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24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/igcse/chemistry/edexcel/alkenes/flashcards","label":"Alkenes","subjectCode":"igcse_chemistry","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"f802998f-9c1c-4e79-819f-06451e14afd7","title":"Alkenes Flashcards","topicId":"e04b035b-eecb-5cfa-99a9-d94df67af9a0","topicSlug":"alkenes","cards":[{"id":"5b12c517-c9b1-4406-8b58-fe36fdc93140","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which bond is the alkene functional group?","back":"The C=C double bond.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The C=C double bond.","correct":true,"explanation":"The alkene functional group is a carbon-carbon double bond, written C=C. This bond is present in every alkene and gives alkenes their characteristic addition reactions."},{"text":"The C-C single bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"A single carbon-carbon bond occurs in alkanes as well as alkenes, so it does not define the alkene functional group. The correct group is the C=C double bond."},{"text":"The C-H bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon-hydrogen bonds are found in both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, so they cannot identify an alkene. The defining functional group is the C=C double bond."},{"text":"The C≡C triple bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"A carbon-carbon triple bond is the functional group of an alkyne, not an alkene. Alkenes are identified by their C=C double bond."}]},{"id":"6d206703-56d2-43e8-92f4-be0505db5b4e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A hydrocarbon contains [ ].","back":"A hydrocarbon contains carbon and hydrogen atoms only.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"carbon and hydrogen atoms only","correct":true,"explanation":"A hydrocarbon is defined as a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Any compound containing oxygen, nitrogen or another element is not a hydrocarbon."},{"text":"carbon atoms only","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon atoms alone cannot describe a hydrocarbon, because hydrocarbons must also contain hydrogen. The correct definition includes carbon and hydrogen atoms only."},{"text":"hydrogen atoms only","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen atoms alone do not form a hydrocarbon. The term requires a compound made from both carbon and hydrogen atoms, with no other elements present."},{"text":"carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms","correct":false,"explanation":"Including oxygen makes the substance a compound containing more than the two elements allowed in a hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbons contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only."}]},{"id":"65b2f00d-5969-4828-b58b-68c9602c7971","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In an alkene homologous series, neighbouring members differ by [ ].","back":"In an alkene homologous series, neighbouring members differ by $CH_2$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$CH_2$","correct":true,"explanation":"Adjacent members of a homologous series differ by one $CH_2$ unit. This gives a regular increase in relative molecular mass while preserving the same functional group and general formula."},{"text":"$$CH_3$","correct":false,"explanation":"A $CH_3$ group is associated with an alkyl end or substituent, but neighbouring homologues differ by $CH_2$. Using $CH_3$ gives the wrong increase in composition."},{"text":"$$C_2H_4$","correct":false,"explanation":"$$C_2H_4$ is the molecular formula of ethene, not the difference between neighbouring members. The step between homologues is one $CH_2$ unit."},{"text":"$$CH$","correct":false,"explanation":"The difference between adjacent alkenes must preserve the homologous-series pattern and is $CH_2$. Omitting one hydrogen gives an incorrect composition and mass increase."}]},{"id":"2cff2856-cf3a-4018-882d-016f89706cea","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the general formula for an alkene with one C=C bond?","back":"$C_nH_{2n}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$C_nH_{2n}$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Alkenes with one carbon-carbon double bond have two fewer hydrogen atoms than the corresponding alkanes, giving the general formula $C_nH_{2n}$."},{"text":"$C_nH_{2n+2}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the general formula for saturated acyclic alkanes. The C=C bond in an alkene reduces the hydrogen count to $C_nH_{2n}$."},{"text":"$C_nH_{2n-2}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This formula represents compounds with two degrees of unsaturation, such as an alkyne with one triple bond. One C=C bond gives $C_nH_{2n}$."},{"text":"$C_nH_n$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal numbers of carbon and hydrogen do not describe the alkene homologous series. With one C=C bond, the correct relationship is twice as many hydrogen atoms as carbon atoms."