The table below shows the percentage by mass of fractions obtained from a sample of crude oil and the corresponding percentage market demand for these fractions in an industrial region.
| Fraction | Percentage by mass in crude oil (%) | Market demand (%) |
|---|---|---|
| refinery gases | 5 | 10 |
| petrol (gasoline) | 12 | 40 |
| kerosene | 14 | 12 |
| diesel | 16 | 28 |
| fuel oil | 38 | 8 |
| bitumen | 15 | 2 |
Explain why the market demand for the petrol (gasoline) fraction is significantly higher than its abundance in crude oil, whereas the opposite is true for the fuel oil fraction.
Cracking is used to break down long-chain hydrocarbon molecules into shorter-chain, more useful hydrocarbon molecules.
Complete the equation to show the other product formed when C15H32C_{15}H_{32}C15H32 is cracked.
C15H32→C10H22+……………… C_{15}H_{32} \rightarrow C_{10}H_{22} + \text{\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots} C15H32→C10H22+………………State the name of a catalyst used in industrial catalytic cracking and a typical temperature range at which this process is carried out.
Ethene (C2H4C_2H_4C2H4) can be obtained by cracking crude oil fractions and then used to produce ethanol. Alternatively, ethanol can be manufactured through the fermentation of sugars.
State two advantages of producing ethanol from ethene, rather than by the fermentation of sugars.
Suggest two reasons why some countries produce ethanol by the fermentation of sugars, rather than from ethene.
