Study Figure 2a and Figure 2b.

Figure 2a: Diagram showing the physical and human drivers of water insecurity. Physical factors include: low and highly seasonal rainfall, high evaporation rates, and geology that prevents clean aquifer storage. Human factors include: untreated domestic wastewater, industrial chemical discharge, agricultural runoff (fertilizers and pesticides), and rapid urban growth outstripping infrastructure capacity.

Figure 2b: Map of Africa showing the percentage of the population with access to safely managed drinking water. Key: High access (>70%) is concentrated in North Africa (e.g., Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia) and South Africa. Medium access (40-70%) is seen in parts of West Africa (e.g., Ghana, Senegal) and East Africa (e.g., Kenya). Low access (<40%) is concentrated in Central Africa (e.g., Chad, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo).