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The field is present while current flows."},{"text":"An electric field around the conductor.","correct":false,"explanation":"An electric field is associated with electric charge, but the distinctive effect of current in a conductor is a magnetic field around it."},{"text":"A gravitational field around the conductor.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gravity is produced by mass, not by electric current. The magnetic effect of moving charge is a magnetic field around the conductor."},{"text":"A thermal field around the conductor.","correct":false,"explanation":"Current can heat a conductor, but heating is not described as a thermal field in this context. Moving charge produces a magnetic field around the conductor."}]},{"id":"55378992-4f19-48c0-8483-05fde09ca833","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"With no current in a conductor, there is [ ] from that conductor.","back":"With no current in a conductor, there is no magnetic field from that conductor.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"no magnetic field","correct":true,"explanation":"A magnetic field is produced by moving charge, so a stationary conductor with no current produces no magnetic field from that conductor."},{"text":"a magnetic field","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly assumes that the conductor produces a magnetic field even without moving charge. In this situation, no current means no magnetic field from the conductor."},{"text":"no electric field","correct":false,"explanation":"The statement concerns the magnetic effect of current, not whether electric fields exist. With no current, the missing quantity is no magnetic field from that conductor."},{"text":"a gravitational field","correct":false,"explanation":"A gravitational field is caused by mass and is unrelated to whether current flows. The correct completion is no magnetic field from the conductor."}]},{"id":"4fcde35f-3121-4563-9285-f2f18102ee35","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Where magnetic field lines are [ ], the magnetic field is [ ].","back":"Where magnetic field lines are closer together, the magnetic field is stronger.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Where magnetic field lines are closer together, the magnetic field is stronger.","correct":true,"explanation":"The spacing of magnetic field lines represents field strength. Lines closer together indicate a stronger magnetic field, while wider spacing indicates a weaker field."},{"text":"Where magnetic field lines are further apart, the magnetic field is stronger.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the field-line convention. Lines further apart represent a weaker field; magnetic field lines closer together indicate a stronger field."},{"text":"Where magnetic field lines are closer together, the magnetic field is weaker.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship between line spacing and strength. A greater concentration of lines means the magnetic field is stronger, not weaker."},{"text":"Where magnetic field lines are parallel, the magnetic field is stronger.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parallel lines show a uniform field, not necessarily a strong one. Field strength is represented by spacing, with closer lines indicating a stronger field."}]},{"id":"561fcedf-9051-4bb1-8ba5-b4f69fcd7951","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the magnetic field pattern around a straight current-carrying wire?","back":"Concentric circles centred on the wire.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Concentric circles centred on the wire.","correct":true,"explanation":"The magnetic field around a straight current-carrying wire forms concentric circles centred on the wire. The direction is found using the right-hand grip rule."},{"text":"Straight parallel lines perpendicular to the wire.","correct":false,"explanation":"Straight parallel lines represent a uniform magnetic field, not the field surrounding a straight wire. Around the wire, the field forms concentric circles."},{"text":"Radial lines pointing away from the wire.","correct":false,"explanation":"Radial lines would point directly outward or inward, which is not the pattern around a current-carrying wire. The correct pattern is concentric circles."},{"text":"Elliptical loops centred on the wire.","correct":false,"explanation":"The field around a straight wire is circular when viewed in cross-section. Elliptical loops are not the standard magnetic field pattern for this arrangement."}]},{"id":"84ae33c3-d024-4948-8eaf-1a0a0165485b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do you use the right-hand grip rule for a current-carrying wire?","back":"

Thumb: conventional current.
Fingers: magnetic field direction.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Thumb: conventional current.
Fingers: magnetic field direction.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Curl the right-hand fingers around the wire in the magnetic field direction. The extended thumb points in the direction of conventional current."},{"text":"

Thumb: magnetic field direction.
Fingers: conventional current.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the roles of the hand parts. For the right-hand grip rule, the thumb shows conventional current and the curled fingers show magnetic field direction."},{"text":"

Thumb: electron flow.
Fingers: magnetic field direction.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The fingers correctly indicate the magnetic field, but IGCSE hand rules use conventional current for the thumb, from positive to negative, rather than electron flow."},{"text":"

