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22:[["$","$L31",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L32",["$","$L33",null,{"href":"/igcse/chemistry/edexcel/alkanes/flashcards","label":"Alkanes","subjectCode":"igcse_chemistry","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L34",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L35",null,{"decks":[{"id":"287da720-4ea3-4607-8f18-3465b53d9cff","title":"Alkanes Flashcards","topicId":"322447b5-7da5-5b68-982f-118bed4e2ba2","topicSlug":"alkanes","cards":[{"id":"ad599d77-a079-47f4-b4de-05d64a3668ee","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] contains [ ] atoms only.","back":"A hydrocarbon contains carbon and hydrogen atoms only.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A hydrocarbon contains carbon and hydrogen atoms only.","correct":true,"explanation":"A hydrocarbon is defined as a compound containing carbon and hydrogen atoms only. Compounds containing additional elements, such as oxygen or nitrogen, are not hydrocarbons."},{"text":"A carbohydrate contains carbon and hydrogen atoms only.","correct":false,"explanation":"A carbohydrate generally contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, so it is not restricted to carbon and hydrogen. A hydrocarbon contains carbon and hydrogen atoms only."},{"text":"A hydrocarbon contains carbon atoms only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrocarbons must contain both carbon and hydrogen, rather than carbon alone. The correct definition is that a hydrocarbon contains carbon and hydrogen atoms only."},{"text":"A hydrocarbon contains carbon and oxygen atoms only.","correct":false,"explanation":"A compound containing carbon and oxygen only is not a hydrocarbon because hydrogen is absent. A hydrocarbon contains carbon and hydrogen atoms only."}]},{"id":"6723ae05-026d-4f10-b084-12947417b343","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An [ ] is a hydrocarbon containing only [ ].","back":"An alkane is a hydrocarbon containing only carbon-carbon single bonds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An alkane is a hydrocarbon containing only carbon-carbon single bonds.","correct":true,"explanation":"An alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon, meaning that all bonds between its carbon atoms are single bonds. It therefore contains no carbon-carbon double or triple bonds."},{"text":"An alkene is a hydrocarbon containing only carbon-carbon single bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"An alkene is distinguished by at least one carbon-carbon double bond, not exclusively carbon-carbon single bonds. A hydrocarbon with only carbon-carbon single bonds is an alkane."},{"text":"An alkane is a hydrocarbon containing only carbon-carbon double bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"A carbon-carbon double bond makes a hydrocarbon unsaturated and identifies it as an alkene. An alkane contains only carbon-carbon single bonds."},{"text":"An alkyne is a hydrocarbon containing only carbon-carbon triple bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alkynes contain a carbon-carbon triple bond and are unsaturated. The saturated hydrocarbons containing only carbon-carbon single bonds are alkanes."}]},{"id":"a943a6b5-e7b0-4a1a-b337-f92895c88d02","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the general formula for alkanes?","back":"$C_nH_{2n+2}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$C_nH_{2n+2}$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Acyclic alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula $C_nH_{2n+2}$. Substituting any whole-number value of $n$ gives the corresponding alkane formula."},{"text":"$C_nH_{2n}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"The formula $C_nH_{2n}$ is associated with alkenes containing one carbon-carbon double bond. Saturated, acyclic alkanes follow $C_nH_{2n+2}$."},{"text":"$C_nH_{2n-2}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"The formula $C_nH_{2n-2}$ is associated with alkynes containing one carbon-carbon triple bond. The general formula for alkanes is $C_nH_{2n+2}$."},{"text":"$C_nH_{2n+1}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using $2n+1$ gives the formula of an alkyl group formed by removing one hydrogen from an alkane. Complete alkane molecules follow $C_nH_{2n+2}$."}]},{"id":"db6638de-764a-4331-89ed-ffaa3b7d3da8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In $C_nH_{2n+2}$, $n$ is the number of [ ].","back":"In $C_nH_{2n+2}$, $n$ is the number of carbon atoms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"carbon atoms","correct":true,"explanation":"In the alkane formula $C_nH_{2n+2}$, the subscript $n$ gives the number of carbon atoms. The number of hydrogen atoms is then calculated as $2n+2$."