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It can therefore cross the vacuum between the Sun and Earth."},{"text":"Mechanical waves can travel through a vacuum without a medium.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mechanical waves require particles to transfer vibrations, so they cannot travel through a vacuum. Light reaches Earth because electromagnetic waves can propagate without a material medium."},{"text":"Sound waves can travel through a vacuum without a medium.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sound is a mechanical wave and needs vibrating particles, so it cannot cross empty space. Sunlight travels through space because electromagnetic waves require no medium."},{"text":"Water waves can travel through a vacuum without a medium.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water waves depend on the motion of water particles and cannot exist in a vacuum. Light travels through space because electromagnetic waves do not need matter."}]},{"id":"54cff345-b451-4881-b14a-a4abb5f2e48f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Electromagnetic radiation can transfer [ ] from place to place without needing a [ ].","back":"Electromagnetic radiation can transfer energy from place to place without needing a material medium.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Electromagnetic radiation can transfer energy from place to place without needing a material medium.","correct":true,"explanation":"Electromagnetic waves carry energy and can propagate through a vacuum. Unlike mechanical waves, they do not need particles in a material medium to pass on vibrations."},{"text":"Electromagnetic radiation can transfer matter from place to place without needing a material medium.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electromagnetic radiation transfers energy rather than transporting matter from one place to another. It can do this without a material medium because it can travel through a vacuum."},{"text":"Electromagnetic radiation can transfer energy from place to place without needing a vacuum.","correct":false,"explanation":"A vacuum is not something electromagnetic radiation needs; it is an absence of matter. Electromagnetic radiation transfers energy without requiring a material medium."},{"text":"Electromagnetic radiation can transfer particles from place to place without needing a gravitational field.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing electromagnetic radiation with particle transport overlooks that waves primarily transfer energy. Their distinctive property is that they need no material medium, not that they need no gravitational field."}]},{"id":"a866a240-703b-4de3-a1b6-e95ac2ac1891","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum?","back":"$3.0 \\times 10^8\\ \\text{m/s}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$3.0 \\times 10^8\\ \\text{m/s}$.","correct":true,"explanation":"All electromagnetic waves travel through a vacuum at the speed of light, conventionally written as $3.0 \\times 10^8\\ \\text{m/s}$ at IGCSE level."},{"text":"$3.0 \\times 10^6\\ \\text{m/s}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is one hundred times too small, usually from misremembering the power of ten. Electromagnetic waves travel at $3.0 \\times 10^8\\ \\text{m/s}$ in a vacuum."},{"text":"$3.0 \\times 10^{10}\\ \\text{m/s}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is one hundred times too large and exceeds the speed of light. In a vacuum, electromagnetic waves travel at $3.0 \\times 10^8\\ \\text{m/s}$."},{"text":"$3.0 \\times 10^5\\ \\text{m/s}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses metres per second with the approximate value $3.0 \\times 10^5$ in kilometres per second. In SI units, the speed is $3.0 \\times 10^8\\ \\text{m/s}$."}]},{"id":"74035739-53da-4b28-a544-509bb4abcb79","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What equation links wave speed, frequency and wavelength?","back":"$v=f\\lambda$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$v=f\\lambda$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Wave speed equals frequency multiplied by wavelength. Thus $v=f\\lambda$, with speed in metres per second, frequency in hertz and wavelength in metres."},{"text":"$v=\\frac{f}{\\lambda}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing frequency by wavelength gives incorrect dimensions and results from rearranging the relationship wrongly. The correct equation is $v=f\\lambda$, where frequency and wavelength are multiplied."},{"text":"$v=\\frac{\\lambda}{f}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the role of frequency and does not give units of speed. Wave speed is found by multiplying frequency by wavelength: $v=f\\lambda$."},{"text":"$v=f+\\lambda$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequency and wavelength have different units, so they cannot be added to calculate speed. Their product gives wave speed, making the correct relationship $v=f\\lambda$."}]},{"id":"427e88da-e849-40ae-bc3d-2ebf9131d154","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A $900\\ \\text{MHz}$ mobile signal travels in air. Estimate its wavelength.","back":"$\\lambda=\\frac{3.0\\times10^8}{9.00\\times10^8}=0.33\\ \\text{m}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$\\lambda=\\frac{3.0\\times10^8}{9.00\\times10^8}=0.33\\ \\text{m}$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Converting $900\\ \\text{MHz}$ gives $9.00\\times10^8\\ \\text{Hz}$. Using $\\lambda=c/f$ then gives approximately $0.33\\ \\text{m}$."},{"text":"$\\lambda=\\frac{9.00\\times10^8}{3.0\\times10^8}=3.0\\ \\text{m}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This inverts the wavelength equation by calculating $f/c$ instead of $c/f$. Using $\\lambda=c/f$ gives $0.33\\ \\text{m}$ for a $900\\ \\text{MHz}$ signal."