Thumb: conventional current.
Fingers: electron flow direction.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The thumb correctly represents conventional current, but the fingers show magnetic field direction. Electron flow is not what the curled fingers represent in this rule."}]},{"id":"b8719625-3945-4fe3-ade6-e2bf318e66e2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which current direction is used in IGCSE hand rules?","back":"Conventional current, from positive to negative.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Conventional current, from positive to negative.","correct":true,"explanation":"IGCSE hand rules use conventional current, defined as flowing from the positive terminal to the negative terminal through the external circuit."},{"text":"Electron flow, from negative to positive.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons do move from negative to positive, but hand rules use conventional current instead. Conventional current is defined as moving from positive to negative."},{"text":"Conventional current, from negative to positive.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the direction assigned to conventional current. The negative-to-positive direction describes electron flow, whereas conventional current goes from positive to negative."},{"text":"Electron flow, from positive to negative.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both the type of current and its direction are incorrect here. Electron flow is from negative to positive, while conventional current is from positive to negative."}]},{"id":"f7a358bc-25a9-4057-a0f7-69b7f2620455","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In page diagrams, a dot means [ ] and a cross means [ ].","back":"In page diagrams, a dot means out of the page and a cross means into the page.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In page diagrams, a dot means out of the page and a cross means into the page.","correct":true,"explanation":"A dot represents the arrowhead coming towards the observer, so it means out of the page. A cross represents the arrow feathers moving away, so it means into the page."},{"text":"In page diagrams, a dot means into the page and a cross means out of the page.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the symbols. A dot resembles an arrowhead approaching you and means out of the page; a cross means into the page."},{"text":"In page diagrams, a dot means out of the page and a cross means parallel to the page.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cross does not mean parallel to the page. It represents the crossed feathers of an arrow travelling away from the observer, so it means into the page."},{"text":"In page diagrams, a dot means parallel to the page and a cross means into the page.","correct":false,"explanation":"A dot is not a symbol for a direction parallel to the page. It represents an arrowhead coming towards the observer, so it means out of the page."}]},{"id":"66a8fb82-7f4c-4ee6-8687-a46ff04057ff","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For a straight wire, current out of the page gives an [ ] field; current into the page gives a [ ] field.","back":"For a straight wire, current out of the page gives an anticlockwise field; current into the page gives a clockwise field.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For a straight wire, current out of the page gives an anticlockwise field; current into the page gives a clockwise field.","correct":true,"explanation":"Using the right-hand grip rule, a thumb pointing out of the page makes the fingers curl anticlockwise. A thumb pointing into the page gives a clockwise field."},{"text":"For a straight wire, current out of the page gives a clockwise field; current into the page gives an anticlockwise field.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both field directions. With the right-hand thumb out of the page, the fingers curl anticlockwise; into the page gives clockwise."},{"text":"For a straight wire, current out of the page gives an anticlockwise field; current into the page gives an anticlockwise field.","correct":false,"explanation":"The direction must reverse when the current reverses. Out of the page gives anticlockwise, whereas current into the page gives a clockwise field."},{"text":"For a straight wire, current out of the page gives a clockwise field; current into the page gives a clockwise field.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly keeps the field direction unchanged when the current reverses. Out of the page produces anticlockwise, while into the page produces clockwise."}]},{"id":"dbbfbda5-0461-409a-b33a-b03dd0772c8c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do many turns make an electromagnet stronger?","back":"Fields from each turn add together.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fields from each turn add together.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each turn produces a magnetic field in the same overall direction, so their field strengths combine and produce a stronger resultant field."},{"text":"Fields from each turn cancel each other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adjacent turns are arranged so their fields reinforce rather than cancel. Cancellation would reduce the magnetic field, whereas the correct idea is that the fields add together."},{"text":"Only the field from the first turn is produced.","correct":false,"explanation":"Every current-carrying turn produces a magnetic field. The fields combine, so many turns strengthen the electromagnet instead of only the first turn having an effect."},{"text":"Fields from each turn become weaker.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding turns increases the combined magnetic field when their directions reinforce. The fields do not individually become weaker; their contributions add together."}]},{"id":"420a9096-d89c-4f48-9539-2a45f0a0270d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is a soft iron core useful in a switched electromagnet?","back":"