}]},{"id":"b5df3803-8b2c-4a7b-8634-bfc6e16283a4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the molecular formula of an alkene with five carbon atoms?","back":"$C_5H_{10}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$C_5H_{10}$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Substituting $n=5$ into the alkene formula $C_nH_{2n}$ gives $C_5H_{10}$. Five carbon atoms therefore require ten hydrogen atoms."},{"text":"$C_5H_{12}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the formula for pentane, an alkane. The C=C bond in a five-carbon alkene means two fewer hydrogens are present, giving $C_5H_{10}$."},{"text":"$C_5H_8$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This formula has two fewer hydrogens than an alkene should have and corresponds to an additional degree of unsaturation. A five-carbon alkene is $C_5H_{10}$."},{"text":"$C_4H_8$.","correct":false,"explanation":"The hydrogen count fits an alkene with four carbon atoms, but the question specifies five. Applying $C_nH_{2n}$ to five carbons gives $C_5H_{10}$."}]},{"id":"1d8df303-f2fb-4697-a041-e004eef56f92","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is there no methene?","back":"A C=C double bond needs two carbon atoms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A C=C double bond needs two carbon atoms.","correct":true,"explanation":"A C=C double bond joins two carbon atoms. Since methene would have only one carbon atom, it cannot contain the required double bond and therefore does not exist."},{"text":"A C=C double bond needs one carbon atom.","correct":false,"explanation":"A carbon-carbon double bond cannot be formed by one carbon atom. It needs two carbon atoms, which is why the smallest alkene is ethene rather than methene."},{"text":"A C=C double bond needs three carbon atoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Three carbon atoms are not required for a C=C bond; two are enough. This misconception incorrectly treats the smallest alkene as needing an extra carbon atom."},{"text":"A C=C double bond needs one carbon atom and one hydrogen atom.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen does not form part of the carbon-carbon double bond itself. The bond requires two carbon atoms, while hydrogen atoms attach elsewhere in the molecule."}]},{"id":"bf0ef4eb-59ec-4d94-8a08-0892bbbbb06e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An unsaturated hydrocarbon has at least one [ ], such as a [ ] double bond.","back":"An unsaturated hydrocarbon has at least one multiple carbon-carbon bond, such as a C=C double bond.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An unsaturated hydrocarbon has at least one multiple carbon-carbon bond, such as a C=C double bond.","correct":true,"explanation":"Unsaturation means the hydrocarbon contains a multiple carbon-carbon bond rather than only single bonds. A C=C bond is therefore an example of the structural feature."},{"text":"An unsaturated hydrocarbon has at least one single carbon-carbon bond, such as a C=C double bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"A single carbon-carbon bond does not make a hydrocarbon unsaturated; it is found in saturated alkanes. Unsaturation requires at least one multiple carbon-carbon bond, such as C=C."},{"text":"An unsaturated hydrocarbon has at least one multiple carbon-carbon bond, such as a C-C double bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first description is correct, but C-C represents a single bond rather than the required double bond. The example should be C=C."},{"text":"An unsaturated hydrocarbon has at least one multiple carbon-carbon bond, such as a C≡C double bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"A C≡C bond is a triple bond, not a double bond. Although it is also a multiple bond, the stated example must be a C=C double bond."}]},{"id":"f2f274f4-f49e-4ada-b257-863340e564d3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are alkenes described as unsaturated?","back":"Their C=C can open up and add atoms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Their C=C can open up and add atoms.","correct":true,"explanation":"The C=C double bond can open during an addition reaction, allowing atoms or groups of atoms to join onto the molecule. This means the alkene is not fully saturated with hydrogen."},{"text":"Their C-C can open up and add atoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"A C-C single bond is not the characteristic reactive bond responsible for alkene addition. The C=C double bond opens to allow atoms or groups of atoms to add."},{"text":"Their C=C can close up and remove atoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alkene addition involves opening the C=C bond and adding atoms or groups, not closing the bond while removing atoms. The ability to add shows the molecule is unsaturated."},{"text":"Their C=C can open up and replace atoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"The key reaction is addition, where atoms or groups join across the opened double bond. Replacement describes substitution chemistry rather than the reason alkenes are unsaturated."}]},{"id":"5a7088c3-ba4f-46ab-8ff5-3a3792b10daf","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the structural formula of ethene?","back":"$CH_2=CH_2$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$CH_2=CH_2$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ethene has two carbon atoms joined by a double bond, and each carbon is bonded to two hydrogen atoms, giving the structural formula shown."