}]},{"id":"b38e60bc-a79d-4f8a-bab1-713c21964f34","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Efficiency = [ ] ÷ [ ] × 100%.","back":"Efficiency = useful energy output ÷ total energy output × 100%.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Efficiency = useful energy output ÷ total energy output × 100%.","correct":true,"explanation":"Efficiency is found by comparing the useful energy output with the total energy output, then multiplying the ratio by 100 to express it as a percentage."},{"text":"Efficiency = total energy output ÷ useful energy output × 100%.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reversing the numerator and denominator makes the ratio larger when useful output is smaller. The correct arrangement is useful energy output divided by total energy output."},{"text":"Efficiency = wasted energy output ÷ total energy output × 100%.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wasted energy measures the ineffective transfer, not efficiency itself. Efficiency uses useful energy output divided by total energy output, multiplied by 100%."},{"text":"Efficiency = useful energy input ÷ total energy output × 100%.","correct":false,"explanation":"The useful quantity is the energy output, because efficiency measures the intended energy delivered. The correct numerator is useful energy output, not useful energy input."}]},{"id":"2156f2a3-43d3-404e-a598-16760af637b2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A kettle transfers 200 kJ total and 180 kJ usefully. What is its efficiency?","back":"90%.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"90%.","correct":true,"explanation":"Efficiency = useful energy transferred ÷ total energy transferred × 100. Therefore, 180 kJ ÷ 200 kJ × 100 = 90%."},{"text":"80%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This commonly comes from subtracting 180 kJ from 200 kJ and treating the 20 kJ wasted energy as the efficiency. The useful fraction is 180 ÷ 200 = 90%."},{"text":"20%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the wasted fraction, found from 20 kJ ÷ 100 kJ in a mistaken calculation. Efficiency is the useful fraction: 180 kJ ÷ 200 kJ × 100 = 90%."},{"text":"110%.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding the useful and wasted proportions can produce a value above 100%, but efficiency cannot exceed all the input energy. The correct useful fraction is 90%."}]},{"id":"c941f4f3-272d-4939-9f0d-e6d17f062a3d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a Sankey diagram, arrow [ ] represents the [ ].","back":"In a Sankey diagram, arrow width represents the amount of energy transferred.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In a Sankey diagram, arrow width represents the amount of energy transferred.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sankey arrows are drawn to scale, so their widths show the quantities of energy transferred. A wider arrow represents a greater amount of energy."},{"text":"In a Sankey diagram, arrow length represents the amount of energy transferred.","correct":false,"explanation":"The length may vary for layout purposes and is not the energy scale. Sankey diagrams represent the amount of energy transferred using arrow width."},{"text":"In a Sankey diagram, arrow direction represents the amount of energy transferred.","correct":false,"explanation":"Arrow direction shows where energy is transferred, such as into useful or wasted stores, but it does not show the quantity. Width represents the amount."},{"text":"In a Sankey diagram, arrow colour represents the amount of energy transferred.","correct":false,"explanation":"Colour may distinguish different energy pathways, but it is not the numerical scale. The width of each Sankey arrow represents the amount of energy transferred."}]},{"id":"266e2674-eb21-4947-985f-c9271ebee3f7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In a Sankey diagram, what should all output arrows add up to?","back":"The total input.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The total input.","correct":true,"explanation":"Energy is conserved, so the input energy must equal the sum of all output pathways. Useful and wasted output arrows together therefore add up to the total input."},{"text":"The useful output.","correct":false,"explanation":"The useful output is only one pathway and does not include wasted transfers. All output arrows together must account for every transfer, so they add up to the total input."},{"text":"The wasted output.","correct":false,"explanation":"The wasted output is only the energy transferred to unwanted stores. Sankey output arrows include both useful and wasted pathways, whose total equals the total input."},{"text":"The energy efficiency.","correct":false,"explanation":"Efficiency is a percentage or ratio, not an amount of energy represented by the combined arrows. Conservation of energy requires all output arrows to total the input energy."}]},{"id":"a759c69d-d19f-4eb2-a5e4-0d4e71c9110d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Conduction transfers thermal energy through a material without the material as a whole [ ].","back":"Conduction transfers thermal energy through a material without the material as a whole moving.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"moving","correct":true,"explanation":"In conduction, particles transfer energy through collisions and vibrations while the material does not move as a whole. The material remains in place overall."},{"text":"flowing","correct":false,"explanation":"Flowing describes bulk movement, characteristic of convection in fluids rather than conduction through a solid. In conduction, the material as a whole is not moving."},{"text":"rotating","correct":false,"explanation":"Rotation would be a bulk movement of the material, not the particle-to-particle transfer occurring in conduction. The material as a whole remains stationary while energy spreads."},{"text":"expanding","correct":false,"explanation":"Heating can cause expansion, but expansion is not the defining feature of conduction. Conduction transfers energy without the material as a whole moving."