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Their average kinetic energy therefore increases as the substance’s temperature rises."},{"text":"It decreases.","correct":false,"explanation":"A decrease in kinetic energy occurs when a substance is cooled, not heated. Heating makes particles move or vibrate faster, so their kinetic energy increases."},{"text":"It stays constant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Kinetic energy remains constant only during a change of state at constant temperature. In ordinary heating, particles move faster and their kinetic energy increases."},{"text":"It becomes zero.","correct":false,"explanation":"Particles still possess kinetic energy at ordinary temperatures, and heating does not reduce it to zero. Energy transfer makes their movement faster, so kinetic energy increases."}]},{"id":"c0ea3630-f22b-4803-81bd-dc8da20b69e4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a solid, particles [ ].","back":"In a solid, particles vibrate about fixed positions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"vibrate about fixed positions","correct":true,"explanation":"Strong forces hold solid particles in fixed positions within a regular arrangement. The particles cannot move from place to place, but they continually vibrate."},{"text":"remain completely stationary","correct":false,"explanation":"Solid particles are not motionless; they possess kinetic energy and vibrate. Strong forces prevent movement between positions, so they vibrate about fixed positions."},{"text":"move freely in all directions","correct":false,"explanation":"Moving freely in all directions describes gas particles, which are widely separated. In a solid, particles are closely packed and vibrate about fixed positions."},{"text":"slide past neighbouring particles","correct":false,"explanation":"Sliding past neighbouring particles describes the movement in a liquid. Solid particles are held in fixed locations and can only vibrate about those positions."}]},{"id":"b6974071-ea24-4bfd-b9b0-d37cd5eb9198","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does a liquid take the shape of its container?","back":"Its particles slide past each other.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Its particles slide past each other.","correct":true,"explanation":"Liquid particles remain close together but are not fixed in a rigid arrangement. Their ability to slide past one another allows the liquid to change shape."},{"text":"Its particles vibrate about fixed positions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vibration about fixed positions is characteristic of a solid and gives it a fixed shape. Liquid particles take the container’s shape because they slide past each other."},{"text":"Its particles move freely in all directions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Free movement in all directions describes a gas rather than a liquid. A liquid changes shape because its closely packed particles can slide past one another."},{"text":"Its particles spread throughout the container.","correct":false,"explanation":"Expanding throughout all available space explains why a gas fills its container. A liquid takes the container’s shape because its particles slide past each other."}]},{"id":"5610f13b-b97c-43b7-8524-4b000f83ef7c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does a gas fill its container?","back":"Its particles move freely and are far apart.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Its particles move freely and are far apart.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gas particles have very weak attractions and large spaces between them. They move freely in all directions, spreading throughout every available part of the container."},{"text":"Its particles vibrate in fixed positions and are closely packed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vibrating in fixed, closely packed positions describes a solid, which retains its own shape. Gas particles move freely and are far apart, allowing them to fill a container."},{"text":"Its particles slide past each other and are close together.","correct":false,"explanation":"Particles that slide past one another while remaining close together describe a liquid. Gas particles instead move freely and are far apart, so they occupy all available space."},{"text":"Its particles remain near the bottom and are closely packed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gas particles are not confined to the bottom by close packing. They move freely in all directions and are far apart, causing them to spread through the entire container."}]},{"id":"96ab97b7-4763-49d8-a4fd-b2ad7adadf82","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"From solid to liquid to gas, particles become [ ] and [ ].","back":"From solid to liquid to gas, particles become less ordered and more spread out.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"From solid to liquid to gas, particles become less ordered and more spread out.","correct":true,"explanation":"A solid has a regular, closely packed arrangement, while a gas has a random arrangement with large gaps. The progression therefore reduces order and increases particle separation."},{"text":"From solid to liquid to gas, particles become less ordered and less spread out.","correct":false,"explanation":"Order does decrease from solid to gas, but particle separation does not decrease. Particles become more spread out, especially when the substance reaches the gas state."},{"text":"From solid to liquid to gas, particles become more ordered and more spread out.","correct":false,"explanation":"Particle separation increases towards the gas state, but the arrangement becomes less ordered rather than more ordered. Gas particles have a random arrangement with large gaps."},{"text":"From solid to liquid to gas, particles become more ordered and less spread out.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both trends. Moving from solid to gas makes the particle arrangement less ordered and increases the spaces between particles."}]},{"id":"52d34937-9044-419d-ad97-f6b8425544c8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens to particles during melting?","back":"They gain energy and leave fixed positions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They gain energy and leave fixed positions.","correct":true,"explanation":"During melting, particles absorb energy and vibrate increasingly strongly until they overcome some attractive forces. They then leave their fixed positions and can slide past one another."},{"text":"They lose energy and become fixed in place.","correct":false,"explanation":"Losing energy and becoming fixed describes freezing, the reverse of melting. During melting, particles gain energy and leave their fixed positions."},{"text":"They gain energy and become fixed in place.","correct":false,"explanation":"Particles do gain energy during melting, but they do not become fixed more firmly. The added energy allows them to leave fixed positions and move around one another."},{"text":"They lose energy and leave fixed positions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Leaving fixed positions is part of melting, but it requires particles to gain rather than lose energy. The absorbed energy helps overcome forces holding the solid structure together."}]},{"id":"0fc67f8c-9924-4327-8070-cfd75fa7ce43","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens to particles during freezing?","back":"They lose energy and become fixed in place.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They lose energy and become fixed in place.","correct":true,"explanation":"During freezing, particles transfer energy to the surroundings and move more slowly. Attractive forces then hold them in fixed positions within the solid structure."},{"text":"They gain energy and become free to move.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gaining energy and leaving fixed positions describes melting, the reverse of freezing. During freezing, particles lose energy and become fixed in place."},{"text":"They lose energy and become free to move.","correct":false,"explanation":"Particles lose energy during freezing, but they do not become free to move. Reduced movement allows attractive forces to hold them in fixed positions."},{"text":"They gain energy and become fixed in place.","correct":false,"explanation":"Becoming fixed is part of freezing, but particles must release rather than gain energy. Their reduced kinetic energy allows a rigid solid arrangement to form."}]},{"id":"18e8e7df-9f4e-49df-a156-24d476e8202d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A solid changing directly to a gas is [ ]; a gas changing directly to a solid is [ ].","back":"A solid changing directly to a gas is sublimation; a gas changing directly to a solid is deposition.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A solid changing directly to a gas is sublimation; a gas changing directly to a solid is deposition.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sublimation is the direct change from solid to gas without forming a liquid. The reverse direct change, from gas to solid, is called deposition."},{"text":"A solid changing directly to a gas is deposition; a gas changing directly to a solid is sublimation.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two direct changes have been reversed. Solid to gas is sublimation, while gas to solid is deposition."},{"text":"A solid changing directly to a gas is evaporation; a gas changing directly to a solid is condensation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Evaporation is liquid to gas, and condensation is gas to liquid, so both involve the liquid state. Solid to gas is sublimation; gas to solid is deposition."},{"text":"A solid changing directly to a gas is melting; a gas changing directly to a solid is freezing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Melting changes a solid into a liquid, while freezing changes a liquid into a solid. The direct solid-gas changes are sublimation and deposition respectively."}]},{"id":"124368e9-5b96-4bc4-9c6f-97bc7c91e753","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is an interconversion a physical change?","back":"No new substance is made; particles are rearranged.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"No new substance is made; particles are rearranged.","correct":true,"explanation":"Changes of state alter the arrangement, movement and energy of existing particles without changing their chemical identity. Therefore, no new substance is formed."},{"text":"A new substance is made; particles are chemically changed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Interconversion does not produce particles of a different chemical substance. The particles are merely rearranged, so no new substance is made and the change is physical."},{"text":"The original particles are destroyed; energy is released.","correct":false,"explanation":"Particles remain present during a change of state rather than being destroyed. No new substance is made; only their arrangement and movement change."},{"text":"New bonds are formed; particles become different substances.","correct":false,"explanation":"A change involving bond formation would be chemical, not physical. During interconversion, no new substance is made because the original particles are simply rearranged."}]},{"id":"5922746a-778c-42bb-be12-5008e10ed696","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"When heated, particles do not [ ]; they [ ].","back":"When heated, particles do not get bigger; they move more.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When heated, particles do not get bigger; they move more.","correct":true,"explanation":"Heating transfers energy to particles, increasing their kinetic energy and movement. It can increase the spaces between particles, but it does not enlarge the particles themselves."},{"text":"When heated, particles do not move more; they get bigger.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heating does not increase the size of individual particles. It raises their kinetic energy, so they move more while retaining the same particle size."},{"text":"When heated, particles do not get smaller; they move less.","correct":false,"explanation":"Particles are not created by heating, and their motion does not decrease. They gain kinetic energy and move more, while their individual size remains unchanged."},{"text":"When heated, particles do not spread out; they stop moving.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heating generally makes particles move more, not stop moving. Individual particles do not get bigger; expansion occurs because their average separation can increase."}]},{"id":"bf37db01-98e5-4c9e-b69a-4a3735ac30e8","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How does boiling differ from evaporation?","back":"

Boiling: throughout liquid at boiling point.
Evaporation: surface only, below boiling point possible.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Boiling: throughout liquid at boiling point.
Evaporation: surface only, below boiling point possible.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Boiling forms vapour throughout a liquid at its boiling point. Evaporation occurs only at the surface and can happen at temperatures below the boiling point."},{"text":"

Boiling: surface only, below boiling point possible.
Evaporation: throughout liquid at boiling point.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The locations have been reversed. Boiling occurs throughout the liquid, whereas evaporation occurs only at the surface and may happen below the boiling point."},{"text":"

Boiling: throughout liquid at boiling point.
Evaporation: throughout liquid at boiling point only.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Evaporation does not occur throughout the liquid or require the boiling point. It is a surface process that can occur at temperatures below boiling."},{"text":"

Boiling: surface only, at any temperature.
Evaporation: surface only, below boiling point possible.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Boiling is not limited to the surface and cannot occur at any temperature. It happens throughout a liquid when the boiling point is reached."}]},{"id":"9e8f094b-2b84-487d-8cf4-d2849023a0af","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] is the liquid that dissolves a [ ].","back":"A solvent is the liquid that dissolves a solute.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A solvent is the liquid that dissolves a solute.","correct":true,"explanation":"The solvent is the liquid in which dissolving occurs, while the solute is the substance dissolved in it. Together, they form a solution."},{"text":"A solute is the liquid that dissolves a solvent.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two definitions. The solvent is the liquid that performs the dissolving, while the solute is the substance that becomes dissolved."},{"text":"A solution is the liquid that dissolves a solvent.","correct":false,"explanation":"A solution is the mixture produced after dissolving, not the liquid responsible for dissolving. That liquid is the solvent, and it dissolves the solute."},{"text":"A solute is the liquid that dissolves a solution.","correct":false,"explanation":"A solute is the substance being dissolved, not the liquid doing the dissolving. The solvent is the liquid that dissolves the solute."}]},{"id":"ac8187f4-c648-4a7a-8838-3b7c710cbf23","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens to solute particles during dissolving?","back":"They become separated and spread among solvent particles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They become separated and spread among solvent particles.","correct":true,"explanation":"During dissolving, attractions holding the solute particles together are overcome. Individual solute particles separate and become distributed among the particles of the solvent."},{"text":"They become chemically changed and turn into solvent particles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dissolving does not normally change solute particles into solvent particles. The solute particles separate from one another and spread among the solvent particles."},{"text":"They remain clustered together and settle below solvent particles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solute particles do not remain together at the bottom when dissolving occurs. They separate and disperse among the solvent particles throughout the solution."},{"text":"They become completely destroyed and disappear from the solvent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dissolving does not destroy solute particles or remove them from the mixture. They remain present, separated and spread among the solvent particles."}]},{"id":"7c61b642-018b-4a30-8c4e-a6ca0ac8c011","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does a coloured solution become paler when diluted?","back":"Particles spread through a larger volume, so fewer are in each cm³.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Particles spread through a larger volume, so fewer are in each cm³.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dilution adds solvent without adding more coloured solute. The same number of solute particles occupies a larger volume, reducing the number per cubic centimetre."},{"text":"Particles spread through a smaller volume, so more are in each cm³.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dilution does not reduce the volume or increase the number of coloured particles per cubic centimetre. Adding solvent increases volume and lowers their concentration."},{"text":"Particles are removed from the solution entirely, so none are in each cm³.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding solvent does not destroy coloured solute particles. Their number stays constant, but they spread through a larger volume, leaving fewer in each cubic centimetre."},{"text":"Particles grow to occupy a larger volume, so more are in each cm³.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dilution does not enlarge individual solute particles. The particles spread through a larger total volume, decreasing the number present in each cubic centimetre."}]},{"id":"a2a9491a-f1e7-4c20-b5c0-5f080358eeff","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Diffusion is net spreading from [ ] to [ ].","back":"Diffusion is net spreading from higher concentration to lower concentration.