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Symbol: $I$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Unit: ampere (A)
Symbol: $I$","correct":true,"explanation":"Electric current is measured in amperes, abbreviated A, and its quantity symbol is I. The symbol I is used in equations such as I = Q/t."},{"text":"Unit: coulomb (C)
Symbol: $Q$","correct":false,"explanation":"These are the unit and symbol for electric charge, not current. Electric current uses ampere (A) and the quantity symbol I."},{"text":"Unit: volt (V)
Symbol: $V$","correct":false,"explanation":"These identify potential difference, not current. Electric current is measured in ampere (A), with I as its quantity symbol."},{"text":"Unit: watt (W)
Symbol: $P$","correct":false,"explanation":"These identify power, not current. Power is measured in watt (W) and uses P, whereas current is measured in ampere (A) and uses I."}]},{"id":"09226ae6-578a-4b3a-9f3c-7b2d223012a3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the unit and quantity symbol for electric charge?","back":"Unit: coulomb (C)
Symbol: $Q$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Unit: coulomb (C)
Symbol: $Q$","correct":true,"explanation":"Electric charge is measured in coulombs, abbreviated C, and its quantity symbol is Q. Charge is related to current and time by Q = It."},{"text":"Unit: ampere (A)
Symbol: $I$","correct":false,"explanation":"These identify electric current, not charge. Electric charge uses coulomb (C) and Q, while current uses ampere (A) and I."},{"text":"Unit: volt (V)
Symbol: $V$","correct":false,"explanation":"These identify potential difference, not charge. Electric charge is measured in coulomb (C) and represented by Q."},{"text":"Unit: watt (W)
Symbol: $P$","correct":false,"explanation":"These identify power, not charge. Power is measured in watt (W) and represented by P; charge uses coulomb (C) and Q."}]},{"id":"e15025ff-8a6b-4bad-be0a-fa1231447c81","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the unit and quantity symbol for energy transferred?","back":"Unit: joule (J)
Symbol: $E$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Unit: joule (J)
Symbol: $E$","correct":true,"explanation":"Energy transferred is measured in joules, abbreviated J, and its quantity symbol is E. Electrical energy can be calculated using E = Pt."},{"text":"Unit: watt (W)
Symbol: $P$","correct":false,"explanation":"These identify power, not energy transferred. Power is the rate of energy transfer, measured in watt (W) and represented by P; energy uses joule (J) and E."},{"text":"Unit: coulomb (C)
Symbol: $Q$","correct":false,"explanation":"These identify electric charge, not energy transferred. Charge is measured in coulomb (C) and represented by Q; energy uses joule (J) and E."},{"text":"Unit: volt (V)
Symbol: $V$","correct":false,"explanation":"These identify potential difference, not energy transferred. Potential difference is measured in volt (V) and represented by V; energy uses joule (J) and E."}]},{"id":"257d6b84-a096-4139-ac9d-9ae4f5ee5ced","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the unit and quantity symbol for resistance?","back":"Unit: ohm (̩)
Symbol: $R$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Unit: ohm (̩)
Symbol: $R$","correct":true,"explanation":"Resistance is measured in ohms, and its quantity symbol is R. The given unit notation and symbol match the required resistance unit and quantity symbol."},{"text":"Unit: volt (V)
Symbol: $R$","correct":false,"explanation":"Volt is the unit of potential difference, not resistance. Resistance uses the ohm unit and the quantity symbol R."},{"text":"Unit: ohm (Ω)
Symbol: $Z$","correct":false,"explanation":"Although R is the resistance symbol, Z represents impedance rather than resistance in this context. The required pair uses the ohm unit and R."},{"text":"Unit: watt (W)
Symbol: $P$","correct":false,"explanation":"Watt and P identify power, not resistance. Resistance uses the ohm unit and is represented by R."}]},{"id":"cde25ba6-88d9-4c9a-b672-88de86f89a7f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the unit and quantity symbol for potential difference?","back":"Unit: volt (V)
Symbol: $V$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Unit: volt (V)
Symbol: $V$","correct":true,"explanation":"Potential difference is measured in volts, abbreviated V, and its quantity symbol is also V. It represents the energy transferred per unit charge."},{"text":"Unit: ampere (A)
Symbol: $I$","correct":false,"explanation":"These identify electric current, not potential difference. Current uses ampere (A) and I; potential difference uses volt (V) and V."},{"text":"Unit: ohm (Ω)
Symbol: $R$","correct":false,"explanation":"These identify resistance, not potential difference. Resistance uses ohm and R, whereas potential difference uses volt (V) and V."},{"text":"Unit: joule (J)
Symbol: $E$","correct":false,"explanation":"These identify energy transferred, not potential difference. Energy uses joule (J) and E; potential difference uses volt (V) and V."}]},{"id":"959836d9-1022-4523-b818-344527a8244f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the unit and quantity symbol for power?","back":"Unit: watt (W)
Symbol: $P$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Unit: watt (W)
Symbol: $P$","correct":true,"explanation":"Power is measured in watts, abbreviated W, and its quantity symbol is P. Power describes the rate at which energy is transferred."},{"text":"Unit: joule (J)