},{"text":"$CH_3CH_3$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This represents ethane, where the two carbon atoms share a single bond. Ethene must contain a C=C double bond, so its formula is $CH_2=CH_2$."},{"text":"$CH_2=CHCH_3$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This formula contains three carbon atoms, so it represents propene rather than ethene. Ethene has only two carbon atoms and is written as $CH_2=CH_2$."},{"text":"$CH_2=CHCH_2CH_3$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Four carbon atoms make this butene, not ethene. The two-carbon alkene has the structural formula $CH_2=CH_2$, with one double bond between the carbons."}]},{"id":"3c28c365-f423-4f6e-81b2-4542a0404a81","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the structural formula of propene?","back":"$CH_2=CHCH_3$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$CH_2=CHCH_3$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Propene contains three carbon atoms and one C=C double bond. Completing the valencies gives two hydrogens on the terminal carbon, one on the middle carbon and three on the other terminal carbon."},{"text":"$CH_2=CH_2$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This contains only two carbon atoms, so it is ethene. Propene requires three carbon atoms and has the structural formula $CH_2=CHCH_3$."},{"text":"$CH_3CH_2CH_3$.","correct":false,"explanation":"All the carbon-carbon bonds shown here are single bonds, making this propane. Propene must include a C=C double bond and is written $CH_2=CHCH_3$."},{"text":"$CH_2=CHCH_2CH_3$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This formula has four carbon atoms, so it is but-1-ene. Propene has three carbon atoms, giving $CH_2=CHCH_3$."}]},{"id":"365daf28-eaf0-4ffd-8058-e8787ace1296","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Name the alkene $CH_2=CHCH_2CH_3$.","back":"But-1-ene.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"But-1-ene.","correct":true,"explanation":"The four-carbon chain is a butene, and numbering from the end nearest the double bond places it between carbons 1 and 2. Therefore its name is but-1-ene."},{"text":"But-2-ene.","correct":false,"explanation":"Numbering the chain from the nearest end gives the double bond the lower locant, 1 rather than 2. The correct name is But-1-ene."},{"text":"Propene.","correct":false,"explanation":"The formula contains four carbon atoms, not three, so the prefix must be but-. Numbering the double bond gives the correct name But-1-ene."},{"text":"Pent-1-ene.","correct":false,"explanation":"The formula has four carbon atoms, not five, so pent- is too large a chain prefix. The four-carbon alkene is correctly named But-1-ene."}]},{"id":"1e88f1fb-6282-4e7a-82f8-8d87ec28ab32","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Name the alkene $CH_3CH=CHCH_3$.","back":"But-2-ene.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"But-2-ene.","correct":true,"explanation":"There are four carbon atoms, making the parent name butene. The double bond lies between the second and third carbons from either end, so the name is but-2-ene."},{"text":"But-1-ene.","correct":false,"explanation":"The double bond is not at the end of the four-carbon chain; it is between the two middle carbons. Its position is therefore 2, giving But-2-ene."},{"text":"Propene.","correct":false,"explanation":"The formula contains four carbon atoms, so it cannot be propene, which contains three. The double bond position in this four-carbon chain gives But-2-ene."},{"text":"Pent-2-ene.","correct":false,"explanation":"The formula contains four carbon atoms rather than five, so the parent prefix is but-, not pent-. The correct name is But-2-ene."}]},{"id":"aa410c77-c2c9-470c-9e49-fcb467c3310e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are but-1-ene and but-2-ene isomers?","back":"

Same molecular formula: $C_4H_8$.
Different structural formulae: C=C in different positions.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Same molecular formula: $C_4H_8$.
Different structural formulae: C=C in different positions.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Both compounds contain four carbon atoms and eight hydrogen atoms, but their C=C bonds occupy different positions. They therefore have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae."},{"text":"

Different molecular formula: $C_4H_{10}$.
Same structural formulae: C=C in the same position.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Isomers must have the same molecular formula, and these names identify different double-bond positions. The correct explanation is $C_4H_8$ with C=C bonds in different positions."},{"text":"

Same molecular formula: $C_4H_8$.
Same structural formulae: C=C in the same position.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The molecular formula is correct, but the structural formulae differ because the double bond is in position 1 in one compound and position 2 in the other."},{"text":"

Different molecular formula: $C_3H_6$.
