33:I[196793,["/_next/static/chunks/2t4jru9lqfj-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1qp4g--o6-1vf.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0psy-n5us57a4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3psv05tbo5fdm.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0nojijad0occ8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/19ua1o9n5v3ho.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3uud442tha-9r.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/35s1d7gs3nyqk.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1covz97-2qrsg.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2g-t2n9ahs3tn.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0iapw94rt37n4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/16jtsbm2g52s0.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/05mo4k9k-ry1n.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0rdb6pk3ggblv.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2dywbftqxtzvz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0qeo40bqomvxa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2t7i3r4bhpaol.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/383_pezm2q72u.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0otm7e0gdntf8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2l63yczi1z2qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1eyu-5752jh17.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/03ud6wr8u46_j.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3f11o876enqgd.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1986062z5zb0v.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0uitbylhcd4am.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0wv8cpdr6cvhr.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1w193fj-lcfgs.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0a4x2f2g83l7b.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3q5gc8lbwr4b4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0dspbdeiizrn3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2yss1g0cimuwe.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0e7v08pdxbxe2.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/36nndwkz7iik3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2fnth9-t6i7kd.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/24srd-xd1m5z8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0a57o9qvnv-nb.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/41hx021qkamew.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755"],"Gingerbread"] 35:I[647935,["/_next/static/chunks/2t4jru9lqfj-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1qp4g--o6-1vf.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0psy-n5us57a4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3psv05tbo5fdm.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0nojijad0occ8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/19ua1o9n5v3ho.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3uud442tha-9r.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/35s1d7gs3nyqk.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1covz97-2qrsg.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2g-t2n9ahs3tn.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0iapw94rt37n4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/16jtsbm2g52s0.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/05mo4k9k-ry1n.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0rdb6pk3ggblv.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2dywbftqxtzvz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0qeo40bqomvxa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2t7i3r4bhpaol.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/383_pezm2q72u.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0otm7e0gdntf8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2l63yczi1z2qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1eyu-5752jh17.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/03ud6wr8u46_j.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3f11o876enqgd.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1986062z5zb0v.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0uitbylhcd4am.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0wv8cpdr6cvhr.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1w193fj-lcfgs.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0a4x2f2g83l7b.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3q5gc8lbwr4b4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0dspbdeiizrn3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2yss1g0cimuwe.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0e7v08pdxbxe2.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/36nndwkz7iik3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2fnth9-t6i7kd.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/24srd-xd1m5z8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0a57o9qvnv-nb.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/41hx021qkamew.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755"],"RecordResourceResume"] 36:I[830476,["/_next/static/chunks/2t4jru9lqfj-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1qp4g--o6-1vf.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0psy-n5us57a4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3psv05tbo5fdm.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0nojijad0occ8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/19ua1o9n5v3ho.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3uud442tha-9r.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/35s1d7gs3nyqk.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1covz97-2qrsg.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2g-t2n9ahs3tn.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0iapw94rt37n4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/16jtsbm2g52s0.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/05mo4k9k-ry1n.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0rdb6pk3ggblv.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2dywbftqxtzvz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0qeo40bqomvxa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2t7i3r4bhpaol.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/383_pezm2q72u.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0otm7e0gdntf8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2l63yczi1z2qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1eyu-5752jh17.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/03ud6wr8u46_j.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3f11o876enqgd.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1986062z5zb0v.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0uitbylhcd4am.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0wv8cpdr6cvhr.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1w193fj-lcfgs.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0a4x2f2g83l7b.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3q5gc8lbwr4b4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0dspbdeiizrn3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2yss1g0cimuwe.