Four identical metal containers, PPP, QQQ, RRR, and SSS, are filled with hot water at 90∘C90^\circ \text{C}90∘C.
The table below describes the outer surface and the top cover of each container:
| Container | Outer surface | Top of the container |
|---|---|---|
| PPP | dull black | no lid |
| QQQ | dull black | fitted with a lid |
| RRR | shiny silver | no lid |
| SSS | shiny silver | fitted with a lid |
Which container will cool down the fastest?
301 exam-style questions on CIE IGCSE Physics 2.3 Transfer of thermal energy, covering 2.3.1a Thermal conductors and thermal insulators, 2.3.1b Explaining thermal conduction, 2.3.2 Convection, 2.3.3a Thermal radiation, 2.3.3b Surface colour and texture, 2.3.3c Rate of emission and absorption of radiation, and 2.3.4 Consequences of thermal energy transfer. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.