In the vacuum of outer space, there are no particles of matter. Thermal energy from the Sun travels to the Earth across this empty space.
Which method or methods of thermal energy transfer are unable to occur through a vacuum?
conduction and convection
conduction and radiation
convection and radiation
radiation only
301 exam-style questions on CIE IGCSE Physics 2.3 Transfer of thermal energy, covering 2.3.1a Thermal conductors and thermal insulators, 2.3.1b Explaining thermal conduction, 2.3.2 Convection, 2.3.3a Thermal radiation, 2.3.3b Surface colour and texture, 2.3.3c Rate of emission and absorption of radiation, and 2.3.4 Consequences of thermal energy transfer. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.