},{"text":"hydrogen atoms","correct":false,"explanation":"The number of hydrogen atoms is represented by $2n+2$, not by $n$ alone. In this general formula, $n$ is the number of carbon atoms."},{"text":"total atoms","correct":false,"explanation":"The total number of atoms in an alkane molecule is $n+(2n+2)=3n+2$. The variable $n$ itself represents only the number of carbon atoms."},{"text":"covalent bonds","correct":false,"explanation":"The variable $n$ counts carbon atoms rather than bonds. Although carbon forms four covalent bonds, the molecule’s total number of bonds is not represented directly by $n$."}]},{"id":"f15677a5-3946-48b1-8118-1cf4778f4464","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the molecular formula of an alkane with 6 carbon atoms?","back":"$C_6H_{14}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$C_6H_{14}$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Substituting $n=6$ into $C_nH_{2n+2}$ gives $H=2(6)+2=14$. The molecular formula is therefore $C_6H_{14}$."},{"text":"$C_6H_{12}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using $2n$ instead of $2n+2$ gives 12 hydrogens, which is the alkene formula. For an alkane with six carbons, the correct formula is $C_6H_{14}$."},{"text":"$C_6H_{13}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thirteen hydrogens results from using $2n+1$, the formula for an alkyl group rather than a complete alkane. Six-carbon alkane molecules have formula $C_6H_{14}$."},{"text":"$C_6H_{16}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sixteen hydrogens comes from adding four rather than two to $2n$. Applying the alkane formula $C_nH_{2n+2}$ correctly gives $C_6H_{14}$."}]},{"id":"971a7411-5787-444e-8dd1-2a91c760c497","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why could $C_4H_8$ not be an alkane?","back":"For $n=4$, an alkane has 10 hydrogens, not 8.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For $n=4$, an alkane has 10 hydrogens, not 8.","correct":true,"explanation":"Alkanes follow $C_nH_{2n+2}$, so four carbon atoms require $2(4)+2=10$ hydrogen atoms. Therefore $C_4H_8$ cannot be an alkane."},{"text":"For $n=4$, an alkane has 6 hydrogens, not 8.","correct":false,"explanation":"Six hydrogens comes from using $2n-2$, the general formula associated with alkynes. For $n=4$, an alkane must have 10 hydrogens, not 8."},{"text":"For $n=4$, an alkane has 12 hydrogens, not 8.","correct":false,"explanation":"Twelve hydrogens results from incorrectly using $2n+4$. The alkane formula is $C_nH_{2n+2}$, which gives 10 hydrogens when $n=4$."},{"text":"For $n=4$, an alkane has 14 hydrogens, not 8.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fourteen hydrogens results from incorrectly adding six to $2n$. Substitution into $C_nH_{2n+2}$ gives 10 hydrogens for a four-carbon alkane."}]},{"id":"791bd997-d746-450f-84fc-d79504050adb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why are alkanes described as saturated?","back":"They contain only carbon-carbon single bonds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They contain only carbon-carbon single bonds.","correct":true,"explanation":"Alkanes are saturated because every bond between carbon atoms is a single bond. They contain no carbon-carbon double or triple bonds that could undergo addition."},{"text":"They contain only carbon-carbon double bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon-carbon double bonds make hydrocarbons unsaturated and identify them as alkenes. Alkanes are saturated because they contain only carbon-carbon single bonds."},{"text":"They contain only carbon-carbon triple bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon-carbon triple bonds occur in alkynes and make them unsaturated. Alkanes are saturated because all bonds between their carbon atoms are single bonds."},{"text":"They contain only carbon-hydrogen single bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon-hydrogen bonds are single bonds, but saturation is determined by the bonds between carbon atoms. Alkanes are saturated because they contain only carbon-carbon single bonds."}]},{"id":"ba3c9671-f0c4-4997-9522-56baaf6e533a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In alkanes, carbon forms [ ] covalent bonds and hydrogen forms [ ].","back":"In alkanes, carbon forms 4 covalent bonds and hydrogen forms 1.