}]},{"id":"02d2db0f-7f02-4c79-93fe-86526771d018","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do particles transfer thermal energy through a heated solid?","back":"They vibrate more and transfer energy to neighbours.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They vibrate more and transfer energy to neighbours.","correct":true,"explanation":"Heating gives particles in the solid more energy, so they vibrate more vigorously. They pass this energy to neighbouring particles through collisions."},{"text":"They move further apart and transfer energy to neighbours.","correct":false,"explanation":"Particles in a solid mainly vibrate about fixed positions rather than freely moving apart. Increased vibration transfers energy to neighbouring particles."},{"text":"They vibrate less and transfer energy to neighbours.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heating increases the particles’ energy, so their vibrations become more vigorous, not less. The increased vibration then transfers energy through the solid."},{"text":"They flow faster and transfer energy to neighbours.","correct":false,"explanation":"Particles in a solid cannot flow freely as particles in a fluid do. They remain in fixed positions overall, vibrating more and transferring energy to neighbours."}]},{"id":"2d51ef3b-9c69-4a24-bb9d-fbba034f7215","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are metals especially good thermal conductors?","back":"Mobile electrons transfer energy quickly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mobile electrons transfer energy quickly.","correct":true,"explanation":"Metals contain delocalised electrons that can move through the structure and transfer thermal energy rapidly between particles."},{"text":"Free protons transfer energy quickly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protons are fixed inside atomic nuclei and do not move through the metal. Mobile electrons are responsible for transferring thermal energy quickly."},{"text":"Vibrating ions transfer energy quickly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vibrations do transfer some energy through a metal, but they are less effective than the movement of mobile electrons, which explains metals’ high conductivity."},{"text":"Magnetic fields transfer energy quickly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Magnetic fields do not provide the mechanism for thermal conduction in metals. Mobile electrons move through the structure and transfer energy between regions."}]},{"id":"d0f55461-49c9-42ff-8316-adc5a642442b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does heated fluid rise in convection?","back":"It expands and becomes less dense.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It expands and becomes less dense.","correct":true,"explanation":"Heating makes the fluid expand, increasing its volume while its mass stays the same. Its density decreases, so buoyancy makes it rise."},{"text":"It contracts and becomes more dense.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cooling usually causes a fluid to contract and become denser, making it sink. Heating causes expansion and lower density, which produces the upward movement."},{"text":"It expands and becomes more dense.","correct":false,"explanation":"Expansion increases volume without increasing mass, so density decreases rather than increases. The heated fluid rises because it becomes less dense than the surrounding fluid."},{"text":"It contracts and becomes less dense.","correct":false,"explanation":"Contraction makes the same mass occupy less volume, increasing density. Heated fluid instead expands, becomes less dense, and rises through convection."}]},{"id":"ddf0e0c1-ca82-4833-bd72-a969154e4188","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Thermal radiation is transferred by [ ] and can travel through a [ ].","back":"Thermal radiation is transferred by infrared waves and can travel through a vacuum.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Thermal radiation is transferred by infrared waves and can travel through a vacuum.","correct":true,"explanation":"Thermal radiation is infrared electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic waves do not need particles to carry them, so infrared radiation can travel through a vacuum."},{"text":"Thermal radiation is transferred by sound waves and can travel through a vacuum.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sound is a mechanical wave and needs particles in a medium, so it cannot travel through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is carried by infrared waves."},{"text":"Thermal radiation is transferred by infrared waves and can travel through a solid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Infrared waves are the correct transfer mechanism, but the key property is that they can cross empty space. A solid is not the defining condition for radiation."},{"text":"Thermal radiation is transferred by convection currents and can travel through a fluid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Convection transfers energy by the bulk movement of fluids and cannot occur in a vacuum. Thermal radiation instead uses infrared electromagnetic waves."}]},{"id":"febfa10c-88d2-4d91-8a76-fd688ffbef92","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Black, dull or matt surfaces are [ ] and [ ] of infrared radiation.","back":"Black, dull or matt surfaces are good absorbers and good emitters of infrared radiation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Black, dull or matt surfaces are good absorbers and good emitters of infrared radiation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Black, dull or matt surfaces absorb infrared radiation efficiently and also emit it efficiently, so they are effective at both receiving and radiating thermal energy."