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22:[["$","$L31",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L32",["$","$L33",null,{"href":"/igcse/chemistry/edexcel/carboxylic-acids/flashcards","label":"Carboxylic acids","subjectCode":"igcse_chemistry","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L34",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L35",null,{"decks":[{"id":"1d2622a7-d9f2-4cbf-a7dd-d7fc2b554943","title":"Carboxylic acids Flashcards","topicId":"6453e2e0-a366-53d1-805c-13babc0a5434","topicSlug":"carboxylic-acids","cards":[{"id":"36de0f34-0838-492e-958f-1db9e18a43bc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the name and formula of the carboxylic acid functional group?","back":"carboxyl group; $-COOH$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"carboxyl group; $-COOH$","correct":true,"explanation":"The carboxyl group is the functional group in carboxylic acids, consisting of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group attached to the same carbon atom."},{"text":"hydroxyl group; $-OH$","correct":false,"explanation":"The hydroxyl group is only the $-OH$ part of a molecule. The complete carboxylic acid functional group is the carboxyl group, written $-COOH$."},{"text":"carbonyl group; $C=O$","correct":false,"explanation":"The carbonyl group contains only the $C=O$ bond. A carboxylic acid has this group together with $-OH$, forming the carboxyl group, $-COOH$."},{"text":"ester group; $-COO-$","correct":false,"explanation":"An ester group contains $-COO-$ joined to another carbon group, whereas carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group, $-COOH$, with a hydroxyl hydrogen."}]},{"id":"2e8044fe-65a6-41ca-93c2-4b1af6ec2163","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Which two chemical groups are bonded to the same carbon atom in a carboxyl group?","back":"

carbonyl group ($C=O$)
hydroxyl group ($-OH$)

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

carbonyl group ($C=O$)
hydroxyl group ($-OH$)

","correct":true,"explanation":"A carboxyl group contains a carbonyl group, $C=O$, and a hydroxyl group, $-OH$, bonded to the same carbon atom."},{"text":"

alkyl group ($-CH_3$)
hydroxyl group ($-OH$)

","correct":false,"explanation":"An alkyl group may be attached elsewhere in a carboxylic acid, but it is not part of the carboxyl group. The two groups are carbonyl and hydroxyl."},{"text":"

carbonyl group ($C=O$)
amino group ($-NH_2$)

","correct":false,"explanation":"The amino group is found in amines and amino acids, not in the carboxyl group. The second group bonded to the same carbon is hydroxyl, $-OH$."},{"text":"

hydroxyl group ($-OH$)
halogen group ($-Cl$)