},{"text":"$\\lambda=\\frac{3.0\\times10^8}{9.00\\times10^7}=3.3\\ \\text{m}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This converts $900\\ \\text{MHz}$ to $9.00\\times10^7\\ \\text{Hz}$, making the frequency ten times too small. The correct wavelength is $0.33\\ \\text{m}$."},{"text":"$\\lambda=\\frac{3.0\\times10^8}{9.00\\times10^9}=0.033\\ \\text{m}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This converts $900\\ \\text{MHz}$ to $9.00\\times10^9\\ \\text{Hz}$, making the frequency ten times too large. Correct conversion and division give $0.33\\ \\text{m}$."}]},{"id":"fa368f14-74ef-4cbf-ae7b-2c9aeae3ad5a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves have the same [ ], not the same [ ].","back":"In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves have the same speed, not the same frequency or wavelength.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves have the same speed, not the same frequency or wavelength.","correct":true,"explanation":"Every electromagnetic wave travels at $3.0\\times10^8\\ \\text{m/s}$ in a vacuum. Different regions of the spectrum have different frequencies and wavelengths linked by $v=f\\lambda$."},{"text":"In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves have the same frequency, not the same speed or wavelength.","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequency distinguishes different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, so it is not shared by all electromagnetic waves. Their common quantity in a vacuum is speed."},{"text":"In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves have the same wavelength, not the same speed or frequency.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wavelength varies across the electromagnetic spectrum and changes inversely with frequency. All electromagnetic waves share the same speed in a vacuum, not the same wavelength."},{"text":"In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves have the same amplitude, not the same frequency or wavelength.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amplitude depends on the wave’s intensity and can vary independently, so it is not universally fixed. The quantity shared by all electromagnetic waves in a vacuum is speed."}]},{"id":"d7792a89-9b54-4ffd-9b0f-1e3109461b8a","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"State the electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing frequency.","back":"Radio waves → microwaves → infrared → visible light → ultraviolet → X-rays → gamma rays.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Radio waves → microwaves → infrared → visible light → ultraviolet → X-rays → gamma rays.","correct":true,"explanation":"Frequency increases from radio waves through microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet and X-rays to gamma rays. Wavelength decreases in the opposite direction."},{"text":"Radio waves → infrared → microwaves → visible light → ultraviolet → X-rays → gamma rays.","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps microwaves and infrared. In increasing frequency, microwaves come immediately after radio waves, followed by infrared, while the remaining regions continue towards gamma rays."},{"text":"Radio waves → microwaves → infrared → ultraviolet → visible light → X-rays → gamma rays.","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps visible light and ultraviolet. Visible light has a lower frequency than ultraviolet, so it must appear between infrared and ultraviolet in the correct sequence."},{"text":"Gamma rays → X-rays → ultraviolet → visible light → infrared → microwaves → radio waves.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the order of decreasing frequency rather than increasing frequency. Increasing frequency begins with radio waves and ends with gamma rays."}]},{"id":"c2642396-1752-4d39-9ba1-20c39657ed93","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] have the highest frequency and shortest wavelength; [ ] have the lowest frequency and longest wavelength.","back":"Gamma rays have the highest frequency and shortest wavelength; radio waves have the lowest frequency and longest wavelength.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Gamma rays have the highest frequency and shortest wavelength; radio waves have the lowest frequency and longest wavelength.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gamma rays occupy the highest-frequency, shortest-wavelength end of the electromagnetic spectrum. Radio waves occupy the opposite end, with the lowest frequencies and longest wavelengths."},{"text":"Radio waves have the highest frequency and shortest wavelength; gamma rays have the lowest frequency and longest wavelength.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two ends of the spectrum. Gamma rays have the highest frequency and shortest wavelength, while radio waves have the lowest frequency and longest wavelength."},{"text":"X-rays have the highest frequency and shortest wavelength; radio waves have the lowest frequency and longest wavelength.","correct":false,"explanation":"X-rays have very high frequencies, but gamma rays are higher still and have shorter wavelengths. Radio waves correctly occupy the lowest-frequency, longest-wavelength end."},{"text":"Gamma rays have the highest frequency and shortest wavelength; microwaves have the lowest frequency and longest wavelength.","correct":false,"explanation":"Microwaves have low frequencies but are not the lowest-frequency region. Radio waves have lower frequencies and longer wavelengths, while gamma rays correctly occupy the opposite extreme."}]},{"id":"bbc0dab7-cc22-4920-bb68-005f1a65eee7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Name two typical uses of radio waves.","back":"