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0e7v08pdxbxe2.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/36nndwkz7iik3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2fnth9-t6i7kd.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/24srd-xd1m5z8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0a57o9qvnv-nb.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/41hx021qkamew.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755"],"FlashcardAccessBranch"] 37:I[315438,["/_next/static/chunks/2t4jru9lqfj-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1qp4g--o6-1vf.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0psy-n5us57a4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3psv05tbo5fdm.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0nojijad0occ8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/19ua1o9n5v3ho.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3uud442tha-9r.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/35s1d7gs3nyqk.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1covz97-2qrsg.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2g-t2n9ahs3tn.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0iapw94rt37n4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/16jtsbm2g52s0.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/05mo4k9k-ry1n.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0rdb6pk3ggblv.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2dywbftqxtzvz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0qeo40bqomvxa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2t7i3r4bhpaol.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/383_pezm2q72u.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0otm7e0gdntf8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2l63yczi1z2qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1eyu-5752jh17.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/03ud6wr8u46_j.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3f11o876enqgd.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1986062z5zb0v.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0uitbylhcd4am.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0wv8cpdr6cvhr.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1w193fj-lcfgs.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0a4x2f2g83l7b.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3q5gc8lbwr4b4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0dspbdeiizrn3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2yss1g0cimuwe.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0e7v08pdxbxe2.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/36nndwkz7iik3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2fnth9-t6i7kd.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/24srd-xd1m5z8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0a57o9qvnv-nb.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/41hx021qkamew.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755"],"TopicFlashcardRunner"] 24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/igcse/chemistry/cie/polymers/flashcards","label":"Polymers","subjectCode":"igcse_chemistry__cie","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"4aa2066e-94d7-4b87-9b66-f4fce1236576","title":"Polymers Flashcards","topicId":"b094cf92-ae27-51e9-a674-a78e2fe2ad73","topicSlug":"polymers","cards":[{"id":"c88c4fbb-3660-4a7e-8926-c650ec0c4887","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] is a small molecule that joins with others, while a polymer is the resulting large molecule.","back":"A monomer is a small molecule that joins with others, while a polymer is the resulting large molecule.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"monomer","correct":true,"explanation":"A monomer is a small molecule that can join to many other monomer molecules during polymerisation, forming the repeating structure of a much larger polymer."},{"text":"polymer","correct":false,"explanation":"A polymer is the large molecule formed from many joined units, not the small starting molecule. The correct term for the starting molecule is monomer."},{"text":"catalyst","correct":false,"explanation":"A catalyst changes the rate of a reaction without being used up, but it does not join repeatedly to form the polymer. The correct term is monomer."},{"text":"solvent","correct":false,"explanation":"A solvent dissolves substances to help form a mixture or solution, but it is not a small molecule that builds the polymer chain. The correct term is monomer."}]},{"id":"b6b1642f-3378-409d-a547-1009f0411f72","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A monomer is a small molecule that joins with others, while a [ ] is the resulting large molecule.","back":"A monomer is a small molecule that joins with others, while a polymer is the resulting large molecule.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"polymer","correct":true,"explanation":"A polymer is the large molecule produced when many small monomer molecules join together in a polymerisation reaction."},{"text":"monomer","correct":false,"explanation":"A monomer is the small starting molecule that joins with others, not the resulting large molecule. The correct term for the product is polymer."},{"text":"catalyst","correct":false,"explanation":"A catalyst helps a reaction proceed faster without becoming the large product. The resulting molecule made from joined monomers is called a polymer."},{"text":"solvent","correct":false,"explanation":"A solvent dissolves reactants but is not the large molecule formed by joining monomers. That product is correctly called a polymer."}]},{"id":"ee169cef-7507-422c-8601-07067a4d109c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the reactive part of an alkene monomer used in addition polymerisation?","back":"The carbon-carbon double bond ($C=C$).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The carbon-carbon double bond ($C=C$).","correct":true,"explanation":"The carbon-carbon double bond is the reactive part of an alkene monomer. It opens during addition polymerisation so neighbouring monomers can form new carbon-carbon bonds."},{"text":"The carbon-hydrogen bond ($C-H$).","correct":false,"explanation":"The C-H bond normally remains unchanged during addition polymerisation. The reactive feature is the carbon-carbon double bond, which opens to link monomers."},{"text":"The carbon-carbon single bond ($C-C$).","correct":false,"explanation":"The C-C single bond forms the stable links in the polymer backbone rather than acting as the alkene's reactive site. The reacting part is the C=C bond."},{"text":"The carbon-oxygen double bond ($C=O$).","correct":false,"explanation":"A C=O bond belongs to carbonyl compounds and is not present in a simple alkene monomer. Addition polymerisation uses the carbon-carbon double bond, $C=C$."}]},{"id":"6fd3c9c2-fb41-45d2-b927-e483d5c718ff","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does addition polymerisation differ from condensation polymerisation regarding products?","back":"

