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take the container’s shape. The state with both a fixed shape and fixed volume is a solid."},{"text":"Gas.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gases have neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume because their particles move freely. A solid has both properties."},{"text":"Plasma.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plasma has no fixed shape or volume and consists of charged particles. The state with a fixed shape and volume is a solid."}]},{"id":"9dd9e805-3eee-43ce-b19a-a35ffdc708e7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which state has a fixed volume but takes the container's shape?","back":"Liquid.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Liquid.","correct":true,"explanation":"A liquid is difficult to compress and keeps a fixed volume, but its particles can move around each other, allowing it to take the container’s shape."},{"text":"Solid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solids have a fixed shape as well as a fixed volume because their particles vibrate about fixed positions. A liquid takes the container’s shape."},{"text":"Gas.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gases take the container’s shape but do not have a fixed volume. A liquid has a fixed volume while flowing to fit its container."},{"text":"Plasma.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plasma behaves like a gas, with no fixed volume, rather than retaining a fixed volume. The state described is a liquid."}]},{"id":"2aba7069-20b9-4b4f-b738-5ff189ac59a9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which state has no fixed shape, no fixed volume and is easily compressed?","back":"Gas.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Gas.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gas particles are far apart with large spaces between them, so gases have no fixed shape or volume and can be compressed easily."},{"text":"Solid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solids have a fixed shape and volume because their particles are closely packed. They are not easily compressed, unlike gases."},{"text":"Liquid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Liquids have a fixed volume and are not easily compressed because their particles are close together. Gases have neither a fixed shape nor volume."},{"text":"Plasma.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although plasma can be compressed like a gas, it is a distinct ionised state rather than the usual IGCSE answer. The described state is a gas."}]},{"id":"d40ac056-68ef-40e1-9a9f-d80b92a73cbe","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Kinetic particle theory says particles are [ ]; higher temperature means greater [ ].","back":"Kinetic particle theory says particles are always moving; higher temperature means greater average kinetic energy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Kinetic particle theory says particles are always moving; higher temperature means greater average kinetic energy.","correct":true,"explanation":"Particles are always in motion, even in solids, where they vibrate. Increasing temperature increases their average kinetic energy, so they move more vigorously."},{"text":"Kinetic particle theory says particles are always moving; higher temperature means greater potential energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of particles, not their potential energy. Heating makes particles move faster on average."},{"text":"Kinetic particle theory says particles are stationary unless heated; higher temperature means greater average kinetic energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Particles are never completely stationary because they continue moving or vibrating at all temperatures. Heating increases their average kinetic energy."},{"text":"Kinetic particle theory says particles are always moving; higher temperature means greater particle size.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heating does not make individual particles larger. It increases their average kinetic energy, causing faster movement or more vigorous vibration."}]},{"id":"02e8c9c9-be4b-43c3-ac5e-1c9215de3a0d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a solid, particles are [ ] and [ ].","back":"In a solid, particles are very close together and vibrate about fixed positions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In a solid, particles are very close together and vibrate about fixed positions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Solid particles are tightly packed and cannot move from place to place. They vibrate around fixed positions, giving solids a fixed shape and volume."},{"text":"In a solid, particles are far apart and move freely in all directions.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes a gas, whose particles have large spaces between them and move freely. Solid particles are very close together and vibrate about fixed positions."},{"text":"In a solid, particles are close together and flow around each other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Flowing around each other is characteristic of liquids. Solid particles remain in fixed positions, although they vibrate because they are closely packed."},{"text":"In a solid, particles are randomly spaced and collide rapidly with the container.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random spacing and rapid collisions with the container describe gas behaviour. Solid particles are very close together and vibrate about fixed positions."}]},{"id":"4398ca88-81df-4347-aee1-1a5b65993e7a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a liquid, particles have a [ ] arrangement and can [ ].","back":"In a liquid, particles have a random arrangement and can move around each other.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In a liquid, particles have a random arrangement and can move around each other.","correct":true,"explanation":"Liquid particles remain close together but are arranged randomly. They can move around each other, allowing liquids to flow and take the container’s shape."},{"text":"In a liquid, particles have a regular arrangement and can only vibrate in fixed positions.","correct":false,"explanation":"A regular arrangement with vibration about fixed positions describes a solid. Liquid particles have a random arrangement and can move around each other."},{"text":"In a liquid, particles have a random arrangement and can move far apart into the container.","correct":false,"explanation":"Liquid particles remain close together and do not spread throughout the container like gas particles. They move around each other while retaining a fixed volume."