Symbol: $E$","correct":false,"explanation":"These identify energy transferred, not power. Energy is measured in joule (J) and represented by E; power uses watt (W) and P."},{"text":"Unit: ampere (A)
Symbol: $I$","correct":false,"explanation":"These identify electric current, not power. Current is measured in ampere (A) and represented by I; power uses watt (W) and P."},{"text":"Unit: volt (V)
Symbol: $V$","correct":false,"explanation":"These identify potential difference, not power. Potential difference is measured in volt (V) and represented by V; power uses watt (W) and P."}]},{"id":"fb463477-1677-4cf7-8fb7-48e213294f9f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In electricity calculations, the standard SI unit for time is the [ ].","back":"In electricity calculations, the standard SI unit for time is the second (s).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"second (s)","correct":true,"explanation":"The SI base unit for time is the second, symbol s. Electricity formulae use seconds unless the question specifically requires converting another time unit."},{"text":"minute (min)","correct":false,"explanation":"Minutes are a common everyday time unit, but not the standard SI unit required in electricity calculations. Convert minutes to second (s) before substituting values."},{"text":"hour (h)","correct":false,"explanation":"Hours measure time but are not the standard SI unit used in electrical formulae. Convert hours to second (s) before calculating."},{"text":"millisecond (ms)","correct":false,"explanation":"Milliseconds are a valid smaller time unit, but the standard SI unit is second (s). Convert milliseconds into seconds when using standard electrical quantities."}]},{"id":"765a6313-5b77-4459-b9a3-3f82be70de2e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Unit symbols are case-sensitive: ampere, coulomb, and watt use [ ] (A, C, W), while seconds use a lower-case (s).","back":"Unit symbols are case-sensitive: ampere, coulomb, and watt use capital letters (A, C, W), while seconds use a lower-case (s).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"capital letters","correct":true,"explanation":"The symbols A, C, and W are conventionally written with capital letters for ampere, coulomb, and watt. The second symbol remains lower-case s."},{"text":"lower-case letters","correct":false,"explanation":"Writing these symbols in lower-case confuses the required conventions and can change meaning. A, C, and W must be capital letters, while s is lower-case."},{"text":"Greek letters","correct":false,"explanation":"Using Greek letters is not the SI convention for these units. Ampere, coulomb, and watt use capital letters A, C, and W."},{"text":"numerical symbols","correct":false,"explanation":"Using numerals would not identify the units at all. The relevant unit symbols are capital letters A, C, and W, unlike lower-case s for seconds."}]},{"id":"d4075784-08d3-4628-b553-8efec13a53a8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Unit symbols are case-sensitive: ampere, coulomb, and watt use capital letters (A, C, W), while seconds use a [ ] (s).","back":"Unit symbols are case-sensitive: ampere, coulomb, and watt use capital letters (A, C, W), while seconds use a lower-case (s).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"lower-case","correct":true,"explanation":"Seconds are represented by the lower-case symbol s. Unit symbols are case-sensitive, so using an upper-case letter would not follow the standard SI notation."},{"text":"upper-case","correct":false,"explanation":"The symbol s for seconds is not upper-case. Seconds use a lower-case s, whereas ampere, coulomb, and watt use the capital symbols A, C, and W."},{"text":"capital","correct":false,"explanation":"Calling the symbol capital suggests an upper-case letter, but seconds are written with a lower-case s. Confusing the time symbol with A, C, or W causes the case error."},{"text":"italic","correct":false,"explanation":"The relevant distinction is letter case, not whether the symbol is italic. Seconds use a lower-case s, while the stated electrical units use capital letters."}]},{"id":"9dc59737-0636-436b-ae9a-5c06edd179cf","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does a current of 1 ampere represent in terms of charge flow?","back":"1 coulomb of charge passing a point per second.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"1 coulomb of charge passing a point per second.","correct":true,"explanation":"An ampere is a rate of charge flow: one coulomb passing a point every second. Therefore, 1 A equals 1 C/s."},{"text":"1 coulomb of charge passing a point per minute.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using a minute gives a charge-flow rate sixty times slower than an ampere. The correct definition is 1 coulomb of charge passing a point per second."},{"text":"1 joule of charge passing a point per second.","correct":false,"explanation":"A joule measures energy, not electric charge. Current is defined using coulombs passing per second, so the correct answer uses 1 coulomb per second."},{"text":"1 ampere of charge passing a point per second.","correct":false,"explanation":"An ampere is the unit of current, not the amount of charge flowing. The charge quantity is measured in coulombs, giving 1 coulomb per second."