A rectangular coil $PQRS$ is placed between the poles of a magnet as part of a simple electric motor.

• The North pole of the magnet is on the left and the South pole is on the right, creating a magnetic field pointing from left to right.
• Side $PQ$ of the coil is on the left side, and side $RS$ is on the right side.
• A current flows through the coil in the direction $P\to Q\to R\to S$. This means the current in side $PQ$ is flowing directly into the page (away from the observer), and the current in side $RS$ is flowing directly out of the page (towards the observer).

(i) Determine the direction (upwards or downwards) of the magnetic force acting on side $PQ$ and side $RS$.

(ii) State three ways in which the turning effect of this electric motor can be increased.

In a portable device charger, a step-down transformer reduces the mains voltage of $240V$ to a secondary voltage of $12V$. The transformer has $2000$ turns on its primary coil.

Calculate the number of turns on the secondary coil.