Radioactive isotopes are commonly used in research laboratories.

State and explain two safety precautions necessary when handling radioactive sources in a laboratory.

Explain two reasons why gamma-emitters, rather than alpha-emitters, are selected as radioactive tracers to monitor organs from outside the body.

Carbon-14 is an isotope of carbon ($C$) that has a proton number of 6 and a nucleon number of 14.

Carbon-14 decays by the emission of a beta-particle (${\beta }^{-}$) to form an isotope of nitrogen ($N$).

Use nuclide notation to write down the nuclide equation for this decay.