Easily magnetised when current flows.
Loses most magnetism when switched off.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Easily magnetised when current flows.
Loses most magnetism when switched off.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Soft iron has low retentivity: it magnetises readily in the field of the coil and loses most of its magnetism when the current is removed."},{"text":"

Difficult to magnetise when current flows.
Loses most magnetism when switched off.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Soft iron is chosen because it magnetises easily, not with difficulty. Its low retentivity does explain why it loses most magnetism when switched off."},{"text":"

Easily magnetised when current flows.
Retains most magnetism when switched off.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Retaining magnetism would make the electromagnet remain magnetic after switching off. Soft iron is useful because it loses most of its magnetism when the current stops."},{"text":"

Difficult to magnetise when current flows.
Retains most magnetism when switched off.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Both properties describe an unsuitable core for a switched electromagnet. Soft iron is easily magnetised and loses most of its magnetism when the current is removed."}]},{"id":"3283019d-15be-4619-afe3-6e6b0eecc263","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to an electromagnet if the current is increased safely?","back":"Its magnetic field becomes stronger.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Its magnetic field becomes stronger.","correct":true,"explanation":"A larger current produces a stronger magnetic field around the coil, provided the current remains within safe operating limits."},{"text":"Its magnetic field becomes weaker.","correct":false,"explanation":"For a given electromagnet, increasing the current increases the magnetic field strength. A weaker field would result from reducing the current, not increasing it."},{"text":"Its magnetic field disappears.","correct":false,"explanation":"The field disappears when the current is switched off. Increasing the current while it remains connected makes the electromagnet’s field stronger."},{"text":"Its magnetic field becomes reversed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reversing the current reverses the magnetic field’s direction, but simply increasing the current keeps the direction the same and makes the field stronger."}]},{"id":"c9601b25-ecfc-42a9-968a-6d6fe3205c73","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A solenoid’s magnetic field is like a [ ], with a strong, nearly [ ] field inside.","back":"A solenoid’s magnetic field is like a bar magnet, with a strong, nearly uniform field inside.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A solenoid’s magnetic field is like a bar magnet, with a strong, nearly uniform field inside.","correct":true,"explanation":"A solenoid has north and south poles like a bar magnet, and its field inside is strong and nearly uniform, especially away from the ends."},{"text":"A solenoid’s magnetic field is like a flat circular coil, with a strong, nearly radial field inside.","correct":false,"explanation":"A solenoid’s overall pattern resembles a bar magnet, not a flat coil. Inside it, the field is nearly uniform rather than radial."},{"text":"A solenoid’s magnetic field is like a bar magnet, with a strong, nearly circular field inside.","correct":false,"explanation":"The bar-magnet comparison is correct, but the internal field lines of a solenoid run mainly parallel and are nearly uniform, not circular."},{"text":"A solenoid’s magnetic field is like a flat circular coil, with a strong, nearly uniform field inside.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the field inside a solenoid is nearly uniform, its complete field pattern resembles a bar magnet rather than a flat circular coil."}]},{"id":"48f9dfca-07dd-43f3-8f1c-e4bdcbfea84f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the field pattern of a flat circular coil?","back":"Lines pass through the centre and curve outside.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Lines pass through the centre and curve outside.","correct":true,"explanation":"A flat circular coil produces a field that passes through its centre along the coil’s axis, while the field lines curve around outside the coil."},{"text":"Lines avoid the centre and remain straight outside.","correct":false,"explanation":"The field is strongest through the centre, where lines pass along the axis. Outside the coil, the lines curve rather than staying straight."},{"text":"Lines pass through the edge and curve outside.","correct":false,"explanation":"The central region of the coil is where the field lines pass through, not the edge. The outside lines curve around to complete the magnetic field pattern."},{"text":"Lines pass through the centre and remain straight outside.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lines do pass through the centre, but outside the coil they curve around. Treating all external lines as straight gives an incomplete field pattern."}]},{"id":"7df6015a-a185-4d38-8547-21811a74a2ef","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When does a moving charged particle experience a magnetic force?","back":"When its motion is not parallel to the field.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When its motion is not parallel to the field.","correct":true,"explanation":"A moving charge experiences a magnetic force when its velocity has a component perpendicular to the field. No force acts when the motion is parallel."},{"text":"When its motion is parallel to the field.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parallel motion produces no magnetic force because the velocity has no perpendicular component. The correct condition is motion that is not parallel to the field."},{"text":"When the charged particle is stationary.","correct":false,"explanation":"A stationary charge has no velocity, so it experiences no magnetic force from the field. A magnetic force requires a moving charge with non-parallel motion."