One end of an aluminum rod is heated to a high temperature.
Which mechanism(s) is/are responsible for the transfer of thermal energy to the other end of the aluminum rod?
The lattice vibrations of aluminum ions only
The movement of high-energy electrons along the rod only
Both the lattice vibrations of aluminum ions and the movement of high-energy electrons along the rod
The physical movement of heated aluminum ions from the hot end to the cold end
301 exam-style questions on CIE IGCSE Physics 2.3 Transfer of thermal energy, covering 2.3.1a Thermal conductors and thermal insulators, 2.3.1b Explaining thermal conduction, 2.3.2 Convection, 2.3.3a Thermal radiation, 2.3.3b Surface colour and texture, 2.3.3c Rate of emission and absorption of radiation, and 2.3.4 Consequences of thermal energy transfer. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.