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Diffusion is net spreading from higher concentration to lower concentration.","correct":true,"explanation":"Random particle motion produces an overall movement down the concentration gradient. Consequently, particles spread from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration."},{"text":"Diffusion is net spreading from lower concentration to higher concentration.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the concentration gradient. Although particles move randomly in both directions, net diffusion is from higher concentration to lower concentration."},{"text":"Diffusion is net spreading from larger particles to smaller particles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion concerns differences in concentration, not particle size. Its net direction is from a region of higher concentration towards a region of lower concentration."},{"text":"Diffusion is net spreading from lower temperature to higher temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperature can affect the rate of diffusion, but it does not define its net direction. Net spreading occurs from higher concentration to lower concentration."}]},{"id":"ba27e53c-cad8-4c15-a2d5-fc67ddbce990","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is diffusion fastest in gases?","back":"Gas particles are far apart and move rapidly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Gas particles are far apart and move rapidly.","correct":true,"explanation":"The large spaces between gas particles allow relatively unobstructed movement. Their high speeds and random motion therefore spread particles rapidly through the available space."},{"text":"Gas particles are close together and move slowly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gas particles do not move slowly or remain close together. Their large separations and rapid random motion allow them to mix faster than particles in liquids or solids."},{"text":"Gas particles are far apart and remain stationary.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gas particles are not stationary, even though they are widely separated. Their rapid random movement, combined with large spaces between them, makes diffusion fast."},{"text":"Gas particles are very large and move in fixed paths.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gas particles themselves are not unusually large, nor do they move in fixed paths. They are widely separated and move rapidly in random directions."}]},{"id":"8e72c2aa-cfae-4c0f-bcc2-f7db8af786e1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Solubility is the maximum mass of solute dissolving in [ ] at [ ].","back":"Solubility is the maximum mass of solute dissolving in 100 g of solvent at a stated temperature.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Solubility is the maximum mass of solute dissolving in 100 g of solvent at a stated temperature.","correct":true,"explanation":"Solubility is defined as the maximum mass of solute that dissolves in 100 g of solvent at a stated temperature. Both the solvent mass and temperature must be specified."},{"text":"Solubility is the maximum mass of solute dissolving in 100 g of solution at a stated temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using the total solution mass confuses solvent with solution. The correct definition uses 100 g of solvent, because solubility measures solute dissolved relative to the solvent present."},{"text":"Solubility is the maximum mass of solute dissolving in 100 g of solvent at room temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"Room temperature is not a sufficiently fixed reference because it varies between conditions. The correct definition states the temperature explicitly, allowing solubilities to be compared fairly."},{"text":"Solubility is the maximum mass of solute dissolving in 1 dm3 of solvent at a stated temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"A volume of solvent is not the standard definition because solvent density can vary. Solubility is conventionally expressed as mass of solute per 100 g of solvent at a stated temperature."}]},{"id":"57218aa7-6de7-47e9-b958-c7c6adfb73a8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In solubility calculations, what mass should be in the denominator?","back":"Mass of solvent, not solution.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mass of solvent, not solution.","correct":true,"explanation":"Solubility calculations use the mass of solvent as the denominator. This matches the definition, which describes the mass of solute dissolving in 100 g of solvent."},{"text":"Mass of solution, not solvent.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the required denominator and includes the dissolved solute in the reference mass. The correct denominator is the mass of solvent, excluding the solute."},{"text":"Mass of solute, not solvent.","correct":false,"explanation":"The solute mass is the quantity being compared with the solvent, not the denominator specified by the definition. Calculations should divide by the mass of solvent."},{"text":"Volume of solution, not solvent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solubility is normally based on mass of solvent rather than solution volume. The correct denominator is the solvent mass, commonly standardised to 100 g."}]},{"id":"fc347563-a53f-4802-b664-668105e756de","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why must temperature be stated for solubility?","back":"Solubility often changes with temperature.