Discuss the view:
“International agreements and local management strategies can successfully achieve sustainable management of tropical forests.”
Use Figures 10a, 10b, and 10c and your own knowledge and understanding to support your answer.
Figure 10a
Figure 10b
Annual Primary Forest Loss in Indonesia (2015–2022) in thousands of hectares (kha):
| Year | Primary Forest Loss (kha) |
|---|---|
| 2015 | 1020 |
| 2016 | 940 |
| 2017 | 450 |
| 2018 | 340 |
| 2019 | 320 |
| 2020 | 270 |
| 2021 | 200 |
| 2022 | 230 |
Figure 10c
Common management strategies used to reduce tropical deforestation:
| Strategy | Description |
|---|---|
| Ecotourism | Focuses on low-impact, sustainable tourism that provides income for local communities, incentivizing them to protect rather than log local forests. |
| Selective logging | Only older or diseased trees are harvested, allowing the forest canopy to remain largely intact and regenerate naturally. |
| Debt-for-nature swaps | A portion of a developing nation's foreign debt is forgiven or reduced in exchange for local investments in environmental conservation measures. |
| International agreements & certifications | Under initiatives like the FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), timber must be sourced sustainably, while programs like REDD+ offer carbon-offset funding to governments that prevent forest degradation. |