The table below shows the percentage by mass of fractions obtained from a sample of crude oil and the percentage market demand for these fractions.
| Fraction | Percentage by mass in crude oil (%) | Market demand (%) |
|---|---|---|
| refinery gases | 4 | 8 |
| gasoline | 15 | 35 |
| kerosene | 11 | 15 |
| diesel | 18 | 25 |
| fuel oil | 42 | 15 |
| bitumen | 10 | 2 |
Why is the market demand for the gasoline fraction greater than that for the fuel oil fraction?
Cracking is used to break down long-chain hydrocarbon molecules into shorter-chain hydrocarbon molecules.
Complete the equation to show the other product formed when C18H38C_{18}H_{38}C18H38 is cracked.
C18H38→C14H30+……………… C_{18}H_{38} \rightarrow C_{14}H_{30} + \text{\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots} C18H38→C14H30+………………State the name of a catalyst used in industrial cracking and the temperature range at which this process is carried out.
Ethene (C2H4C_2H_4C2H4) can be obtained by cracking crude oil fractions and then used to produce ethanol. Alternatively, ethanol can be manufactured through the fermentation of sugars.
Give two advantages of making ethanol from ethene, rather than by fermentation.
Suggest two reasons why some countries produce ethanol by the fermentation of sugars, rather than from ethene.