},{"text":"When there is no magnetic field.","correct":false,"explanation":"A magnetic force requires a magnetic field as well as a moving charge. With no field, there is no magnetic force; non-parallel motion in a field is required."}]},{"id":"d07c3277-c7e1-4e21-860a-c8328f418a1e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the direction of force on a charged particle moving at 90° to a magnetic field?","back":"Perpendicular to both motion and magnetic field.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Perpendicular to both motion and magnetic field.","correct":true,"explanation":"For motion at 90° to the field, the magnetic force is at right angles to both the particle’s motion and the magnetic field direction."},{"text":"Parallel to both motion and magnetic field.","correct":false,"explanation":"The magnetic force is not along either direction. It acts at right angles to both the motion and field, as given by the motor-effect or Fleming’s left-hand rule."},{"text":"Perpendicular to motion but parallel to magnetic field.","correct":false,"explanation":"The force is perpendicular to the magnetic field as well as to the motion. Being parallel to the field would contradict the magnetic-force direction rule."},{"text":"Opposite to both motion and magnetic field.","correct":false,"explanation":"Magnetic force is a sideways force, not a force directly opposite either vector. At 90° motion, it is perpendicular to both motion and field."}]},{"id":"0d1baf46-9dc2-400a-b043-7332757bbca5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The motor effect is the [ ] on a [ ] in a magnetic field.","back":"The motor effect is the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The motor effect is the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.","correct":true,"explanation":"A current in a magnetic field experiences a force. This interaction is called the motor effect and is the principle used by electric motors."},{"text":"The motor effect is the turning effect on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.","correct":false,"explanation":"A current-carrying conductor experiences a magnetic force; forces on opposite sides of a motor coil can then produce a turning effect. The definition starts with force."},{"text":"The motor effect is the force on a magnetic field in a magnetic field.","correct":false,"explanation":"A magnetic field is not the object carrying current and experiencing the motor-effect force. The force acts on a current-carrying conductor placed in the field."},{"text":"The motor effect is the force on a charged particle in a magnetic field.","correct":false,"explanation":"A moving charged particle can experience a magnetic force, but the motor effect specifically concerns the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field."}]},{"id":"ad2a0b8e-b0eb-4078-b22d-70b13b537245","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a current-carrying wire feel a force in a magnetic field?","back":"Moving charges feel force and push on the wire.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Moving charges feel force and push on the wire.","correct":true,"explanation":"The magnetic field exerts a force on moving charges in the wire. Those charges transfer the force to the wire, so the wire is pushed."},{"text":"Moving charges feel force and pull on the wire.","correct":false,"explanation":"The force may point in different directions, but the key effect is that moving charges transfer a magnetic force to the wire. Therefore, they push on the wire rather than specifically pulling it."},{"text":"Stationary charges feel force and push on the wire.","correct":false,"explanation":"A magnetic force acts on moving charges, so a current is required. Stationary charges do not produce this motor effect; moving charges push on the wire."},{"text":"The magnetic field feels force and pushes on the charges.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the interaction being described. The magnetic field exerts force on moving charges, and the charges transfer that force to push on the wire."}]},{"id":"225f6d23-fce8-4c83-96ca-a8b00ed687ca","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For a current-carrying wire, force is greatest when current is [ ] to the field and zero when current is [ ].","back":"For a current-carrying wire, force is greatest when current is perpendicular to the field and zero when current is parallel.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For a current-carrying wire, force is greatest when current is perpendicular to the field and zero when current is parallel.","correct":true,"explanation":"The magnetic force is maximum when the current and field meet at 90°, and it is zero when they are parallel because there is no sideways component of force."},{"text":"For a current-carrying wire, force is greatest when current is parallel to the field and zero when current is perpendicular.","correct":false,"explanation":"These conditions are reversed. A 90° angle gives the maximum motor-effect force, while parallel current and field give zero force."},{"text":"For a current-carrying wire, force is greatest when current is parallel to the field and zero when current is at 45°.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parallel alignment gives zero force, not the greatest force, and 45° produces a non-zero force. The maximum is perpendicular and the zero-force condition is parallel."},{"text":"For a current-carrying wire, force is greatest when current is at 45° to the field and zero when current is perpendicular.","correct":false,"explanation":"A 45° angle gives an intermediate force, while perpendicular current and field produce the maximum. Zero force occurs when the current is parallel to the field."}]},{"id":"ef63f954-cf98-489a-8ad8-3276dca007a2","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"In Fleming’s left-hand rule, what do the thumb, first finger and second finger show?","back":"

