A stainless steel canister is filled with hot water and placed in a cold room. Describe the microscopic processes by which thermal energy is transferred from the hot water, through the steel wall, into the surrounding air.
State why the rate of thermal energy transfer from the canister to the air decreases as the water cools down.
A student wants to test the hypothesis that a canister with a shiny, silver outer surface loses thermal energy more slowly than a canister with a dull, black outer surface.
Describe, with the aid of a diagram description, an experiment to investigate this hypothesis. Your description should include:
301 exam-style questions on CIE IGCSE Physics 2.3 Transfer of thermal energy, covering 2.3.1a Thermal conductors and thermal insulators, 2.3.1b Explaining thermal conduction, 2.3.2 Convection, 2.3.3a Thermal radiation, 2.3.3b Surface colour and texture, 2.3.3c Rate of emission and absorption of radiation, and 2.3.4 Consequences of thermal energy transfer. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.