Radio/television transmissions.
Radio astronomy or RFID.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Radio/television transmissions.
Radio astronomy or RFID.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Radio waves are used to carry radio and television signals, and radio astronomy uses radio telescopes to detect radiation from objects in space."},{"text":"

Satellite TV.
Microwave ovens for internal heating.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are typical uses of microwaves, not radio waves. Radio waves are used for radio and television transmissions, radio astronomy, and RFID."},{"text":"

Thermal imaging.
Intruder alarms.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Both uses involve infrared radiation, which is emitted by warm objects and detected by alarms or cameras. Radio waves instead support communications and radio astronomy."},{"text":"

Medical X-ray imaging.
Sterilising water.

","correct":false,"explanation":"X-rays are used for medical imaging, while ultraviolet can sterilise water. Radio waves are instead used for radio and television transmissions, radio astronomy, or RFID."}]},{"id":"5abea82c-4991-4c8e-805f-34ac81b8b181","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Give one communication use and one heating use of microwaves.","back":"

Satellite TV or mobile phones.
Microwave ovens for internal heating.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Satellite TV or mobile phones.
Microwave ovens for internal heating.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Microwaves carry signals to and from satellites and mobile phones, and microwave ovens use them to heat food internally."},{"text":"

Radio/television transmissions.
Infrared heaters for surface heating.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Radio and infrared are different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Microwaves are used for satellite TV or mobile phones and for internal heating in ovens."},{"text":"

X-ray imaging or CT scans.
Microwave ovens for internal heating.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Microwave ovens provide the heating use, but X-ray imaging and CT scans use X-rays for medical imaging. Microwaves communicate through satellite TV or mobile phones."},{"text":"

Bluetooth devices or Wi-Fi routers.
Conventional ovens for external heating.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Bluetooth and Wi-Fi use radio or microwave-frequency signals, but conventional ovens do not specifically use microwaves. The standard heating example is internal heating by microwave ovens."}]},{"id":"7cc36892-9ffa-4feb-8ff9-d6172a63c6e2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a satellite TV dish point in one fixed direction?","back":"

Geostationary satellites orbit once every 24 h.
They appear fixed above one point on Earth.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Geostationary satellites orbit once every 24 h.
They appear fixed above one point on Earth.