Thumb: force or motion.
First finger: magnetic field, north to south.
Second finger: conventional current.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Thumb: force or motion.
First finger: magnetic field, north to south.
Second finger: conventional current.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Fleming’s left-hand rule links the three perpendicular directions: the thumb shows force or motion, the first finger shows the field from north to south, and the second finger shows conventional current."},{"text":"

Thumb: force or motion.
First finger: conventional current.
Second finger: magnetic field, north to south.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The first and second fingers have been exchanged. In Fleming’s left-hand rule, the first finger shows the magnetic field and the second finger shows conventional current."},{"text":"

Thumb: magnetic field, north to south.
First finger: force or motion.
Second finger: conventional current.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The thumb and first finger have been confused. The thumb represents force or motion, the first finger represents the field, and the second finger represents conventional current."},{"text":"

Thumb: conventional current.
First finger: magnetic field, north to south.
Second finger: force or motion.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The thumb and second finger have been swapped. The thumb shows force or motion, the first finger shows the magnetic field, and the second finger shows conventional current."}]},{"id":"2d5361ae-8352-45c2-a4f2-703ea9821ecb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"For a wire at 90° to a magnetic field, what increases the force size?","back":"

Increasing the current.
Increasing the magnetic field strength.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Increasing the current.
Increasing the magnetic field strength.

","correct":true,"explanation":"For a wire at 90° to the field, increasing either current or magnetic field strength increases the magnetic force, as both factors directly affect its size."},{"text":"

Decreasing the current.
Decreasing the magnetic field strength.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Reducing either factor reduces the motor-effect force rather than increasing it. The force becomes larger when both current and magnetic field strength are increased."},{"text":"

Increasing the resistance.
Decreasing the magnetic field strength.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Resistance is not a direct factor in the force expression, and decreasing field strength weakens the force. Increasing current and magnetic field strength produces a larger force."},{"text":"

Decreasing the current.
Increasing the wire resistance.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Both changes tend to reduce current or do not directly strengthen the field force. With the wire at 90°, increasing current and magnetic field strength increases the force."}]},{"id":"b104854a-df37-4ead-bf95-923a95560261","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How do reversing current or magnetic field affect motor-effect force direction?","back":"

Reverse current: force reverses.
Reverse magnetic field: force reverses.
Reverse both: force direction unchanged.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Reverse current: force reverses.
Reverse magnetic field: force reverses.
Reverse both: force direction unchanged.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The force direction depends on both current and magnetic field direction. Reversing one reverses the force, but reversing both causes two changes that cancel."},{"text":"

Reverse current: force unchanged.
Reverse magnetic field: force reverses.
Reverse both: force direction reverses.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Reversing the current alone reverses the force, while reversing both current and field leaves the direction unchanged because two reversals cancel."},{"text":"

Reverse current: force reverses.
Reverse magnetic field: force unchanged.
Reverse both: force direction unchanged.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The magnetic field direction affects the force just like current direction does. Reversing either one reverses the force, while reversing both leaves its direction unchanged."},{"text":"