Addition: produces only the polymer.
Condensation: produces the polymer plus a small molecule (e.g. water).

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Addition: produces only the polymer.
Condensation: produces the polymer plus a small molecule (e.g. water).

","correct":true,"explanation":"Addition polymerisation forms only the polymer, whereas condensation polymerisation eliminates an additional small molecule such as water as the polymer chains form."},{"text":"

Addition: produces the polymer plus a small molecule (e.g. water).
Condensation: produces only the polymer.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The products have been reversed. Addition polymerisation produces only the polymer, while condensation polymerisation produces the polymer and a small molecule such as water."},{"text":"

Addition: produces only a small molecule (e.g. water).
Condensation: produces the polymer plus the polymer.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the main product with the eliminated product. Both processes produce a polymer, but only condensation also produces a small molecule such as water."},{"text":"

Addition: produces the polymer plus a catalyst.
Condensation: produces the polymer plus a small molecule (e.g. water).

","correct":false,"explanation":"A catalyst may help a reaction but is not a product of addition polymerisation. Addition gives only polymer, whereas condensation also releases a small molecule such as water."}]},{"id":"0c3bdcaf-a9ce-4bd3-afde-61171740660d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Describe the change to the $C=C$ bond during the formation of poly(ethene).","back":"The double bond opens up to form a single bond, allowing the molecules to link into a long chain.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The double bond opens up to form a single bond, allowing the molecules to link into a long chain.","correct":true,"explanation":"The C=C double bond opens, leaving a single bond between those carbon atoms. The available bonding positions then connect many ethene molecules into a long chain."},{"text":"The double bond stays unchanged to form a double bond, allowing the molecules to link into a long chain.","correct":false,"explanation":"The double bond cannot remain unchanged if the monomers are to link by addition polymerisation. It opens to a single bond, allowing formation of the long chain."},{"text":"The double bond opens up to form a single bond, allowing the molecules to link into a short chain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Opening the double bond does form the necessary single bond, but polymerisation joins many monomers, producing a long chain rather than a short chain."},{"text":"The double bond opens up to form a single bond, preventing the molecules from linking into a long chain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Opening the C=C bond creates bonding capacity for neighbouring monomers, so it enables rather than prevents chain formation. The result is a long polymer chain."}]},{"id":"37160366-781a-4d3b-a4b6-918efa7571a8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What symbol is used in a polymer equation to represent 'many' repeat units?","back":"The subscript $n$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The subscript $n$.","correct":true,"explanation":"The subscript $n$ means that the repeat unit is present many times in the polymer, without specifying an exact number of repeating units."},{"text":"The subscript $2$.","correct":false,"explanation":"A subscript 2 would indicate exactly two units or atoms in the relevant formula, not many repeat units. Polymer equations use $n$ for an unspecified large number."},{"text":"The subscript $m$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although other letters can represent variables in chemistry, the standard symbol used in polymer equations for many repeat units is the subscript $n$."},{"text":"The subscript $x$.","correct":false,"explanation":"The letter $x$ is not the conventional symbol for the number of polymer repeat units. Polymer equations use the subscript $n$ to show many units."}]},{"id":"a636a045-6d3d-40ba-ae34-03dcca8bc75b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"When drawing a repeat unit from an alkene, any side group attached to the double-bond carbons must [ ] in the polymer chain.","back":"When drawing a repeat unit from an alkene, any side group attached to the double-bond carbons must stay attached in the polymer chain.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"stay attached","correct":true,"explanation":"Side groups remain bonded to the same carbon atoms when the alkene double bond opens. They must therefore be shown attached to the polymer backbone in the repeat unit."},{"text":"be removed","correct":false,"explanation":"Addition polymerisation opens the C=C bond but does not remove side groups. They remain attached to the backbone, so the correct phrase is stay attached."},{"text":"change places","correct":false,"explanation":"The side groups do not rearrange to different carbon atoms during addition polymerisation. Their attachment is retained, so they stay attached in the chain."},{"text":"form a double bond","correct":false,"explanation":"The original double bond opens to form the polymer backbone; side groups do not form a new double bond. They stay attached to the backbone."}]},{"id":"cd7cea84-bdf3-44a5-96af-7b5d75d0adbc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How do you deduce the monomer from an addition polymer repeat unit?","back":"Remove the brackets and $n$, then change the single $C-C$ bond in the backbone back into a double bond ($C=C$).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Remove the brackets and $n$, then change the single $C-C$ bond in the backbone back into a double bond ($C=C$).","correct":true,"explanation":"Removing the brackets and $n$ isolates one repeat unit. Changing its backbone C-C single bond to C=C reconstructs the alkene monomer used in addition polymerisation."},{"text":"Remove the brackets and $n$, then change the single $C-C$ bond in the backbone back into a triple bond ($C\\equiv C$).","correct":false,"explanation":"A triple bond would give an alkyne, not the alkene monomer used here. The backbone single bond must be changed back into a double bond, $C=C$."},{"text":"Keep the brackets and $n$, then change the single $C-C$ bond in the backbone back into a double bond ($C=C$).","correct":false,"explanation":"The brackets and $n$ represent repeated units in the polymer and must be removed before identifying one monomer. Only then is the backbone bond changed to C=C."},{"text":"Remove the brackets and $n$, then change the single $C-C$ bond in the backbone back into a single bond ($C-C$).","correct":false,"explanation":"Leaving the backbone as a single bond would not recreate an alkene monomer. The monomer contains a carbon-carbon double bond, so the C-C bond must become C=C."}]},{"id":"22a4ffa5-b760-4641-ac24-90c602cf9d9a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Which two monomers are required to form a polyamide?","back":"