}]},{"id":"37631bb6-4b34-451c-8e44-c5ddd85fdef0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does a potential difference of 1 volt represent in terms of energy?","back":"1 joule of energy transferred per coulomb of charge.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"1 joule of energy transferred per coulomb of charge.","correct":true,"explanation":"Potential difference measures energy transferred per unit charge. A potential difference of 1 volt therefore transfers 1 joule for every coulomb."},{"text":"1 joule of energy transferred per ampere of charge.","correct":false,"explanation":"An ampere measures current, not the amount of charge. Voltage is energy transferred per coulomb, so the correct denominator is coulomb."},{"text":"1 coulomb of energy transferred per joule of charge.","correct":false,"explanation":"The quantities have been reversed, and coulomb is a unit of charge rather than energy. The correct relationship is 1 joule per coulomb."},{"text":"1 watt of energy transferred per coulomb of charge.","correct":false,"explanation":"A watt measures power, the rate of energy transfer, not energy itself. Potential difference is measured as joules of energy transferred per coulomb."}]},{"id":"f2924e21-9346-43d5-9705-3e6cfdd51a75","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A power of 1 watt means that [ ] of energy is transferred every second.","back":"A power of 1 watt means that 1 joule of energy is transferred every second.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"1 joule","correct":true,"explanation":"Power is the rate of energy transfer. A power of 1 watt means that 1 joule of energy is transferred every second."},{"text":"1 coulomb","correct":false,"explanation":"A coulomb measures electric charge, not energy. The energy transferred by a 1-watt power in one second is 1 joule."},{"text":"1 watt","correct":false,"explanation":"A watt is the unit of power itself, not the amount of energy transferred. One watt corresponds to 1 joule transferred each second."},{"text":"1 kilojoule","correct":false,"explanation":"A kilojoule is 1,000 joules, so it would represent much more energy than is transferred by 1 watt in one second. The correct amount is 1 joule."}]},{"id":"07f02969-c4ea-45ba-bc78-92ee01f30d91","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A power of 1 watt means that 1 joule of energy is transferred every [ ].","back":"A power of 1 watt means that 1 joule of energy is transferred every second.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"second","correct":true,"explanation":"A watt is one joule per second. Therefore, transferring 1 joule of energy every second corresponds to a power of 1 watt."},{"text":"minute","correct":false,"explanation":"One joule per minute is a much smaller power than one joule per second. The defining time interval for a watt is one second."},{"text":"hour","correct":false,"explanation":"Using an hour would describe a far slower rate of energy transfer. Power in watts is calculated using energy transferred each second."},{"text":"coulomb","correct":false,"explanation":"A coulomb measures charge rather than time, so it cannot complete the definition of power. The correct time interval is one second."}]},{"id":"5ac5e5f2-5c82-48ac-9b16-e0a5a945f1f1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How do you convert a time value from minutes to seconds for use in equations?","back":"Multiply the value by 60.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Multiply the value by 60.","correct":true,"explanation":"There are 60 seconds in one minute, so multiplying a time in minutes by 60 converts it into seconds for use in equations."},{"text":"Divide the value by 60.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing by 60 would convert seconds into minutes, the reverse of the required conversion. Minutes must be multiplied by 60 to obtain seconds."},{"text":"Multiply the value by 100.","correct":false,"explanation":"The factor 100 is not the number of seconds in a minute. One minute contains 60 seconds, so the value must be multiplied by 60."},{"text":"Add 60 to the value.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unit conversion requires scaling the entire value, not adding a fixed number. Since each minute contains 60 seconds, multiplication by 60 is required."}]},{"id":"385be114-527e-4394-b32c-9572f228380f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Define the ohm (̩) in terms of volts and amperes.","back":"One ohm is one volt per ampere ($1\\ \\Omega = 1\\ \\text{V/A}$).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"One ohm is one volt per ampere ($1\\ \\Omega = 1\\ \\text{V/A}$).","correct":true,"explanation":"From Ohm’s law, resistance equals potential difference divided by current: $R = V/I$. Thus, one ohm is one volt per ampere."},{"text":"One ohm is one ampere per volt ($1\\ \\Omega = 1\\ \\text{A/V}$).","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship and represents conductance rather than resistance. Resistance is potential difference divided by current: one volt per ampere."},{"text":"One ohm is one volt per coulomb ($1\\ \\Omega = 1\\ \\text{V/C}$).","correct":false,"explanation":"Coulomb measures charge, not current, so this is not the unit relationship for resistance. One ohm is one volt divided by one ampere."