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In alkanes, carbon forms 4 covalent bonds and hydrogen forms 1.","correct":true,"explanation":"Carbon has valency four, so each carbon atom forms four covalent bonds. Hydrogen has valency one and therefore forms one covalent bond."},{"text":"In alkanes, carbon forms 1 covalent bonds and hydrogen forms 4.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the elements’ valencies. Carbon has four outer-shell vacancies and forms four covalent bonds, whereas hydrogen needs one additional electron and forms one bond."},{"text":"In alkanes, carbon forms 3 covalent bonds and hydrogen forms 1.","correct":false,"explanation":"Three bonds are characteristic of carbon in some incomplete or charged structures, not ordinary alkane molecules. Carbon forms four covalent bonds, while hydrogen forms one."},{"text":"In alkanes, carbon forms 4 covalent bonds and hydrogen forms 2.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen’s first shell can hold only two electrons, so it forms one covalent bond rather than two. Carbon forms four bonds in alkane molecules."}]},{"id":"fb548d77-6938-4e5c-9ffa-38c13da96fe5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which formula type shows the actual number of each atom in one molecule?","back":"Molecular formula.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Molecular formula.","correct":true,"explanation":"This formula gives the actual number of each type of atom present in one molecule, such as the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms."},{"text":"Empirical formula.","correct":false,"explanation":"This gives the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms, not the actual numbers in one molecule. The correct formula type is the molecular formula."},{"text":"Structural formula.","correct":false,"explanation":"This shows how atoms are arranged or connected, rather than simply counting every atom in one molecule. The correct formula type is the molecular formula."},{"text":"Displayed formula.","correct":false,"explanation":"This shows every atom and every bond explicitly, so it describes bonding in detail rather than giving only the atom totals. The correct formula type is the molecular formula."}]},{"id":"7861639b-fb53-4645-b888-862ec8d97f3c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which formula type is $CH_3CH_2CH_3$ for propane?","back":"Structural formula.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Structural formula.","correct":true,"explanation":"This notation shows the order in which the carbon atoms are connected and groups the attached hydrogen atoms, without drawing every individual bond."},{"text":"Displayed formula.","correct":false,"explanation":"A displayed formula would show every atom and every covalent bond separately. The condensed arrangement given is instead a structural formula."},{"text":"Molecular formula.","correct":false,"explanation":"A molecular formula would give only the total numbers of each atom, written as $C_3H_8$. The grouped carbon chain shown is a structural formula."},{"text":"Empirical formula.","correct":false,"explanation":"An empirical formula gives the simplest atom ratio, which for propane would be $C_3H_8$ because the ratio cannot be simplified. The displayed grouping is not that formula type."}]},{"id":"85a7b197-23e0-4660-9b86-9cfcdb065aae","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which formula type shows every atom and every bond?","back":"Displayed formula.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Displayed formula.","correct":true,"explanation":"A displayed formula draws every atom and every covalent bond, making the complete bonding arrangement visible."},{"text":"Structural formula.","correct":false,"explanation":"A structural formula shows the arrangement of atoms but may group hydrogen atoms and omit individual bond lines. Showing every atom and bond requires a displayed formula."},{"text":"Molecular formula.","correct":false,"explanation":"A molecular formula records only the total number of each type of atom, with no information about how the atoms are bonded. The correct type is a displayed formula."},{"text":"Empirical formula.","correct":false,"explanation":"An empirical formula gives the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms and contains no bonding information. Every atom and bond are shown only in a displayed formula."}]},{"id":"a0c7c451-2544-4466-852d-78c310186ca8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What feature would stop an alkane chain being unbranched?","back":"A side chain.