","correct":false,"explanation":"A halogen such as chlorine can replace hydrogen in some organic compounds, but it is not part of a carboxyl group. The other group is carbonyl, $C=O$."}]},{"id":"88be6d9b-91de-4c35-b8fc-d5472ba9954c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"When naming a carboxylic acid, the carbon atom in the $\\text{[...]}$ group must be counted as part of the carbon chain.","back":"When naming a carboxylic acid, the carbon atom in the $\\boxed{-COOH}$ group must be counted as part of the carbon chain.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$-COOH$","correct":true,"explanation":"The carbon atom in the $-COOH$ group is included when counting the carbon chain, so methanoic acid has one carbon and ethanoic acid has two."},{"text":"$$-OH$","correct":false,"explanation":"The $-OH$ group contains oxygen and hydrogen but no carbon atom to count. The carbon atom that must be included belongs to the $-COOH$ group."},{"text":"$$C=O$","correct":false,"explanation":"The $C=O$ section identifies the carbonyl part of the group, but the naming rule refers to the whole $-COOH$ group and its carbon atom."},{"text":"$$-COO-$","correct":false,"explanation":"The $-COO-$ structure represents an ester linkage rather than the carboxylic acid group. For carboxylic acid naming, count the carbon in $-COOH$."}]},{"id":"50d2f6c5-b4c7-4dd4-a568-97f8b21420ce","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Name the carboxylic acid containing only one carbon atom and state its structural formula.","back":"methanoic acid; $HCOOH$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"methanoic acid; $HCOOH$","correct":true,"explanation":"Methanoic acid contains one carbon atom, including the carbon in the carboxyl group, and its structural formula is $HCOOH$."},{"text":"ethanoic acid; $CH_3COOH$","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethanoic acid contains two carbon atoms, so it is one carbon longer than required. The one-carbon carboxylic acid is methanoic acid, $HCOOH$."},{"text":"methanol; $CH_3OH$","correct":false,"explanation":"Methanol is an alcohol and contains a hydroxyl group without a carbonyl group. The one-carbon carboxylic acid is methanoic acid, with formula $HCOOH$."},{"text":"propanoic acid; $CH_3CH_2COOH$","correct":false,"explanation":"Propanoic acid has three carbon atoms, so this counts two extra carbons. The carboxylic acid containing one carbon is methanoic acid, $HCOOH$."}]},{"id":"ebdfd0a8-a019-45bd-b6d3-699430e1f684","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Name the carboxylic acid containing two carbon atoms and state its structural formula.","back":"ethanoic acid; $CH_3COOH$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"ethanoic acid; $CH_3COOH$","correct":true,"explanation":"Ethanoic acid contains two carbon atoms: one in the $CH_3$ group and one in the carboxyl group. Its structural formula is $CH_3COOH$."},{"text":"methanoic acid; $HCOOH$","correct":false,"explanation":"Methanoic acid contains only one carbon atom, so it is too short for this question. The two-carbon carboxylic acid is ethanoic acid, $CH_3COOH$."},{"text":"propanoic acid; $CH_3CH_2COOH$","correct":false,"explanation":"Propanoic acid contains three carbon atoms, one more than required. Counting the carboxyl carbon, the two-carbon compound is ethanoic acid, $CH_3COOH$."},{"text":"ethanol; $CH_3CH_2OH$","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethanol is a two-carbon alcohol, but it lacks the carbonyl part of a carboxyl group. The two-carbon carboxylic acid is ethanoic acid, $CH_3COOH$."}]},{"id":"71502a5f-2d7d-4e0d-98cc-a6aaefcab91d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Name the carboxylic acid containing three carbon atoms and state its structural formula.","back":"propanoic acid; $CH_3CH_2COOH$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"propanoic acid; $CH_3CH_2COOH$","correct":true,"explanation":"Propanoic acid contains three carbon atoms, including the carbon atom in the carboxyl group, and its structural formula is $CH_3CH_2COOH$."},{"text":"ethanoic acid; $CH_3COOH$","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethanoic acid contains only two carbon atoms, so it is one carbon shorter than required. The three-carbon carboxylic acid is propanoic acid, $CH_3CH_2COOH$."},{"text":"butanoic acid; $CH_3CH_2CH_2COOH$","correct":false,"explanation":"Butanoic acid contains four carbon atoms, so it is one carbon longer than required. The three-carbon compound is propanoic acid, $CH_3CH_2COOH$."