Different structural formulae: C=C in different positions.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The double-bond positions do differ, but both compounds contain four carbons and eight hydrogens, not three carbons and six hydrogens. Thus their shared formula is $C_4H_8$."}]},{"id":"fd0c6c87-038c-4369-91d7-13db8432e888","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The ending [ ] shows that a molecule contains a [ ].","back":"The ending -ene shows that a molecule contains a C=C double bond.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The ending -ene shows that a molecule contains a C=C double bond.","correct":true,"explanation":"The suffix -ene is used for hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon double bond, represented as C=C. It identifies the compound as an alkene."},{"text":"The ending -ane shows that a molecule contains a C=C double bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"The suffix -ane indicates only single carbon-carbon bonds, whereas -ene identifies a C=C double bond. The completed sentence should use -ene and C=C double bond."},{"text":"The ending -yne shows that a molecule contains a C=C double bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"The suffix -yne indicates a carbon-carbon triple bond, not a double bond. The correct suffix for a molecule containing C=C is -ene."},{"text":"The ending -ene shows that a molecule contains a C-C single bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although -ene is the correct suffix, it signals a carbon-carbon double bond rather than a single bond. The completed sentence must refer to a C=C double bond."}]},{"id":"82df92a5-e7ca-4ae6-811f-0f52a162ffb0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does the 2 in but-2-ene tell you?","back":"The C=C starts on carbon 2.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The C=C starts on carbon 2.","correct":true,"explanation":"In but-2-ene, the number identifies the first carbon involved in the double bond when the chain is numbered from the nearest end. The C=C therefore starts on carbon 2."},{"text":"The C=C starts on carbon 1.","correct":false,"explanation":"The number in the name gives the position of the first double-bonded carbon, not automatically the first carbon in the chain. In but-2-ene, the C=C starts on carbon 2."},{"text":"The C=C starts on carbon 3.","correct":false,"explanation":"The locant refers to the first carbon of the double bond, and the chain is numbered from the end giving the lowest value. Therefore it starts on carbon 2, not carbon 3."},{"text":"The C=C starts on carbon 4.","correct":false,"explanation":"A terminal carbon cannot be the first carbon of a double bond in this four-carbon structure. The locant 2 means the C=C begins at carbon 2."}]},{"id":"4fadeb0b-4fa7-48e3-9c60-0a1e11f608a3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many of each double-bonded carbon's four bonds are used by C=C?","back":"Two bonds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Two bonds.","correct":true,"explanation":"A C=C double bond consists of two shared pairs of electrons, represented as two covalent bonds. Therefore two of each carbon's four bonds are used by the double bond."},{"text":"One bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"One shared pair represents a single bond, not a double bond. A C=C contains two covalent bonds, so two of each carbon's four bonds are used."},{"text":"Three bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Three bonds would be a triple bond, written C≡C, rather than the double bond in an alkene. A C=C uses two bonds from each carbon's valency of four."},{"text":"Four bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Four bonds would use the entire valency of carbon and leave no bonds for hydrogen or other atoms. A carbon-carbon double bond uses two of each carbon's four bonds."}]},{"id":"25ead3ff-2730-4a9f-9c40-c356795cf2c1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An addition reaction adds atoms across a [ ], forming a [ ].","back":"An addition reaction adds atoms across a C=C double bond, forming a C-C single bond.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An addition reaction adds atoms across a C=C double bond, forming a C-C single bond.","correct":true,"explanation":"The alkene’s C=C double bond opens during addition, allowing new atoms to attach across the two carbon atoms and leaving a C-C single bond."},{"text":"An addition reaction adds atoms across a C-C single bond, forming a C=C double bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the bonding change and describes elimination rather than addition. Addition uses a C=C double bond and converts it into a C-C single bond."},{"text":"An addition reaction adds atoms across a C=C double bond, forming a C≡C triple bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"A triple bond is not formed in addition to an alkene. The C=C double bond opens and becomes a C-C single bond as atoms are added."},{"text":"An addition reaction adds atoms across a C≡C triple bond, forming a C=C double bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes partial addition to an alkyne, not addition to an alkene. For an alkene, atoms add across the C=C double bond to form a C-C single bond."}]},{"id":"03709eb3-031c-4634-9190-0e9dc9580711","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What type of product forms when an alkene reacts with bromine?","back":"A dibromoalkane.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A dibromoalkane.