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A side chain.","correct":true,"explanation":"A side chain branches away from the main carbon chain, so the alkane is no longer unbranched."},{"text":"A double bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"A double bond would make the hydrocarbon unsaturated, but it does not describe branching. A side chain is the feature that stops the chain being unbranched."},{"text":"A ring structure.","correct":false,"explanation":"A ring changes the molecule into a cyclic structure rather than identifying a branch in a chain. The branching feature is a side chain."},{"text":"A terminal hydrogen atom.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen atoms at the ends of chains are normal in unbranched alkanes and do not cause branching. A side chain attached to the main chain does."}]},{"id":"e5fffac4-b53e-49c5-9d2c-363c11d5896f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In alkane names, [ ] means 1 carbon and [ ] means 2 carbons.","back":"In alkane names, meth- means 1 carbon and eth- means 2 carbons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In alkane names, meth- means 1 carbon and eth- means 2 carbons.","correct":true,"explanation":"The prefixes meth- and eth- identify alkane chains containing one and two carbon atoms respectively."},{"text":"In alkane names, eth- means 1 carbon and prop- means 2 carbons.","correct":false,"explanation":"The prefixes have been shifted along by one carbon: meth- represents one carbon and eth- represents two. Prop- represents three carbons."},{"text":"In alkane names, prop- means 1 carbon and but- means 2 carbons.","correct":false,"explanation":"These prefixes represent three and four carbons, not one and two. The correct sequence begins meth- for one carbon and eth- for two."},{"text":"In alkane names, meth- means 2 carbons and eth- means 3 carbons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Each prefix has been assigned one too many carbon atoms. Meth- means one carbon, while eth- means two carbons."}]},{"id":"489c1cab-53ab-40ee-a8ce-192f1003f852","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In alkane names, [ ] means 3 carbons and [ ] means 4 carbons.","back":"In alkane names, prop- means 3 carbons and but- means 4 carbons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In alkane names, prop- means 3 carbons and but- means 4 carbons.","correct":true,"explanation":"The prefix prop- identifies a three-carbon chain, while but- identifies a four-carbon chain in alkane names."},{"text":"In alkane names, but- means 3 carbons and pent- means 4 carbons.","correct":false,"explanation":"The prefixes have been shifted one place forward: prop- means three carbons and but- means four. Pent- refers to five carbons."},{"text":"In alkane names, eth- means 3 carbons and prop- means 4 carbons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Eth- represents two carbons and prop- represents three, so both values here are too high by one. But- is the prefix for four carbons."},{"text":"In alkane names, prop- means 4 carbons and but- means 5 carbons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both prefixes have been assigned one extra carbon. Prop- means three carbons and but- means four carbons."}]},{"id":"4a46ad68-a3ab-4014-bf7b-c134016ac39e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the unbranched alkane with 5 carbon atoms called?","back":"Pentane.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Pentane.","correct":true,"explanation":"The prefix pent- means five carbon atoms, and the suffix -ane shows that the compound is an alkane with only single bonds."},{"text":"Hexane.","correct":false,"explanation":"The prefix hex- means six carbon atoms, so this name has one carbon too many. Five carbons with only single bonds gives pentane."},{"text":"Butane.","correct":false,"explanation":"The prefix but- means four carbon atoms, not five. The five-carbon unbranched alkane uses the prefix pent- and is called pentane."},{"text":"Pentene.","correct":false,"explanation":"The prefix pent- correctly indicates five carbons, but the suffix -ene indicates a carbon-carbon double bond. An alkane must use the suffix -ane, giving pentane."}]},{"id":"d81a037f-029b-4146-8c55-0b1df3d53e83","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the molecular formula of pentane?","back":"$C_5H_{12}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$C_5H_{12}$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Alkanes follow the general formula $C_nH_{2n+2}$. Substituting $n=5$ gives $C_5H_{12}$ for pentane."