},{"text":"Black, dull or matt surfaces are poor absorbers and poor emitters of infrared radiation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shiny surfaces are poor absorbers and emitters. Black, dull or matt surfaces have the opposite behaviour and are good at absorbing and emitting infrared radiation."},{"text":"Black, dull or matt surfaces are good absorbers and poor emitters of infrared radiation.","correct":false,"explanation":"A common misconception is that absorbing and emitting have opposite surface properties. In fact, good absorbers are also good emitters of infrared radiation."},{"text":"Black, dull or matt surfaces are poor absorbers and good emitters of infrared radiation.","correct":false,"explanation":"The surface properties have been reversed. Black, dull or matt surfaces absorb infrared radiation well and therefore also emit it well."}]},{"id":"93049784-10bc-48e8-8318-af5bebe1af40","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does a shiny silver surface reduce heat loss by radiation?","back":"It is a poor emitter and good reflector.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is a poor emitter and good reflector.","correct":true,"explanation":"A shiny silver surface emits little infrared radiation and reflects much of the radiation that reaches it, reducing the rate of thermal energy loss."},{"text":"It is a good emitter and poor reflector.","correct":false,"explanation":"Good emitters lose thermal energy rapidly, while poor reflectors absorb more incoming radiation. Shiny silver has the opposite properties: it is a poor emitter and good reflector."},{"text":"It is a good absorber and good emitter.","correct":false,"explanation":"Black, dull or matt surfaces are good absorbers and emitters. Shiny silver surfaces reduce radiative heat loss because they absorb and emit infrared radiation poorly."},{"text":"It is a poor absorber and poor reflector.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shiny silver is a good reflector, not a poor one. Its reflectivity prevents infrared radiation being absorbed and helps reduce the energy emitted from the surface."}]},{"id":"180674ad-0cb1-4237-b361-f38da6182c1f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In a conduction practical, what shows the better conductor?","back":"The wax melts sooner or pins fall sooner.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The wax melts sooner or pins fall sooner.","correct":true,"explanation":"The material transferring thermal energy most quickly heats the wax first, or melts it sooner, causing attached pins to fall sooner in the practical."},{"text":"The wax melts later or pins fall later.","correct":false,"explanation":"A later change indicates slower energy transfer, not better conduction. The better conductor transfers thermal energy faster, so its wax melts or pins fall sooner."},{"text":"The wax stays solid or pins remain fixed.","correct":false,"explanation":"If the wax does not melt and the pins do not fall, thermal energy has not reached that point sufficiently. Better conduction produces an earlier visible change."},{"text":"The metal becomes colder or pins fall sooner.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cooling is not the indicator used to compare conductors, although pins falling sooner is relevant. The correct observation is that the wax melts sooner or pins fall sooner."}]},{"id":"e8f549af-8286-4c3f-8ff2-495bdff71da9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In a radiation cooling practical, what does a steeper cooling curve show?","back":"Faster thermal energy loss by radiation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Faster thermal energy loss by radiation.","correct":true,"explanation":"The gradient of a cooling curve represents the rate of temperature decrease. A steeper curve means temperature falls more quickly, showing faster thermal energy loss by radiation."},{"text":"Slower thermal energy loss by radiation.","correct":false,"explanation":"A shallow cooling curve represents a smaller rate of temperature decrease. A steeper gradient means the object is losing thermal energy faster, not slower."},{"text":"Greater thermal energy gain by radiation.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cooling curve shows the object’s temperature decreasing, so it is losing energy overall. A steeper curve indicates a faster loss rather than a gain."},{"text":"Higher final temperature after cooling.","correct":false,"explanation":"The steepness describes the rate of cooling, not the final temperature. A steeper curve means thermal energy is lost more rapidly by radiation."}]},{"id":"1e232a71-9553-467b-bd8a-a55ee49a357b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does foam reduce conduction around a hot water tank?","back":"Trapped air is a poor conductor.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Trapped air is a poor conductor.","correct":true,"explanation":"Foam contains many small pockets of trapped air. Air conducts thermal energy poorly, so these pockets reduce the rate of conduction from the hot tank."},{"text":"Moving air is a poor conductor.","correct":false,"explanation":"Moving air can set up convection currents, which transfer energy rather than preventing it. Foam works because it traps air and restricts both conduction and convection."},{"text":"Trapped water is a poor conductor.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water is a better conductor than air, so trapped water would not provide the main insulation effect. Foam reduces conduction through pockets of trapped air."},{"text":"Foam particles produce heat continuously.","correct":false,"explanation":"Insulation does not work by producing heat. Foam reduces energy transfer because its trapped air is a poor conductor and limits convection."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-25","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Energy transfers","title":"Energy transfers Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/physics/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"387dc138-93ba-5cb2-9854-f7804937471f","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]