},{"text":"One ohm is one joule per ampere ($1\\ \\Omega = 1\\ \\text{J/A}$).","correct":false,"explanation":"A joule is a unit of energy and does not appear in the direct definition of resistance. The correct relationship uses volts divided by amperes."}]},{"id":"a97e4173-58e3-4b89-b8f6-67e8287cf75e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The letter V is used as both the quantity symbol for [ ] and the unit symbol for volts.","back":"The letter V is used as both the quantity symbol for potential difference and the unit symbol for volts.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"potential difference","correct":true,"explanation":"The quantity symbol V represents potential difference, while V is also the unit symbol for volts. The same letter is used in these two related contexts."},{"text":"voltage","correct":false,"explanation":"Voltage is a common name for potential difference, but the expected quantity term here is potential difference. The unit symbol V stands for volts."},{"text":"current","correct":false,"explanation":"Current is represented by the quantity symbol I and is measured in amperes, symbol A. V instead represents potential difference and volts."},{"text":"resistance","correct":false,"explanation":"Resistance is represented by R and measured in ohms, symbol $\\Omega$. The quantity symbol V is used for potential difference, measured in volts."}]},{"id":"36eeb351-5259-48a0-b81a-46d3b259f446","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The letter V is used as both the quantity symbol for potential difference and the unit symbol for [ ].","back":"The letter V is used as both the quantity symbol for potential difference and the unit symbol for volts.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"volts","correct":true,"explanation":"The unit of potential difference is the volt, whose unit symbol is V. The plural name for this unit is volts."},{"text":"joules","correct":false,"explanation":"Joules measure energy, not potential difference. The unit symbol V represents volts, the unit used for potential difference."},{"text":"amperes","correct":false,"explanation":"Amperes measure electric current, not potential difference. The letter V is the unit symbol for volts."},{"text":"ohms","correct":false,"explanation":"Ohms measure resistance, not potential difference. Potential difference is measured in volts, represented by the symbol V."}]},{"id":"54897720-6784-4561-8e04-b29811cf8978","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is it incorrect to say watt is an amount of energy?","back":"Watt is a unit of power (the rate of energy transfer), not a total amount.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Watt is a unit of power (the rate of energy transfer), not a total amount.","correct":true,"explanation":"A watt measures power, which is the rate at which energy is transferred. Energy itself is measured in joules, so a watt is not a total amount."},{"text":"Watt is a unit of energy (the total amount transferred), not a rate.","correct":false,"explanation":"A joule is a unit of energy, whereas a watt measures the rate of energy transfer, or power. Confusing these units treats power as a total amount."},{"text":"Watt is a unit of force (the rate of energy transfer), not a total amount.","correct":false,"explanation":"A watt does not measure force or the rate of force transfer. It measures power, which is the rate at which energy is transferred."},{"text":"Watt is a unit of power (the total of energy transfer), not a rate.","correct":false,"explanation":"A watt is not a unit of energy or the amount transferred. It measures power, meaning the rate of energy transfer, while energy is measured in joules."}]},{"id":"b057e1c7-15a7-4c71-91da-ccd6c35c4192","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Identify the error: \"The current in the wire is 5 C.\"","back":"The unit for current is the ampere (A); C is the unit for charge.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The unit for current is the ampere (A); C is the unit for charge.","correct":true,"explanation":"Current is measured in amperes, written A. The symbol C stands for coulombs, which are the unit of electric charge rather than current."},{"text":"The unit for current is the coulomb (C); A is the unit for charge.","correct":false,"explanation":"Coulombs measure charge, not current. The correct unit for current is the ampere, written A, so the stated unit is incorrect."},{"text":"The unit for charge is the ampere (A); C is the unit for current.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amperes are the unit of current, but the proposed correction reverses the roles of A and C. Charge is measured in coulombs, not amperes."},{"text":"The unit for current is the volt (V); C is the unit for charge.","correct":false,"explanation":"Volts measure potential difference, not current. Current is measured in amperes, while C denotes coulombs, the unit of charge."}]},{"id":"cec11b6e-fabe-4492-967c-281173551f6f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Resistance is a measure of how much a component [ ] the flow of current.","back":"Resistance is a measure of how much a component opposes the flow of current.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"opposes","correct":true,"explanation":"Resistance describes how strongly a component opposes the movement of electric current. Greater resistance makes it more difficult for current to flow."