},{"text":"$C_5H_{10}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This hydrogen count follows $C_nH_{2n}$, which fits an alkene or cycloalkane with five carbons. An alkane has two additional hydrogen atoms, so the correct formula is $C_5H_{12}$."},{"text":"$C_5H_{11}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"The hydrogen count is one short of the alkane formula, which would describe an incomplete fragment rather than a complete neutral pentane molecule. The correct formula is $C_5H_{12}$."},{"text":"$C_4H_{10}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the molecular formula of butane, so it contains four carbon atoms rather than five. Applying $C_nH_{2n+2}$ to pentane gives $C_5H_{12}$."}]},{"id":"79e19d20-5d86-479b-8ca0-fc24da102a2d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are alkanes fairly unreactive?","back":"Their covalent bonds are strong and non-polar.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Their covalent bonds are strong and non-polar.","correct":true,"explanation":"Alkanes contain strong C-C and C-H covalent bonds that require substantial energy to break. Their non-polar character also makes them unattractive to many common polar reagents."},{"text":"Their covalent bonds are weak and non-polar.","correct":false,"explanation":"Weak bonds would make alkanes easier, not harder, to react. Alkanes are fairly unreactive because their covalent bonds are strong and non-polar."},{"text":"Their covalent bonds are strong and polar.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alkane bonds are not strongly polar, so they do not readily attract charged or polar reagents. Their low reactivity results from strong, non-polar covalent bonds."},{"text":"Their ionic bonds are strong and non-polar.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ionic bonds are not present in alkanes, which consist entirely of covalently bonded carbon and hydrogen. These covalent bonds are strong and non-polar."}]},{"id":"2629d161-6545-4cf4-a253-777844dd6e48","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which Periodic Table group are halogens in?","back":"Group 7.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Group 7.","correct":true,"explanation":"In the group-numbering system used by this IGCSE course, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine are halogens found in Group 7."},{"text":"Group 1.","correct":false,"explanation":"Group 1 contains the alkali metals, such as lithium and sodium. The halogens, including chlorine and bromine, are in Group 7."},{"text":"Group 0.","correct":false,"explanation":"Group 0 contains the noble gases, which have full outer electron shells. Halogens have seven outer-shell electrons and belong to Group 7."},{"text":"Group 8.","correct":false,"explanation":"Group 8 is sometimes confused with the modern noble-gas group number, 18. In this IGCSE numbering system, the halogens are in Group 7."}]},{"id":"6b6a9803-f158-4c9f-97d5-0fc59be5547f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What condition is needed for alkanes to react with chlorine or bromine?","back":"Ultraviolet radiation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ultraviolet radiation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ultraviolet radiation supplies the energy needed for homolytic fission of halogen molecules, forming radicals that initiate the substitution reaction with an alkane."},{"text":"A nickel catalyst.","correct":false,"explanation":"A metal catalyst is not the required condition for this free-radical substitution. Ultraviolet radiation provides the energy needed to split halogen molecules into radicals."},{"text":"Increased pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"High pressure does not initiate the substitution reaction between an alkane and chlorine or bromine. Ultraviolet radiation is required to generate reactive halogen radicals."},{"text":"Dilute sulfuric acid.","correct":false,"explanation":"An aqueous acid is associated with other organic reactions and does not initiate alkane halogenation. Ultraviolet radiation is needed to produce the halogen radicals."}]},{"id":"23eabf7e-9530-4350-80dd-42db17ddad04","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In mono-substitution, [ ] hydrogen atom is replaced by one [ ] atom.","back":"In mono-substitution, one hydrogen atom is replaced by one halogen atom.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In mono-substitution, one hydrogen atom is replaced by one halogen atom.","correct":true,"explanation":"The prefix “mono-” means one, so exactly one hydrogen atom in the alkane is replaced. The replacing atom comes from a halogen molecule."