},{"text":"propanol; $CH_3CH_2CH_2OH$","correct":false,"explanation":"Propanol has three carbon atoms but is an alcohol, with no carbonyl group. The three-carbon carboxylic acid is propanoic acid, $CH_3CH_2COOH$."}]},{"id":"58d466d4-5b69-48a2-ab1c-f812d5abdf89","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Name the carboxylic acid containing four carbon atoms and state its structural formula.","back":"butanoic acid; $CH_3CH_2CH_2COOH$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"butanoic acid; $CH_3CH_2CH_2COOH$","correct":true,"explanation":"Butanoic acid contains four carbon atoms, counting the carbon in the carboxyl group, and its structural formula is $CH_3CH_2CH_2COOH$."},{"text":"propanoic acid; $CH_3CH_2COOH$","correct":false,"explanation":"Propanoic acid contains three carbon atoms, so it is one carbon shorter than required. The four-carbon carboxylic acid is butanoic acid, $CH_3CH_2CH_2COOH$."},{"text":"pentanoic acid; $CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_2COOH$","correct":false,"explanation":"Pentanoic acid contains five carbon atoms, one more than required. Counting the carboxyl carbon, the four-carbon compound is butanoic acid, $CH_3CH_2CH_2COOH$."},{"text":"butanol; $CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_2OH$","correct":false,"explanation":"Butanol has four carbon atoms but is an alcohol and contains no carbonyl group. The four-carbon carboxylic acid is butanoic acid, $CH_3CH_2CH_2COOH$."}]},{"id":"7220f68c-a86e-4f3a-8b2c-0afdfca3d889","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does the structure of a carboxylic acid differ from a simple alcohol?","back":"Carboxylic acids have a $C=O$ (carbonyl) group attached to the same carbon as the $-OH$ group.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Carboxylic acids have a $C=O$ (carbonyl) group attached to the same carbon as the $-OH$ group.","correct":true,"explanation":"A carboxylic acid contains both a carbonyl group, $C=O$, and a hydroxyl group, $-OH$, attached to the same carbon atom."},{"text":"Carboxylic acids have a $C-C$ (single-bond) group attached to the same carbon as the $-OH$ group.","correct":false,"explanation":"A $C-C$ single bond may occur in the carbon chain but does not define a carboxylic acid. The distinguishing group attached to the same carbon as $-OH$ is $C=O$."},{"text":"Carboxylic acids have a $C=O$ (carbonyl) group attached to the same carbon as the $-Cl$ group.","correct":false,"explanation":"Replacing $-OH$ with $-Cl$ gives an acyl chloride rather than a carboxylic acid. Carboxylic acids have $C=O$ and $-OH$ attached to the same carbon."},{"text":"Carboxylic acids have a $C-O$ (single-bond) group attached to the same carbon as the $-OH$ group.","correct":false,"explanation":"The carbon-oxygen single bond is part of the hydroxyl group, but the additional defining bond is the carbonyl double bond. Therefore the group is $C=O$ with $-OH$."}]},{"id":"d7335e2a-d9e9-4e68-b178-3fee66acd34f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An [ ] solution is one where the substance is dissolved in water.","back":"An aqueous solution is one where the substance is dissolved in water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"aqueous","correct":true,"explanation":"Aqueous means dissolved in water. In chemical equations, the state symbol (aq) identifies a substance present in an aqueous solution."},{"text":"acidic","correct":false,"explanation":"Acidic describes a solution with a pH below 7, not the solvent used. A substance dissolved in water forms an aqueous solution."},{"text":"concentrated","correct":false,"explanation":"Concentrated describes a large amount of solute per unit volume, not dissolution specifically in water. The required term is aqueous."},{"text":"saturated","correct":false,"explanation":"Saturated means the solution contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature. A solution formed using water is described as aqueous."}]},{"id":"b43cc758-1d95-4d30-a662-d776b840116f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are the products of the reaction between an aqueous carboxylic acid and a reactive metal?","back":"salt + hydrogen","mcqOptions":[{"text":"salt + hydrogen","correct":true,"explanation":"A carboxylic acid reacts with a reactive metal by forming a salt and releasing hydrogen gas, following the general acid-metal reaction pattern."