},{"text":"increases","correct":false,"explanation":"A component does not increase the flow of current simply because it has resistance. Resistance opposes current and makes its flow more difficult."},{"text":"produces","correct":false,"explanation":"Resistance is not a measure of how much a component produces current. It describes opposition to the flow of current."},{"text":"stores","correct":false,"explanation":"Resistance does not measure how much a component stores current. It measures the component’s opposition to current flow."}]},{"id":"bcb6d76f-0587-4589-95e5-55b39536ed15","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Resistance is a measure of how much a component opposes the flow of [ ].","back":"Resistance is a measure of how much a component opposes the flow of current.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"current","correct":true,"explanation":"Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electric current. This is why increasing resistance generally reduces the current for a given potential difference."},{"text":"voltage","correct":false,"explanation":"Voltage, or potential difference, drives current through a circuit but is not the flow being opposed in this definition. Resistance opposes current."},{"text":"charge","correct":false,"explanation":"Charge is transferred by current, but resistance is defined as opposition to current flow rather than directly to the flow of charge."},{"text":"energy","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy can be transferred in a circuit, but resistance is specifically described as opposition to the flow of current, not energy."}]},{"id":"c7c9c761-4810-4ef3-b8e7-002611f78315","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"State the equation relating charge, current, and time.","back":"$$Q = I \\times t$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$Q = I \\times t$","correct":true,"explanation":"The charge transferred equals the current multiplied by the time for which it flows. Therefore, the relationship is $Q = I \\times t$."},{"text":"$$Q = \\frac{I}{t}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing current by time gives the wrong relationship. Charge accumulates as current flows, so the correct equation is $Q = I \\times t$."},{"text":"$$Q = \\frac{t}{I}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Time is not divided into current in this relationship. Charge is found by multiplying current by time: $Q = I \\times t$."},{"text":"$$Q = I + t$","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding current and time is not physically valid for calculating charge. The correct relationship multiplies them: $Q = I \\times t$."}]},{"id":"6a2e749a-db2c-4030-a933-b15e11779e5f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"State the equation relating energy transferred, potential difference, and charge.","back":"$$E = V \\times Q$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$E = V \\times Q$","correct":true,"explanation":"Energy transferred equals potential difference multiplied by charge moved through the circuit. Hence the equation is $E = V \\times Q$."},{"text":"$$E = \\frac{V}{Q}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing potential difference by charge does not give energy transferred. Energy is found by multiplying potential difference by charge: $E = V \\times Q$."},{"text":"$$E = \\frac{Q}{V}$","correct":false,"explanation":"The equation reverses the relationship and calculates potential difference instead of energy. The correct expression for energy is $E = V \\times Q$."},{"text":"$$E = V + Q$","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy transferred is not calculated by adding potential difference and charge. These quantities must be multiplied: $E = V \\times Q$."}]},{"id":"693aba1d-0fca-445e-a00e-dc48aad0161d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What are the two common equations used to calculate power ($P$) in electricity?","back":"

$P = \\frac{E}{t}$
$P = V \\times I$

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

$P = \\frac{E}{t}$
$P = V \\times I$

","correct":true,"explanation":"Power is the rate of energy transfer, so it is calculated using $P = \\frac{E}{t}$. In an electrical circuit, power also equals potential difference multiplied by current, $P = V \\times I$."},{"text":"

$P = E \\times t$
$P = \\frac{V}{I}$

","correct":false,"explanation":"Power uses energy divided by time and potential difference multiplied by current. Multiplying energy by time and dividing voltage by current reverses both relationships."},{"text":"

$P = \\frac{t}{E}$
$P = \\frac{I}{V}$

","correct":false,"explanation":"The first expression gives the wrong time relationship, and the second divides voltage by current. The correct equations are $P = \\frac{E}{t}$ and $P = V \\times I$."},{"text":"

$P = E + t$
$P = \\frac{I}{V}$

","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding energy and time is not a power calculation, and current divided by voltage gives the reciprocal of the electrical power relationship. Use $P = \\frac{E}{t}$ and $P = V \\times I$."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-25","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Units","title":"Units Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/physics/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"c7a1abd1-ed1a-5f27-b7ca-8ac78c638b1a","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]