","correct":true,"explanation":"A geostationary satellite has a 24-hour orbit matching Earth’s rotation, so it remains above the same point and appears fixed to an observer."},{"text":"

Geostationary satellites orbit once every 12 h.
They appear fixed above one point on Earth.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A 12-hour orbit does not match Earth’s rotation, so the satellite would move relative to the ground. Geostationary satellites orbit once every 24 hours."},{"text":"

Polar satellites orbit once every 24 h.
They appear fixed above one point on Earth.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A polar orbit carries a satellite over different latitudes rather than keeping it above one point. Geostationary satellites appear fixed because they orbit once every 24 hours."},{"text":"

Geostationary satellites orbit once every 24 h.
They appear to move across the sky.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The 24-hour orbit is correct, but a geostationary satellite appears fixed, not moving across the sky, because it keeps pace with Earth’s rotation."}]},{"id":"dd520083-6f1d-4a4b-80e9-6edada7a3e4e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What makes infrared useful in intruder alarms?","back":"Warm human bodies emit infrared radiation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Warm human bodies emit infrared radiation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Warm human bodies emit infrared radiation, and an intruder alarm can detect this radiation when a person enters its monitored area."},{"text":"Cool human bodies emit infrared radiation.","correct":false,"explanation":"All objects emit infrared, but warmer objects emit more strongly. Intruder alarms detect the relatively strong infrared emission from warm human bodies."},{"text":"Warm human bodies emit ultraviolet radiation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ultraviolet is not the radiation mainly detected from warm bodies by intruder alarms. Warm human bodies emit infrared radiation, which the alarm sensors detect."},{"text":"Warm human bodies reflect infrared radiation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Intruder alarms detect infrared emitted by warm bodies rather than reflected from them. The body’s thermal emission allows the alarm to identify a person’s presence."}]},{"id":"4e9db2c3-e9d8-411f-9a46-3d5b63119873","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Thermal imaging cameras detect [ ] to show [ ].","back":"Thermal imaging cameras detect infrared to show temperature differences.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Thermal imaging cameras detect infrared to show temperature differences.","correct":true,"explanation":"Thermal imaging cameras detect infrared radiation emitted by objects. Warmer and cooler areas emit different amounts, allowing the camera to display temperature differences."},{"text":"Thermal imaging cameras detect ultraviolet to show temperature differences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ultraviolet is not the radiation used for ordinary thermal imaging. These cameras detect infrared emitted by objects to display differences in temperature."},{"text":"Thermal imaging cameras detect infrared to show chemical differences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Infrared detection is correct, but thermal cameras measure heat-related emission, not chemical composition. Their images show temperature differences between regions."},{"text":"Thermal imaging cameras detect visible light to show temperature differences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Visible light forms ordinary photographs, whereas thermal imaging relies on infrared radiation. Infrared emission varies with temperature, allowing temperature differences to be shown."}]},{"id":"bb3b2d84-276e-4a5e-96da-90a4d1e80bbc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which electromagnetic region can human eyes detect?","back":"Visible light.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Visible light.","correct":true,"explanation":"Human eyes detect visible light, the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that produces the colours and images we can see."},{"text":"Infrared radiation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Human eyes cannot detect infrared directly; it is often experienced as heat. The electromagnetic region detected by human eyes is visible light."},{"text":"Ultraviolet radiation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ultraviolet has a higher frequency than visible light and is invisible to human eyes. The eyes detect only the visible-light region of the spectrum."},{"text":"X-rays.","correct":false,"explanation":"X-rays pass through the body and must be detected by equipment rather than human eyes. Human vision detects visible light."}]},{"id":"505166bc-c91a-4a57-9252-d59351e9e426","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Name two typical uses of ultraviolet radiation.","back":"

Security marking or fake-banknote detection.
Sterilising water by killing microorganisms.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Security marking or fake-banknote detection.
Sterilising water by killing microorganisms.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Ultraviolet reveals security markings and helps identify counterfeit banknotes. It can also sterilise water by damaging and killing microorganisms."},{"text":"