},{"text":"In a liquid, particles have a regular arrangement and can move rapidly in all directions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rapid movement in all directions through large spaces describes a gas, while a regular arrangement suggests a solid. Liquid particles are randomly arranged and move around each other."}]},{"id":"cebab17e-9543-4d9d-bb96-c79eed9a5010","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a gas, particles are [ ] and move [ ].","back":"In a gas, particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In a gas, particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gas particles have large spaces between them and move rapidly in all directions. This explains why gases spread out, fill containers and are easily compressed."},{"text":"In a gas, particles are very close together and move rapidly in all directions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rapid movement in all directions is appropriate for gases, but gas particles are far apart, not very close together. Close packing is characteristic of solids and liquids."},{"text":"In a gas, particles are far apart and move only by vibrating in fixed positions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vibration about fixed positions describes solid particles. Gas particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions."},{"text":"In a gas, particles are close together in regular rows and move slowly around each other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Close, regular particles that move around each other is a mixture of solid and liquid ideas. Gas particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions."}]},{"id":"830b0690-bd00-4c9b-8ace-85ba4cfc252d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why are gases easily compressed?","back":"There is lots of empty space between particles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"There is lots of empty space between particles.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gas particles are separated by large amounts of empty space. When pressure is applied, the particles can be pushed closer together, so the gas is easily compressed."},{"text":"There is lots of strong attraction between particles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Strong attractions hold particles together and make compression difficult. Gases are easily compressed because there is lots of empty space between their particles."},{"text":"There is lots of mass between particles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass is contained in the particles, not in the spaces between them. Empty space allows gas particles to be pushed closer together during compression."},{"text":"There is lots of liquid between particles.","correct":false,"explanation":"The spaces between gas particles are not filled with liquid. Gases compress easily because large regions of empty space separate their particles."}]},{"id":"cbd19106-d590-49e8-b5c2-a84871ed72fc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"When heated, particles themselves do not [ ]; they usually [ ].","back":"When heated, particles themselves do not get bigger; they usually move faster.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When heated, particles themselves do not get bigger; they usually move faster.","correct":true,"explanation":"Heating increases the particles’ average kinetic energy, so they move faster. Thermal expansion occurs because particle spacing may increase, not because individual particles become larger."},{"text":"When heated, particles themselves do not get bigger; they usually move more slowly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heating does not slow particles down; it increases their average kinetic energy. The particles remain the same size and usually move faster."},{"text":"When heated, particles themselves do not move faster; they usually get bigger.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the particle model: heating makes particles move faster, while the particles themselves remain the same size. Expansion results from changes in particle spacing."},{"text":"When heated, particles themselves do not stay the same size; they usually remain stationary.","correct":false,"explanation":"Particles do stay the same size and are never stationary in ordinary matter. Heating raises their average kinetic energy, so they usually move faster."}]},{"id":"485dbc50-700a-4677-9b46-1bfdd5c3580e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What change of state is solid to liquid?","back":"Melting.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Melting.","correct":true,"explanation":"Melting is the change of state in which a solid gains energy and becomes a liquid, without forming a new substance."},{"text":"Freezing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freezing is the reverse change, from liquid to solid. The change from a solid to a liquid is called melting."},{"text":"Boiling.","correct":false,"explanation":"Boiling changes a liquid into a gas throughout the liquid. A solid changing into a liquid undergoes melting."},{"text":"Sublimation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sublimation is a direct change from solid to gas without becoming liquid. Solid to liquid is the change of state called melting."}]},{"id":"6c0da461-d7e0-43c1-8b05-93114b5ec66a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What change of state is gas to liquid?","back":"Condensing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Condensing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Condensing occurs when gas particles lose energy and come closer together, causing the gas to change into a liquid."},{"text":"Evaporating.","correct":false,"explanation":"Evaporation is the reverse process, changing a liquid into a gas at its surface. Gas changing into liquid is condensing."},{"text":"Freezing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freezing changes a liquid into a solid, not a gas into a liquid. The gas-to-liquid change is called condensing."},{"text":"Melting.","correct":false,"explanation":"Melting occurs when a solid becomes a liquid. When a gas loses energy and becomes a liquid, the process is condensing."}]},{"id":"8ac5c765-eb22-48ff-9892-98aa2782cd80","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How does boiling differ from evaporation?","back":"

Boiling: throughout liquid, at boiling point.
Evaporation: surface only, can be below boiling point.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Boiling: throughout liquid, at boiling point.
Evaporation: surface only, can be below boiling point.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Boiling occurs throughout a liquid at its boiling point, producing bubbles. Evaporation occurs only at the surface and can happen at lower temperatures."},{"text":"

Boiling: surface only, can be below boiling point.
