Four different surfaces are at the same high temperature.
Which surface will emit thermal radiation at the fastest rate?
black, dull, 25 cm225\text{ cm}^225 cm2
black, dull, 250 cm2250\text{ cm}^2250 cm2
white, shiny, 25 cm225\text{ cm}^225 cm2
white, shiny, 250 cm2250\text{ cm}^2250 cm2
301 exam-style questions on CIE IGCSE Physics 2.3 Transfer of thermal energy, covering 2.3.1a Thermal conductors and thermal insulators, 2.3.1b Explaining thermal conduction, 2.3.2 Convection, 2.3.3a Thermal radiation, 2.3.3b Surface colour and texture, 2.3.3c Rate of emission and absorption of radiation, and 2.3.4 Consequences of thermal energy transfer. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.