A high-performance double-glazed window has a vacuum sealed between its two glass panes to minimize heat loss. By which mechanism does thermal energy travel across this vacuum gap from the warm interior side to the cold exterior?
conduction only
convection only
radiation
conduction and convection
301 exam-style questions on CIE IGCSE Physics 2.3 Transfer of thermal energy, covering 2.3.1a Thermal conductors and thermal insulators, 2.3.1b Explaining thermal conduction, 2.3.2 Convection, 2.3.3a Thermal radiation, 2.3.3b Surface colour and texture, 2.3.3c Rate of emission and absorption of radiation, and 2.3.4 Consequences of thermal energy transfer. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.