Reverse current: force unchanged.
Reverse magnetic field: force unchanged.
Reverse both: force direction unchanged.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Reversing one factor is enough to reverse the force direction, so neither single reversal leaves it unchanged. Reversing both produces two reversals and restores the original direction."}]},{"id":"970007be-173b-43e1-a1c6-e2bba7959c35","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A d.c. motor uses the motor effect to convert [ ] into [ ].","back":"A d.c. motor uses the motor effect to convert electrical energy into kinetic energy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A d.c. motor uses the motor effect to convert electrical energy into kinetic energy.","correct":true,"explanation":"A d.c. motor receives electrical energy, and the motor effect produces movement in its coil. The useful output is kinetic energy."},{"text":"A d.c. motor uses the motor effect to convert kinetic energy into electrical energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes the energy direction of a generator rather than a motor. A d.c. motor uses electrical input to produce kinetic energy through movement."},{"text":"A d.c. motor uses the motor effect to convert chemical energy into kinetic energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"A battery may store chemical energy before supplying the circuit, but the motor itself receives electrical energy. It converts that electrical input into kinetic energy."},{"text":"A d.c. motor uses the motor effect to convert electrical energy into thermal energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some thermal energy is wasted because of resistance, but that is not the intended main conversion. The motor effect converts electrical energy into kinetic energy."}]},{"id":"a056c0e1-0ef4-4d94-b8a6-8569308923d7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do the two vertical sides of a d.c. motor coil cause rotation?","back":"Opposite currents give opposite forces, producing rotation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Opposite currents give opposite forces, producing rotation.","correct":true,"explanation":"The two vertical sides carry currents in opposite directions within the magnetic field. They therefore experience opposite forces, forming a turning effect that rotates the coil."},{"text":"Opposite currents give equal forces in the same direction, producing rotation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Forces in the same direction would mainly move the coil rather than make it turn. Opposite currents produce opposite forces on the two sides, creating rotation."},{"text":"Parallel currents give opposite forces, producing rotation.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sides of the coil carry opposite currents, not parallel currents in the same direction. Those opposite currents create opposite forces and a turning effect."},{"text":"Opposite currents give opposite forces, preventing rotation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Opposite forces on separated sides form a couple, which produces a turning effect rather than preventing motion. This is why the coil rotates in a motor."}]},{"id":"a1314131-8f85-4464-addb-122b6883e7c7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the split-ring commutator needed in a d.c. motor?","back":"It reverses current every half-turn to maintain rotation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It reverses current every half-turn to maintain rotation.","correct":true,"explanation":"After each half-turn, the coil would otherwise experience a reversed turning effect. The split-ring commutator reverses the current so the force continues driving rotation in the same direction."},{"text":"It reverses current every full turn to maintain rotation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reversing only once per full turn would leave the force reversed during part of the rotation. The commutator must reverse current every half-turn to maintain the turning direction."},{"text":"It reverses current every quarter-turn to maintain rotation.","correct":false,"explanation":"A quarter-turn is too frequent and would not match the point where the coil’s sides exchange positions. Current is reversed every half-turn to keep rotation continuous."},{"text":"It keeps current constant throughout to maintain rotation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Constant current would make the turning effect reverse after each half-turn. The split-ring commutator maintains rotation by reversing the current every half-turn."}]},{"id":"f1da90e7-bc7c-4bf9-a9b3-2877b82e626d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does a loudspeaker use the motor effect?","back":"Varying current gives changing force, moving the cone to make sound.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Varying current gives changing force, moving the cone to make sound.","correct":true,"explanation":"The varying current in the voice coil produces a changing motor-effect force. This makes the attached cone vibrate, creating pressure variations that travel through the air as sound waves."},{"text":"Steady current gives constant force, moving the cone to make sound.","correct":false,"explanation":"A steady current produces a force in one direction rather than the repeated vibrations needed for sound. The current must vary so the changing force moves the cone back and forth."},{"text":"Varying current gives changing force, moving the magnet to make sound.","correct":false,"explanation":"In a standard loudspeaker, the permanent magnet remains fixed; the current-carrying coil and attached cone move. A varying current creates the changing force that vibrates the cone."},{"text":"Varying current gives changing heat, expanding the cone to make sound.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heating is an unwanted resistive effect, not the mechanism that produces the sound. The motor effect supplies a changing force that moves the cone and creates sound waves."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-25","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Electromagnetism","title":"Electromagnetism Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/physics/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"322515b3-9866-55ef-af49-665713ba3a8a","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]