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Solubility often changes with temperature.","correct":true,"explanation":"Temperature affects how much solute can dissolve, so a solubility value is incomplete without the temperature at which it was measured."},{"text":"Solubility never changes with temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"Many substances change solubility as temperature changes, so temperature cannot be ignored. The correct statement is that solubility often changes with temperature."},{"text":"Solvent mass often changes with temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"The need to state temperature is not mainly about the solvent mass changing. It is because the amount of solute that dissolves often changes with temperature."},{"text":"Solution volume always changes with temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although volume may change slightly, that is not the defining reason. Temperature must be stated because solubility itself often changes with temperature."}]},{"id":"fd356796-8743-4e01-95af-aab5bd511ba1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"On a solubility curve, the x-axis is [ ] and the y-axis is [ ].","back":"On a solubility curve, the x-axis is temperature and the y-axis is solubility.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"On a solubility curve, the x-axis is temperature and the y-axis is solubility.","correct":true,"explanation":"Solubility curves conventionally place temperature on the horizontal x-axis and solubility on the vertical y-axis, showing how solubility varies with temperature."},{"text":"On a solubility curve, the x-axis is solubility and the y-axis is temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"These axes have been reversed. Temperature is the independent variable on the x-axis, while the measured solubility is plotted on the y-axis."},{"text":"On a solubility curve, the x-axis is mass of solvent and the y-axis is temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"A solubility curve does not plot solvent mass against temperature. It shows solubility on the y-axis against temperature on the x-axis."},{"text":"On a solubility curve, the x-axis is temperature and the y-axis is mass of solvent.","correct":false,"explanation":"The horizontal axis is correctly identified, but the vertical quantity is wrong. The y-axis must show solubility, usually the mass dissolving in 100 g of solvent."}]},{"id":"ae07e844-cd06-48d1-8a37-0e1b99d9badd","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does a point above a solubility curve mean?","back":"Some solute cannot stay dissolved, so solid remains or crystallises.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Some solute cannot stay dissolved, so solid remains or crystallises.","correct":true,"explanation":"A point above the curve represents more solute than can dissolve at that temperature. The excess therefore remains as solid or crystallises from the solution."},{"text":"All solute can stay dissolved, so no solid remains or crystallises.","correct":false,"explanation":"A point above the curve exceeds the maximum solubility at that temperature. The correct interpretation is that some solute cannot stay dissolved and forms solid."},{"text":"The solution is dilute, so more solvent must evaporate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being above the curve means the solution contains too much dissolved solute, not too little. Some solute cannot stay dissolved, so solid remains or crystallises."},{"text":"The solvent is saturated, so all solid has dissolved.","correct":false,"explanation":"Saturation does not mean every added solid dissolves. Above the curve, the solution has exceeded its solubility limit, leaving some solute undissolved or causing crystallisation."}]},{"id":"cd3f933d-a4e6-4455-8d53-36297d5ae1d0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do you make the solution saturated in the solubility practical?","back":"Add solid in small portions until some remains undissolved.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Add solid in small portions until some remains undissolved.","correct":true,"explanation":"Adding solid gradually and stopping when some remains undissolved shows that the solvent cannot dissolve any more. The solution is then saturated at that temperature."},{"text":"Add solid in one large portion until all dissolves completely.","correct":false,"explanation":"If all the solid dissolves, the solution may still be unsaturated. Adding small portions until some remains undissolved confirms that the solubility limit has been reached."},{"text":"Add solvent in small portions until some remains undissolved.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding solvent increases dissolving capacity rather than saturating the mixture with solute. The practical requires solid solute added in small portions until some remains undissolved."},{"text":"Add solid in small portions until the solution starts boiling.","correct":false,"explanation":"Boiling is unrelated to the criterion for saturation and could alter the solvent amount. Saturation is shown when added solid remains undissolved."}]},{"id":"7d72541f-34e4-4b56-ad4f-3aa1f116ad84","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why keep the mixture at the chosen temperature during filtering?","back":"To prevent early crystallisation if the solution cools.