Satellite TV or mobile phones.
Microwave ovens for internal heating.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are uses of microwaves, not ultraviolet. Ultraviolet is used for security marking or fake-banknote detection and for sterilising water."},{"text":"

Thermal imaging or intruder alarms.
Remote controls for sending signals.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Thermal imaging, intruder alarms, and most remote controls use infrared radiation. Ultraviolet is associated with security markings and sterilising water."},{"text":"

X-ray scans of bones.
Radio astronomy or RFID.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Bone scans use X-rays and radio astronomy or RFID use radio waves. Ultraviolet is instead used for security marking and killing microorganisms in water."}]},{"id":"ffc79f71-82d3-4802-bb56-012223c64098","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can X-rays show bones in medical scans?","back":"

X-rays pass through some soft tissue.
Bone absorbs X-rays more strongly.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

X-rays pass through some soft tissue.
Bone absorbs X-rays more strongly.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Soft tissue absorbs some X-rays but allows more through, while bone absorbs them more strongly. This difference in absorption creates contrast in the scan."},{"text":"

X-rays pass through bone.
Soft tissue absorbs X-rays more strongly.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the absorption pattern: bone absorbs X-rays more strongly than soft tissue. That difference, with some X-rays passing through soft tissue, reveals bones."},{"text":"

Visible light passes through some soft tissue.
Bone absorbs visible light more strongly.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Visible light cannot produce the required internal bone image because it does not penetrate the body in this way. Medical scans use X-rays, absorbed more strongly by bone."},{"text":"

X-rays pass through all tissue equally.
Bone reflects X-rays more strongly.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal transmission would produce no contrast, and reflection is not the key process. Bones appear because they absorb X-rays more strongly than soft tissue."}]},{"id":"4ab1b4d0-6353-4e4a-93cb-63bb2c26e557","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How can gamma rays be used to treat cancer?","back":"Gamma rays destroy cancer cells.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Gamma rays destroy cancer cells.","correct":true,"explanation":"This is correct because gamma radiation is highly penetrating and ionising, so it can destroy cancer cells. Carefully directed beams are used to damage tumours while limiting exposure to surrounding healthy tissue."},{"text":"Gamma rays heat cancer cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses gamma rays with infrared radiation, which mainly produces heating. Gamma rays are used in cancer treatment because their ionising radiation damages the cells’ DNA and can destroy them."},{"text":"Gamma rays sterilise cancer cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes a possible use of ultraviolet radiation, not gamma rays. Gamma rays treat cancer by ionising cells and damaging their DNA, rather than by sterilising the tumour’s surface."},{"text":"Gamma rays detect cancer cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"This mixes up gamma rays with X-rays used for medical imaging. Gamma rays can treat cancer because their ionising radiation damages and kills targeted cancer cells."}]},{"id":"a6b17d36-500e-42ee-908d-d75c3dabd89b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Excessive [ ] exposure can cause internal heating; excessive [ ] exposure can cause skin burns.","back":"Excessive microwave exposure can cause internal heating; excessive infrared exposure can cause skin burns.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Excessive microwave exposure can cause internal heating; excessive infrared exposure can cause skin burns.","correct":true,"explanation":"Microwaves can penetrate some walls and cause internal heating, while infrared radiation is strongly absorbed at the surface and can cause skin burns when exposure is excessive."},{"text":"Excessive ultraviolet exposure can cause internal heating; excessive infrared exposure can cause skin burns.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ultraviolet radiation mainly damages skin cells and eyes, rather than causing the internal heating associated with microwaves. Infrared can cause skin burns because it transfers thermal energy to the surface."},{"text":"Excessive infrared exposure can cause internal heating; excessive ultraviolet exposure can cause skin burns.","correct":false,"explanation":"Infrared is associated with heating, but its absorption is mainly at the surface. Microwaves can penetrate further into tissue, causing internal heating; ultraviolet does not usually cause these burns."},{"text":"Excessive visible light exposure can cause internal heating; excessive microwave exposure can cause skin burns.","correct":false,"explanation":"Visible light does not normally penetrate tissue deeply enough to produce internal heating, and microwaves are not the main cause of surface skin burns. The correct pairing is microwave then infrared."}]},{"id":"dc485a05-c4aa-4e51-a066-53b263179cff","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Excessive [ ] exposure can damage surface cells and eyes; excessive [ ] can cause mutations.","back":"Excessive ultraviolet exposure can damage surface cells and eyes; excessive X-rays and gamma rays can cause mutations.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Excessive ultraviolet exposure can damage surface cells and eyes; excessive X-rays and gamma rays can cause mutations.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by surface cells and can damage the eyes. X-rays and gamma rays are ionising, so excessive exposure can damage DNA and cause mutations."},{"text":"Excessive infrared exposure can damage surface cells and eyes; excessive X-rays and gamma rays can cause mutations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Infrared mainly causes heating and does not produce the same surface-cell damage as ultraviolet. X-rays and gamma rays can cause mutations because they are ionising radiation."},{"text":"Excessive microwave exposure can damage surface cells and eyes; excessive X-rays and gamma rays can cause mutations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Microwaves mainly cause heating, rather than the characteristic surface-cell and eye damage caused by ultraviolet. X-rays and gamma rays can cause mutations through ionisation of DNA."},{"text":"Excessive X-rays and gamma rays exposure can damage surface cells and eyes; excessive ultraviolet can cause mutations.","correct":false,"explanation":"X-rays and gamma rays are ionising and can cause mutations, but they are not the expected answer for damage limited mainly to surface cells and eyes. Ultraviolet causes that damage."}]},{"id":"1f179f3d-c72e-4abe-ab9b-9e621ed94b6f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are microwaves used for mobile phones and wireless internet?","back":"