},{"text":"salt + water","correct":false,"explanation":"Water is produced in acid-base reactions, but not when a reactive metal directly displaces hydrogen from an acid. The products are salt and hydrogen."},{"text":"salt + carbon dioxide","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is released when an acid reacts with a carbonate, not with a metal. A reactive metal and carboxylic acid produce salt and hydrogen."},{"text":"salt + oxygen","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is not released when a reactive metal reacts with an acid. The metal displaces hydrogen ions, producing a salt and hydrogen gas."}]},{"id":"13038043-470b-4ef8-a20a-f720e24f517a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are the products of the reaction between an aqueous carboxylic acid and a metal carbonate?","back":"salt + water + carbon dioxide","mcqOptions":[{"text":"salt + water + carbon dioxide","correct":true,"explanation":"An acid-carbonate reaction produces a salt and water, while the carbonate ions also form carbon dioxide gas, which causes effervescence."},{"text":"salt + water + hydrogen","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen is produced when an acid reacts directly with a reactive metal. A carbonate instead gives a salt, water and carbon dioxide."},{"text":"salt + hydrogen + carbon dioxide","correct":false,"explanation":"A metal carbonate neutralises the acid, so water is produced alongside carbon dioxide. The complete products are salt, water and carbon dioxide."},{"text":"salt + water + oxygen","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is not a product of an acid-carbonate reaction. Carbonate ions react with acid to form water and carbon dioxide alongside the salt."}]},{"id":"7ce625df-f096-4fa9-9422-caef8888e556","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Carboxylic acids are [ ] acids, meaning they react slower than hydrochloric acid of the same concentration.","back":"Carboxylic acids are weak acids, meaning they react slower than hydrochloric acid of the same concentration.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"weak","correct":true,"explanation":"Carboxylic acids ionise only partially in aqueous solution. Their lower concentration of hydrogen ions makes them react more slowly than hydrochloric acid of equal concentration."},{"text":"strong","correct":false,"explanation":"Strong acids ionise almost completely in water and generally react faster at the same concentration. Carboxylic acids ionise only partially, so they are weak acids."},{"text":"dilute","correct":false,"explanation":"Dilute refers to concentration rather than the extent of ionisation, and a weak acid can be concentrated. Carboxylic acids are classified as weak acids."},{"text":"neutral","correct":false,"explanation":"Neutral substances do not show the characteristic acidic reactions of carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids donate hydrogen ions but ionise partially, making them weak acids."}]},{"id":"bc99b096-6f4b-4919-938e-cffce9b68cee","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Carboxylic acids are weak acids, meaning they react [ ] than hydrochloric acid of the same concentration.","back":"Carboxylic acids are weak acids, meaning they react slower than hydrochloric acid of the same concentration.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"slower","correct":true,"explanation":"Carboxylic acids are weak acids and ionise only partially in water. Consequently, they react slower than fully ionised hydrochloric acid of the same concentration."},{"text":"faster","correct":false,"explanation":"Faster is the reversed comparison. Carboxylic acids ionise only partially, so they supply hydrogen ions less readily and react slower than hydrochloric acid at equal concentration."},{"text":"more rapidly","correct":false,"explanation":"More rapidly incorrectly treats both acids as supplying hydrogen ions equally readily. Partial ionisation means a carboxylic acid reacts slower than hydrochloric acid of equal concentration."},{"text":"more quickly","correct":false,"explanation":"More quickly reverses the effect of weak ionisation. Hydrochloric acid ionises completely, whereas carboxylic acids ionise partially and therefore react slower at the same concentration."}]},{"id":"3e2e6648-3785-4036-93a9-9f46e6a0e878","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Give two observations when ethanoic acid reacts with magnesium ribbon.","back":"