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bromine adds across the alkene’s C=C bond, placing one bromine atom on each carbon and producing a saturated dibromoalkane."},{"text":"A bromoalkane.","correct":false,"explanation":"This suggests that only one bromine atom has been added. Bromination adds two bromine atoms overall, so the product is a dibromoalkane."},{"text":"A dibromoalkene.","correct":false,"explanation":"The product does contain two bromine atoms, but the C=C bond is used up during addition. Therefore it is a dibromoalkane, not a dibromoalkene."},{"text":"A dibromocycloalkane.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bromine addition does not create a ring. It adds across the existing C=C bond, giving an open-chain dibromoalkane when the starting alkene is open-chain."}]},{"id":"9efb6e94-1dea-45f9-a8ae-cef92885b2c9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where do bromine atoms add during bromination of an alkene?","back":"One Br to each carbon from the original C=C.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"One Br to each carbon from the original C=C.","correct":true,"explanation":"The C=C bond opens during bromination, and one bromine atom forms a new bond to each of the two original alkene carbon atoms."},{"text":"One Br to each carbon from the original C-C.","correct":false,"explanation":"The original alkene contains a C=C double bond, not a C-C single bond. Bromine adds across that double bond, placing one Br on each carbon."},{"text":"Two Br to one carbon from the original C=C.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two bromine atoms do not attach to the same carbon. They add across the C=C bond, with one Br bonded to each carbon."},{"text":"One Br to each carbon from the original C≡C.","correct":false,"explanation":"An alkene has a C=C double bond, whereas C≡C identifies an alkyne. Bromination here occurs across the original C=C bond."}]},{"id":"7597cf2a-039c-4250-939f-69ac89a5054c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the named product when propene reacts with bromine?","back":"1,2-dibromopropane.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"1,2-dibromopropane.","correct":true,"explanation":"Propene has three carbons and a double bond between carbon 1 and carbon 2. Bromine adds to those two carbons, giving 1,2-dibromopropane."},{"text":"1,1-dibromopropane.","correct":false,"explanation":"This places both bromine atoms on carbon 1, but bromination adds one Br to each carbon of the original double bond, producing 1,2-dibromopropane."},{"text":"1,2-dibromopropene.","correct":false,"explanation":"The bromine atoms add across and remove the C=C bond, so the product is saturated. The correct name is 1,2-dibromopropane."},{"text":"2,3-dibromopropane.","correct":false,"explanation":"Propene’s double bond is between carbons 1 and 2 when numbered to give the substituents the lowest locants. The product is therefore 1,2-dibromopropane."}]},{"id":"80589d3b-3b86-4e5f-9f69-7fa3a455f61e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is observed when an alkene is shaken with bromine water?","back":"Orange-brown to colourless.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Orange-brown to colourless.","correct":true,"explanation":"The orange-brown bromine reacts with the alkene as it adds across the C=C bond, so the bromine water is decolourised to colourless."},{"text":"Colourless to orange-brown.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the observation. Bromine water starts orange-brown, and the alkene removes its colour by reacting with the bromine."},{"text":"Orange-brown to green.","correct":false,"explanation":"Green is not the characteristic result of bromine addition to an alkene. The orange-brown bromine colour disappears, producing a colourless solution."},{"text":"Yellow to colourless.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the solution becomes colourless, bromine water begins orange-brown, not yellow. The observed change is orange-brown to colourless."}]},{"id":"86b0d2a5-184b-4a7c-b22e-14d18123e6eb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens when an alkane is shaken with bromine water in the dark?","back":"No reaction; it stays orange-brown.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"No reaction; it stays orange-brown.","correct":true,"explanation":"An alkane does not react with bromine water in the dark because its C-C bonds are not readily attacked. The bromine therefore remains orange-brown."},{"text":"No reaction; it stays colourless.","correct":false,"explanation":"The alkane does not react, but bromine water is initially orange-brown. With no reaction to remove the bromine, it stays orange-brown."},{"text":"A reaction; it stays orange-brown.","correct":false,"explanation":"A colour change is not required for a reaction, but alkanes do not react with bromine water in the dark. The correct observation is no reaction and orange-brown colour remains."},{"text":"A reaction; it changes from orange-brown to colourless.","correct":false,"explanation":"Decolourisation occurs when bromine reacts with an alkene, not an alkane in the dark. The alkane causes no reaction, so the solution stays orange-brown."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-19","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Alkenes","title":"Alkenes Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/chemistry/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"e04b035b-eecb-5cfa-99a9-d94df67af9a0","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]