},{"text":"In mono-substitution, two hydrogen atom is replaced by one halogen atom.","correct":false,"explanation":"Replacing two hydrogen atoms describes di-substitution rather than mono-substitution. In mono-substitution, one hydrogen atom is replaced by one halogen atom."},{"text":"In mono-substitution, one hydrogen atom is replaced by one hydrogen atom.","correct":false,"explanation":"Halogenation does not replace hydrogen with another hydrogen atom. Mono-substitution replaces one hydrogen atom in the alkane with one halogen atom."},{"text":"In mono-substitution, two hydrogen atom is replaced by one carbon atom.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon is not inserted in this substitution reaction, and replacing two hydrogens would not be mono-substitution. One hydrogen atom is replaced by one halogen atom."}]},{"id":"920e148b-7720-4861-9ae2-d9cdae7bff36","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What are the product types when an alkane reacts with a halogen under UV?","back":"

Haloalkane
Hydrogen halide

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Haloalkane
Hydrogen halide

","correct":true,"explanation":"Under ultraviolet radiation, a halogen atom substitutes for a hydrogen atom in the alkane, producing a haloalkane. The removed hydrogen forms a hydrogen halide."},{"text":"

Alkene
Water

","correct":false,"explanation":"An alkene and water are associated with dehydration or addition reactions, not alkane halogenation. Substitution under UV produces a haloalkane and a hydrogen halide."},{"text":"

Alcohol
Hydrogen

","correct":false,"explanation":"Alcohols and hydrogen are not formed by free-radical substitution of an alkane. The products are a haloalkane and a hydrogen halide."},{"text":"

Carbon dioxide
Water

","correct":false,"explanation":"Complete combustion produces carbon dioxide and water, but no oxygen is involved in this reaction. Alkane halogenation produces a haloalkane and a hydrogen halide."}]},{"id":"f1dc1d1d-ced5-4a52-84a9-e5a3d86e5c3e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Complete the reaction: methane + chlorine under UV.","back":"$CH_4 + Cl_2$ → $CH_3Cl + HCl$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$CH_4 + Cl_2$ → $CH_3Cl + HCl$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Under UV, one chlorine atom replaces one hydrogen atom in methane. This forms chloromethane, $CH_3Cl$, and hydrogen chloride, $HCl$."},{"text":"$CH_4 + Cl_2$ → $CH_4Cl_2$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly treats chlorine as adding across methane without removing hydrogen. Methane undergoes substitution under UV, forming $CH_3Cl$ and $HCl$."},{"text":"$CH_4 + Cl_2$ → $CH_3 + HCl$.","correct":false,"explanation":"A methyl radical is an intermediate rather than the stable organic product. The completed substitution reaction produces chloromethane, $CH_3Cl$, and hydrogen chloride, $HCl$."},{"text":"$CH_4 + Cl_2$ → $CH_2Cl_2 + H_2$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Forming dichloromethane in one step requires substitution of two hydrogen atoms and more chlorine. With one $Cl_2$, mono-substitution gives $CH_3Cl + HCl$."}]},{"id":"3914cb83-1b3a-49ff-9141-2c889469f6b1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to alkane + chlorine or bromine in the dark?","back":"They usually do not react.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They usually do not react.","correct":true,"explanation":"Without ultraviolet radiation, halogen molecules do not usually split into radicals, so the chain reaction cannot begin and the alkane remains unchanged."},{"text":"They react very rapidly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rapid substitution requires radicals generated by ultraviolet radiation. In the dark, chlorine or bromine and an alkane usually do not react."},{"text":"They burn completely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Combustion requires oxygen and ignition, not simply chlorine or bromine in darkness. Without UV, the alkane and halogen usually do not react."},{"text":"They form a polymer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dark conditions do not cause alkane molecules to join into long chains. Without UV to create halogen radicals, the substances usually do not react."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-19","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Alkanes","title":"Alkanes Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/chemistry/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"322447b5-7da5-5b68-982f-118bed4e2ba2","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]