State a comparison of: (i) the arrangement of the atoms in solid lead and in liquid lead, (ii) the movement of the atoms in solid lead and in liquid lead.
A factory casts a lead keel with a mass of 1200 kg1200\text{ kg}1200 kg. (i) The density of solid lead is 11300 kg/m311300\text{ kg/m}^311300 kg/m3. Calculate the volume of the lead keel.
volume = ...............................
(ii) To cast the keel, molten lead at its melting point of 327∘C327^\circ\text{C}327∘C is poured into a mold and then solidifies. The specific latent heat of fusion of lead is 2.5×104 J/kg2.5 \times 10^4\text{ J/kg}2.5×104 J/kg. Calculate the quantity of thermal energy released from the lead to solidify it at its melting point.
energy = ...................
The high temperature of the molten lead is monitored by a sensor made of wires of two different metals connected to a remote voltmeter. The junction of the two wires is placed in contact with the molten metal. State the name of this type of thermometer.
thermometer = ...............................
528 exam-style questions on CIE IGCSE Physics 2.2 Thermal properties and temperature, covering 2.2.1 Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases, 2.2.2a Internal energy and temperature, 2.2.2b Specific heat capacity, 2.2.3a Melting, boiling, condensation and solidification, 2.2.3b Evaporation, and 2.2.3c Cooling by evaporation. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.