Microwaves can penetrate some walls.
Short wavelengths allow short aerials.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Microwaves can penetrate some walls.
Short wavelengths allow short aerials.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Microwaves can pass through some walls, allowing communication with phones and wireless devices indoors. Their short wavelengths also mean that suitably sized aerials can be relatively short."},{"text":"

Microwaves are blocked by some walls.
Short wavelengths allow short aerials.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Microwaves are not used because they are stopped by walls; some can pass through walls. Their short wavelengths permit short aerials, rather than requiring long aerials."},{"text":"

Microwaves can penetrate some walls.
Long wavelengths allow short aerials.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Long wavelengths generally require longer aerials, so this reverses the relationship between wavelength and aerial size. Microwaves are useful because some can penetrate walls."},{"text":"

Visible light can penetrate some walls.
Short wavelengths allow short aerials.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Visible light generally cannot pass through opaque walls, so it is unsuitable for this reason. Microwaves can penetrate some walls, and their short wavelengths allow short aerials."}]},{"id":"a768cc86-01b8-4b45-8bee-cf057441bb93","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are optical fibres good for high-speed broadband?","back":"

Glass is transparent to visible light and some infrared.
Visible light/short infrared carry high data rates.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Glass is transparent to visible light and some infrared.
Visible light/short infrared carry high data rates.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Glass transmits visible light and some infrared, so light pulses can travel through the fibre. These high-frequency carriers can transmit large amounts of information rapidly, giving broadband a high data rate."},{"text":"

Glass is opaque to visible light and some infrared.
Visible light/short infrared carry high data rates.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Glass is not opaque to the wavelengths used here; it transmits visible light and some infrared. High data rates result from high-frequency visible or short-infrared carriers."},{"text":"

Glass is transparent to visible light and some infrared.
Radio waves carry high data rates.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Radio waves are not the light signals normally transmitted through optical fibres. Glass transmits visible light and some infrared, whose high frequencies allow high data rates."},{"text":"