effervescence (bubbles)
the magnesium disappears

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

effervescence (bubbles)
the magnesium disappears

","correct":true,"explanation":"Hydrogen gas escaping causes effervescence, while magnesium atoms are converted into aqueous magnesium ethanoate, so the visible metal ribbon gradually disappears."},{"text":"

no effervescence (no bubbles)
the magnesium remains

","correct":false,"explanation":"Assuming no visible reaction overlooks the hydrogen gas formed and the consumption of magnesium. Bubbles appear, and the magnesium ribbon gradually disappears."},{"text":"

effervescence (bubbles)
the magnesium turns black

","correct":false,"explanation":"The bubbles are correctly linked to hydrogen, but magnesium does not turn black. It reacts to form soluble magnesium ethanoate and therefore gradually disappears."},{"text":"

precipitation (solid forms)
the magnesium disappears

","correct":false,"explanation":"The magnesium does disappear, but soluble magnesium ethanoate does not form a precipitate. The other visible observation is effervescence caused by hydrogen gas."}]},{"id":"95587739-5b9d-4a12-8c41-b8894a9053d3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Ethanoic acid reacts with magnesium to form the salt [ ].","back":"Ethanoic acid reacts with magnesium to form the salt magnesium ethanoate.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"magnesium ethanoate","correct":true,"explanation":"Salt names combine the metal name with the acid-derived ion. Magnesium supplies the metal name, while ethanoic acid forms ethanoate ions, giving magnesium ethanoate."},{"text":"magnesium methanoate","correct":false,"explanation":"Methanoate salts come from methanoic acid, not ethanoic acid. The acid supplies ethanoate ions, so the salt formed is magnesium ethanoate."},{"text":"magnesium carbonate","correct":false,"explanation":"Magnesium carbonate contains carbonate ions and would be a reactant in an acid-carbonate reaction. Ethanoic acid and magnesium form magnesium ethanoate."},{"text":"magnesium ethoxide","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethoxide is derived from ethanol rather than ethanoic acid. Removing the acidic hydrogen from ethanoic acid forms ethanoate, so the salt is magnesium ethanoate."}]},{"id":"ee447c17-31b0-4c43-8061-f2cd5728a735","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with magnesium.","back":"$$2CH_3COOH(aq) + Mg(s) \\rightarrow Mg(CH_3COO)_2(aq) + H_2(g)$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$2CH_3COOH(aq) + Mg(s) \\rightarrow Mg(CH_3COO)_2(aq) + H_2(g)$","correct":true,"explanation":"Magnesium forms $Mg^{2+}$, so two ethanoate ions are needed in the salt. The two displaced acidic hydrogen atoms combine to form one $H_2$ molecule."},{"text":"$$CH_3COOH(aq) + Mg(s) \\rightarrow Mg(CH_3COO)_2(aq) + H_2(g)$","correct":false,"explanation":"Using one ethanoic acid molecule leaves the equation unbalanced and ignores magnesium's 2+ charge. Two ethanoate ions are required per magnesium ion, producing one hydrogen molecule."},{"text":"$$2CH_3COOH(aq) + Mg(s) \\rightarrow Mg(CH_3COO)_2(aq) + H_2O(l)$","correct":false,"explanation":"Water is associated with neutralisation by a base, not direct reaction with a metal. Magnesium displaces acidic hydrogen, so the gaseous product must be $H_2$."},{"text":"$$2CH_3COOH(aq) + Mg(s) \\rightarrow Mg(CH_3COO)_2(aq) + 2H_2(g)$","correct":false,"explanation":"Writing $2H_2$ creates four hydrogen atoms as gas although only two acidic hydrogen atoms are displaced. The balanced equation has a coefficient of one before $H_2$."}]},{"id":"f7937e48-3876-4343-9163-0256bb3c48c2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with calcium carbonate.","back":"$$2CH_3COOH(aq) + CaCO_3(s) \\rightarrow Ca(CH_3COO)_2(aq) + H_2O(l) + CO_2(g)$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$2CH_3COOH(aq) + CaCO_3(s) \\rightarrow Ca(CH_3COO)_2(aq) + H_2O(l) + CO_2(g)$","correct":true,"explanation":"Two ethanoic acid molecules provide the two ethanoate ions required by $Ca^{2+}$. The carbonate also forms water and carbon dioxide, so the equation is fully balanced."},{"text":"$$CH_3COOH(aq) + CaCO_3(s) \\rightarrow Ca(CH_3COO)_2(aq) + H_2O(l) + CO_2(g)$","correct":false,"explanation":"Omitting the coefficient 2 leaves insufficient ethanoic acid to form calcium ethanoate, which contains two ethanoate ions. The acid must therefore have a coefficient of 2."},{"text":"$$2CH_3COOH(aq) + CaCO_3(s) \\rightarrow Ca(CH_3COO)_2(aq) + H_2(g) + CO_2(g)$","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen is produced when acids react with suitable metals, not metal carbonates. A carbonate reacts with ethanoic acid to produce calcium ethanoate, water and carbon dioxide."},{"text":"$$CH_3COOH(aq) + CaCO_3(s) \\rightarrow CaCH_3COO(aq) + H_2O(l) + CO_2(g)$","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats calcium as if it formed a $+1$ ion, producing only one ethanoate per calcium. Calcium is $Ca^{2+}$, so the salt is $Ca(CH_3COO)_2$ and two acid molecules are needed."}]},{"id":"d60e6f9a-5be0-4fd4-9949-0e80045a4894","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Define vinegar in chemical terms.","back":"An aqueous solution of ethanoic acid.