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To prevent early crystallisation if the solution cools.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cooling lowers the solubility of many substances, so crystals could form before filtering and be removed with the undissolved solid, making the result inaccurate."},{"text":"To encourage early crystallisation if the solution cools.","correct":false,"explanation":"Early crystallisation could remove dissolved solute during filtration and reduce the measured amount. The mixture is kept at the chosen temperature to prevent early crystallisation."},{"text":"To prevent faster evaporation if the solution warms.","correct":false,"explanation":"The key risk during filtering is cooling and crystallisation, not faster evaporation from warming. Keeping the temperature constant prevents crystals forming before filtration."},{"text":"To ensure all solvent evaporates if the solution cools.","correct":false,"explanation":"The solvent should not evaporate during this stage because that would change the concentration. Constant temperature is used to prevent early crystallisation caused by cooling."}]},{"id":"9315f578-2fa8-4c18-a844-251ccb76303a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does constant mass show after heating, cooling and reweighing?","back":"The solid is dry.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The solid is dry.","correct":true,"explanation":"If repeated heating, cooling and weighing gives constant mass, no more water is being removed. The solid is therefore considered dry."},{"text":"The solid is still wet.","correct":false,"explanation":"A wet solid would usually lose water and decrease in mass after further heating. Constant mass shows that water is no longer being removed, so the solid is dry."},{"text":"The solid is fully dissolved.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dissolved material would not remain as the solid being weighed. Constant mass after heating indicates dryness, not that the solid has dissolved."},{"text":"The solid is chemically pure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Constant mass only shows that further heating removes no more water under the test conditions. It does not prove that the solid contains no impurities."}]},{"id":"f764b466-9dd4-4244-8f78-6308fcd5d8ff","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do you calculate solubility from dry solid and water masses?","back":"Dry solid mass ÷ water mass × 100.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Dry solid mass ÷ water mass × 100.","correct":true,"explanation":"Solubility is the mass of dry solute that dissolves in 100 g of water, so divide the dry solid mass by the water mass and multiply by 100."},{"text":"Water mass ÷ dry solid mass × 100.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reversing the division calculates water mass relative to solute mass. Solubility is found by dividing dry solid mass by water mass, then multiplying by 100."},{"text":"Dry solid mass ÷ solution mass × 100.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using the total solution mass as the denominator confuses concentration with solubility. Solubility is the dry solid mass divided by the water mass, multiplied by 100."},{"text":"Dry solid mass × water mass ÷ 100.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying the two masses does not produce a solubility value. Divide dry solid mass by water mass and multiply the resulting ratio by 100."}]},{"id":"de44c9b1-31c7-42ed-9d8f-84f879aa3d34","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How do you find the mass of crystals formed when a saturated solution cools?","back":"

Scale hot solubility to the solvent mass.
Scale cold solubility to the solvent mass.
Subtract cold mass from hot mass.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Scale hot solubility to the solvent mass.
Scale cold solubility to the solvent mass.
Subtract cold mass from hot mass.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Hot and cold solubilities must both be adjusted for the actual solvent mass. Their difference is the solute that can no longer remain dissolved and therefore crystallises."},{"text":"

Scale hot solubility to the solvent mass.
Scale cold solubility to the solvent mass.
Subtract hot mass from cold mass.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Reversing the subtraction gives a negative value because less solute remains dissolved when the solution cools. Subtract the scaled cold mass from the scaled hot mass."},{"text":"

Scale hot solubility to the solvent mass.
Scale cold solubility to the solvent mass.
Add cold mass to hot mass.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding the dissolved masses does not represent the solute lost from solution. The crystal mass is the scaled hot solubility minus the scaled cold solubility."},{"text":"

Scale hot solubility to the solution mass.
Scale cold solubility to the solution mass.
Subtract cold mass from hot mass.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Solubility is defined per mass of solvent, not per mass of the whole solution. Scale both values to the solvent mass, then subtract cold mass from hot mass."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-19","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"States of matter","title":"States of matter Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/chemistry/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"26e7a5d7-9027-5c7e-b92a-529ce8d7c0be","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]