Glass is transparent to visible light and some infrared.
Visible light/long infrared carry high data rates.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Long infrared has a lower frequency than short infrared, so it does not provide the expected high carrier frequency. Glass transmission of visible and some infrared remains important."}]},{"id":"65090770-3ae9-430a-8714-be87a98a2dfa","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An analogue signal varies [ ]; a digital signal uses a [ ], usually 0 and 1.","back":"An analogue signal varies continuously; a digital signal uses a limited set of values, usually 0 and 1.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An analogue signal varies continuously; a digital signal uses a limited set of values, usually 0 and 1.","correct":true,"explanation":"An analogue signal can take any value within a range and changes continuously. A digital signal is restricted to a limited set of discrete values, commonly represented by 0 and 1."},{"text":"An analogue signal varies in steps; a digital signal uses a limited set of values, usually 0 and 1.","correct":false,"explanation":"Analogue signals are continuous, not restricted to discrete steps. Digital signals use a limited set of values, usually 0 and 1, so the first description is the error."},{"text":"An analogue signal varies continuously; a digital signal uses a continuous range of values, usually 0 and 1.","correct":false,"explanation":"Digital signals use discrete values rather than every possible value. Analogue signals vary continuously, so switching these descriptions reverses the defining difference between the two signal types."},{"text":"An analogue signal varies randomly; a digital signal uses a limited set of values, usually 0 and 1.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither signal type is defined by varying randomly. Analogue signals vary continuously, whereas digital signals use a limited set of discrete values, commonly 0 and 1."}]},{"id":"df718b27-de18-49a2-a492-0aab6aa26c76","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What are two benefits of digital signals?","back":"

Higher data rate can be possible.
Greater range because signals can be regenerated.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Higher data rate can be possible.
Greater range because signals can be regenerated.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Digital signals can represent information at a higher data rate, and repeaters can regenerate degraded pulses into clean ones. This allows the signal to travel over a greater range without accumulating noise."},{"text":"

Lower data rate can be possible.
Greater range because signals can be regenerated.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Digital transmission does not inherently require a lower data rate. Its advantages include potentially higher data rates and greater range because repeaters regenerate clean signals."},{"text":"

Higher data rate can be possible.
Greater range because signals cannot be regenerated.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Analogue signals are not the ones normally regenerated into exact clean pulses. Digital signals can achieve greater range through regeneration and may support higher data rates."},{"text":"

Higher data rate can be possible.
Smaller range because signals can be regenerated.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Digital signals can be regenerated, so noise does not necessarily accumulate in the same way as in analogue transmission. The key benefits are potentially higher data rate and greater range."}]},{"id":"20d76e03-8c44-4d31-ac56-f9aa2d93730b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a noisy digital pulse still be recovered?","back":"

The receiver decides only 0 or 1.
It regenerates a clean new pulse.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

The receiver decides only 0 or 1.
It regenerates a clean new pulse.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The receiver compares the noisy pulse with a threshold and identifies it as either 0 or 1. It then regenerates a new clean pulse, removing much of the accumulated noise."},{"text":"

The receiver measures every amplitude.
It regenerates a clean new pulse.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A digital receiver does not need to reproduce every analogue amplitude. It decides between 0 and 1, then regenerates a clean pulse based on that decision."},{"text":"

The receiver decides only 0 or 1.
It amplifies the noisy pulse.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Simply amplifying a noisy pulse would amplify the noise as well. Recovery works because the receiver decides 0 or 1 and regenerates a clean pulse from that decision."},{"text":"

The receiver ignores 0 or 1.
It regenerates a clean new pulse.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A digital signal is not recovered by ignoring its binary information. The receiver uses the 0-or-1 decision to regenerate a clean pulse, which reduces the effect of noise."}]}]}],"examCountdown":null,"heading":"Electromagnetic spectrum","title":"Electromagnetic spectrum Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/physics/cie/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"0715de94-de9e-5aa0-ad34-9c6dba1ca3b9","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]