Evaporation: throughout liquid, at boiling point.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the two processes. Boiling occurs throughout the liquid at its boiling point, whereas evaporation occurs only at the surface and can happen below that temperature."},{"text":"

Boiling: throughout liquid, can be below boiling point.
Evaporation: surface only, at boiling point.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The locations are right, but the temperature conditions are reversed. Boiling occurs at the boiling point, while evaporation can occur below the boiling point."},{"text":"

Boiling: surface only, at boiling point.
Evaporation: throughout liquid, can be below boiling point.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The temperature statements are plausible, but the locations are wrong. Boiling occurs throughout the liquid, while evaporation takes place only at its surface."}]},{"id":"6ce9c328-a3de-4935-bdcc-d059e5308e27","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is a change of state a physical change?","back":"No new substance is made.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"No new substance is made.","correct":true,"explanation":"A change of state alters particle arrangement, movement and energy but not chemical identity. The original substance remains present, so no new substance is formed."},{"text":"A new substance is made.","correct":false,"explanation":"Making a new substance would indicate a chemical change. During a change of state, the same substance remains and only its physical state changes."},{"text":"No energy transfer takes place.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changes of state do involve energy transfer, such as energy being absorbed during melting. They are physical because no new substance is made."},{"text":"The chemical bonds are broken.","correct":false,"explanation":"Breaking chemical bonds would change the substance chemically. In a change of state, attractions between particles are overcome or formed, but no new substance is made."}]},{"id":"83c7283c-4b32-4d69-9180-202cd9249f44","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"During a change of state, attractive forces are [ ], not chemical bonds [ ].","back":"During a change of state, attractive forces are overcome or formed, not chemical bonds broken.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"During a change of state, attractive forces are overcome or formed, not chemical bonds broken.","correct":true,"explanation":"Changes of state alter the attractions between separate particles. The particles’ chemical identities remain unchanged because the chemical bonds within them are not broken."},{"text":"During a change of state, attractive forces are permanently destroyed, not chemical bonds broken.","correct":false,"explanation":"Attractive forces are not permanently destroyed; they are overcome during changes such as melting or formed during changes such as freezing. Chemical bonds are not broken."},{"text":"During a change of state, attractive forces are overcome or formed, not chemical bonds weakened.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical bonds are neither weakened nor broken during a physical change of state. Only attractive forces between particles are overcome or formed."},{"text":"During a change of state, attractive forces are broken, not chemical bonds overcome or formed.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses forces with bonds. Attractive forces between particles are overcome or formed, while chemical bonds within particles remain intact rather than being overcome or formed."}]},{"id":"632ce5e9-3851-4cdf-b789-cc44a7b09cea","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"During melting, how does solid particle motion change?","back":"Particles vibrate more until they can move around each other.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Particles vibrate more until they can move around each other.","correct":true,"explanation":"Heating gives solid particles more kinetic energy, making them vibrate more strongly. At melting, they can leave fixed positions and move around each other as a liquid."},{"text":"Particles stop vibrating until they can move around each other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Particles in a solid already vibrate, and heating increases rather than stops this motion. They vibrate more until they can move around each other."},{"text":"Particles vibrate less until they can move around each other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vibrating less would result from cooling, not melting. During melting, particles gain kinetic energy and vibrate more until they can move around each other."},{"text":"Particles move freely until they can move around each other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solid particles cannot move freely because they occupy fixed positions. During melting they first vibrate more, then gain enough energy to move around each other."}]},{"id":"bfc6b659-720d-479c-98f1-eb70da7eea30","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"On a heating curve, what does a sloping section show?","back":"Temperature is increasing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Temperature is increasing.","correct":true,"explanation":"On a heating curve, a rising sloping section shows that energy supplied is increasing the particles’ kinetic energy, so the substance’s temperature rises."},{"text":"Temperature is constant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Constant temperature is shown by a horizontal section, where energy is used for a change of state. A sloping section shows temperature increasing."},{"text":"State is changing.","correct":false,"explanation":"A change of state is normally represented by a horizontal plateau because temperature stays constant. A sloping section shows the substance’s temperature increasing."},{"text":"Kinetic energy is decreasing.","correct":false,"explanation":"On a heating curve’s rising slope, particles gain kinetic energy rather than lose it. This increased particle motion causes the temperature to rise."}]},{"id":"789574d6-6387-48bf-a879-3b448d7070e8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"On a heating curve, what does a flat section show?","back":"A change of state.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A change of state.","correct":true,"explanation":"During melting or boiling, supplied energy overcomes attractions between particles rather than increasing their average kinetic energy, so the temperature remains constant and the curve is flat."},{"text":"A rise in temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"A rise in temperature produces a sloping section because the particles’ average kinetic energy is increasing. A flat section instead marks a change of state at constant temperature."