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An aqueous solution of ethanoic acid.","correct":true,"explanation":"Vinegar consists mainly of water containing dissolved ethanoic acid. The ethanoic acid gives vinegar its characteristic acidity, sour taste and reactions with carbonates."},{"text":"An aqueous solution of ethanol.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethanol is the alcohol that can be oxidised to produce ethanoic acid, but it is not the acid in vinegar. Vinegar is an aqueous solution of ethanoic acid."},{"text":"An ethanolic solution of ethanoic acid.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly makes ethanol the solvent. In vinegar, water is the solvent and ethanoic acid is dissolved in it, making an aqueous solution of ethanoic acid."},{"text":"An aqueous solution of methanoic acid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Methanoic acid is a related carboxylic acid, but it is not the acid that defines vinegar. Vinegar is specifically an aqueous solution of ethanoic acid."}]},{"id":"f50e656a-7510-47cd-a121-460537316ba0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What observation is made when vinegar is added to a metal carbonate?","back":"effervescence (fizzing) due to carbon dioxide production.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"effervescence (fizzing) due to carbon dioxide production.","correct":true,"explanation":"Acids react with metal carbonates to form a salt, water and carbon dioxide. The escaping carbon dioxide gas produces the visible fizzing or effervescence."},{"text":"effervescence (fizzing) due to hydrogen production.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen is released when an acid reacts with a suitable metal, not a metal carbonate. Vinegar and a carbonate produce carbon dioxide, causing effervescence."},{"text":"effervescence (fizzing) due to oxygen production.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen production is associated with processes such as electrolysis or certain decomposition reactions. An acid-carbonate reaction releases carbon dioxide, which causes the observed fizzing."},{"text":"cloudiness (precipitate) due to calcium carbonate production.","correct":false,"explanation":"The carbonate is a reactant rather than a newly formed precipitate. Vinegar reacts with it to release carbon dioxide, so the characteristic observation is effervescence."}]},{"id":"76e823bd-10e7-4df6-bb13-801d9a4ba281","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How is the molecular formula $C_3H_6O_2$ derived from the structural formula $CH_3CH_2COOH$?","back":"Total count of atoms: 3 Carbons, 6 Hydrogens, and 2 Oxygens.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Total count of atoms: 3 Carbons, 6 Hydrogens, and 2 Oxygens.","correct":true,"explanation":"Counting through $CH_3CH_2COOH$ gives three carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms. These totals produce the molecular formula $C_3H_6O_2$."},{"text":"Total count of atoms: 3 Carbons, 5 Hydrogens, and 2 Oxygens.","correct":false,"explanation":"This misses the hydrogen attached to oxygen in the $COOH$ group. Including that acidic hydrogen gives six hydrogens, so the molecular formula is $C_3H_6O_2$."},{"text":"Total count of atoms: 2 Carbons, 6 Hydrogens, and 2 Oxygens.","correct":false,"explanation":"This counts only the two carbons in $CH_3CH_2$ and overlooks the carbon in $COOH$. Including the carboxyl carbon gives three carbons in total."},{"text":"Total count of atoms: 3 Carbons, 6 Hydrogens, and 1 Oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"The $COOH$ group contains two oxygen atoms: one double-bonded to carbon and one bonded to hydrogen. Therefore the correct oxygen count is two, not one."}]},{"id":"35df3c1f-3404-49c2-a0e3-2b39b261a2d3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the specific requirement for drawing a displayed formula in organic chemistry?","back":"Every atom and every covalent bond must be shown.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Every atom and every covalent bond must be shown.","correct":true,"explanation":"A displayed formula represents the complete bonding arrangement of a molecule. It must explicitly include every atom, including hydrogen, and every covalent bond between those atoms."},{"text":"Every carbon atom and every carbon-carbon bond must be shown.","correct":false,"explanation":"Showing only carbon atoms and carbon-carbon bonds resembles a simplified skeletal representation. A displayed formula must also show hydrogen atoms, other elements and every covalent bond."},{"text":"Every atom but only each carbon-carbon bond must be shown.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restricting the bonds to carbon-carbon bonds omits carbon-hydrogen and bonds involving other elements. A displayed formula must show every atom and every covalent bond."},{"text":"Every functional group and every ionic bond must be shown.","correct":false,"explanation":"Organic molecules are represented using covalent bonds, not ionic bonds, and showing functional groups alone omits other atoms. A displayed formula includes every atom and every covalent bond."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-19","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Carboxylic acids","title":"Carboxylic acids Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/chemistry/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"6453e2e0-a366-53d1-805c-13babc0a5434","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]