},{"text":"An increase in pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"A heating curve displays temperature changes, not changes in pressure. Its flat section shows that the substance is changing state while its temperature remains constant."},{"text":"A decrease in energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy continues to be supplied during a heating plateau rather than decreasing. That energy causes a change of state by overcoming attractive forces between particles."}]},{"id":"053c4cb0-86be-4423-ad58-1be858277d8e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does temperature stay constant during a heating-curve plateau?","back":"Energy overcomes attractive forces between particles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Energy overcomes attractive forces between particles.","correct":true,"explanation":"During a change of state, supplied energy is used to overcome attractive forces between particles rather than increase their average kinetic energy, so the temperature stays constant."},{"text":"Energy increases the kinetic energy of particles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing average kinetic energy would raise the temperature and produce a sloping section. During the plateau, energy instead overcomes attractive forces as the substance changes state."},{"text":"Energy overcomes repulsive forces between particles.","correct":false,"explanation":"The plateau is not caused by overcoming repulsion. Supplied energy overcomes attractive forces between particles, allowing their arrangement and separation to change without raising the temperature."},{"text":"Energy increases the number of particles present.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heating does not create additional particles, so their number remains constant. The supplied energy overcomes attractive forces between existing particles during the change of state."}]},{"id":"33dde9e0-9d38-4b12-9f64-ca857f087eea","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What causes gas pressure in a container?","back":"Particles collide with the container walls.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Particles collide with the container walls.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each collision with a container wall changes a particle’s momentum and exerts a force on the wall. The combined force per unit area creates gas pressure."},{"text":"Particles collide with each other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Collisions between gas particles transfer momentum within the gas but do not directly produce pressure on the container. Pressure results from particles colliding with the container walls."},{"text":"Particles are attracted to container walls.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gas pressure is not produced by attraction to the walls. It arises when moving particles collide with the walls and exert forces on them."},{"text":"Particles expand to fill the container.","correct":false,"explanation":"The gas as a whole spreads throughout the container, but individual particles do not expand. Pressure is caused by those particles repeatedly colliding with the container walls."}]},{"id":"5c264725-d3d0-46fb-8d43-f1baf0478d94","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For a fixed gas, increasing temperature at constant pressure makes volume [ ]; increasing pressure at constant temperature makes volume [ ].","back":"For a fixed gas, increasing temperature at constant pressure makes volume increase; increasing pressure at constant temperature makes volume decrease.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For a fixed gas, increasing temperature at constant pressure makes volume increase; increasing pressure at constant temperature makes volume decrease.","correct":true,"explanation":"At constant pressure, gas volume is directly proportional to absolute temperature. At constant temperature, gas volume is inversely proportional to pressure, so the two stated changes follow."},{"text":"For a fixed gas, increasing temperature at constant pressure makes volume increase; increasing pressure at constant temperature makes volume increase.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first relationship is correct, but the second reverses Boyle’s law. At constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely related, so increasing pressure makes volume decrease."},{"text":"For a fixed gas, increasing temperature at constant pressure makes volume decrease; increasing pressure at constant temperature makes volume decrease.","correct":false,"explanation":"The second relationship is correct, but the first is reversed. At constant pressure, heating gives particles more kinetic energy, so the gas expands and its volume increases."},{"text":"For a fixed gas, increasing temperature at constant pressure makes volume decrease; increasing pressure at constant temperature makes volume increase.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both relationships have been reversed. Heating at constant pressure increases volume, while raising pressure at constant temperature compresses the gas and decreases its volume."}]},{"id":"3be9d820-7c1b-4d0c-90d9-47b350d98020","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If a rigid container of gas is heated, what increases instead of volume?","back":"The gas pressure increases.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The gas pressure increases.","correct":true,"explanation":"The rigid container keeps volume constant. Heating increases the particles’ average kinetic energy, producing more frequent and forceful wall collisions, so the gas pressure increases."},{"text":"The gas volume increases.","correct":false,"explanation":"A rigid container cannot expand, so the gas volume remains fixed. Heating makes particles move faster and collide more forcefully with the walls, causing pressure to increase."},{"text":"The gas mass increases.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heating does not add particles to the container, so the gas mass stays constant. Faster particles make more forceful wall collisions, causing the pressure to increase."},{"text":"The gas density increases.","correct":false,"explanation":"For a fixed amount of gas in a rigid container, both mass and volume remain constant, so density is unchanged. Heating instead increases the gas pressure."}]}]}],"examCountdown":null,"heading":"Solids, liquids and gases","title":"Solids, liquids and gases Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/chemistry/cie/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"f47fae06-bdfa-5e54-9492-ed07e7a23812","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]