Dicarboxylic acid
Diamine

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Dicarboxylic acid
Diamine

","correct":true,"explanation":"Polyamides form by condensation polymerisation between a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine. Their carboxyl and amino groups react repeatedly, producing amide linkages and eliminating small molecules such as water."},{"text":"

Dicarboxylic acid
Diol

","correct":false,"explanation":"A dicarboxylic acid and a diol form a polyester, not a polyamide. A polyamide requires a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine so that amide linkages can form."},{"text":"

Diamine
Diol

","correct":false,"explanation":"A diamine and a diol lack the required pair of carboxylic acid groups, so they cannot produce the usual polyamide by condensation. The required monomers are a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine."},{"text":"

Alkene
Diol

","correct":false,"explanation":"An alkene commonly forms an addition polymer, while a diol is used in condensation polymers such as polyesters. A polyamide instead requires a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine."}]},{"id":"602a2f89-09cd-4719-8a09-9292b6321b6f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the structure of the amide linkage?","back":"$$-C(=O)-NH-$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$-C(=O)-NH-$","correct":true,"explanation":"An amide linkage contains a carbonyl group directly bonded to nitrogen. It forms when a carboxylic acid group reacts with an amino group during condensation polymerisation."},{"text":"$$-C(=O)-O-$","correct":false,"explanation":"Replacing nitrogen with oxygen gives an ester linkage, the characteristic connection in polyesters. An amide linkage must contain the sequence $-C(=O)-NH-$."},{"text":"$$-C(=O)-CH_2-$","correct":false,"explanation":"This contains a carbonyl group bonded to carbon rather than nitrogen, so it is not an amide. The amide linkage is $-C(=O)-NH-$."},{"text":"$$-NH-CH_2-$","correct":false,"explanation":"This contains an amine joined to a methylene group but has no carbonyl group. An amide requires nitrogen directly beside a carbonyl, giving $-C(=O)-NH-$."}]},{"id":"2f58a028-137a-4377-b38b-4e3a4e93fb6a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Which two monomers are required to form a polyester?","back":"

Dicarboxylic acid
Diol

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Dicarboxylic acid
Diol

","correct":true,"explanation":"Polyesters form by condensation polymerisation between a dicarboxylic acid and a diol. Their functional groups react repeatedly to form ester linkages, usually eliminating water."},{"text":"

Dicarboxylic acid
Diamine

","correct":false,"explanation":"A dicarboxylic acid and a diamine form a polyamide because their reaction produces amide linkages. A polyester instead requires a dicarboxylic acid and a diol."},{"text":"

Diamine
Diol

","correct":false,"explanation":"A diamine supplies amino groups and would favour amide formation, while a diol supplies hydroxyl groups. Polyester formation requires a dicarboxylic acid paired with a diol."},{"text":"

Alkene
Diol

","correct":false,"explanation":"An alkene is usually used for addition polymerisation and does not provide the two carboxylic acid groups needed here. A polyester forms from a dicarboxylic acid and a diol."}]},{"id":"3b662bdc-16cc-4269-8128-9a4ad6cf7043","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The ester linkage found in polymers like PET has the structure $\\text{[...]}$.","back":"The ester linkage found in polymers like PET has the structure $\\boxed{-C(=O)-O-}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$-C(=O)-O-$","correct":true,"explanation":"The ester linkage contains a carbonyl carbon directly bonded to an oxygen atom. This $-C(=O)-O-$ connection joins the repeating sections of polyester chains such as PET."},{"text":"$$-C(=O)-NH-$","correct":false,"explanation":"Replacing the oxygen with $NH$ produces an amide linkage, which occurs in polyamides and proteins. The ester linkage in PET is $-C(=O)-O-$."},{"text":"$$-C-O-C-$","correct":false,"explanation":"This is an ether linkage because it has oxygen between two carbon groups but no carbonyl. An ester linkage includes both features and has the structure $-C(=O)-O-$."},{"text":"$$-C(=O)-CH_2-$","correct":false,"explanation":"This places a methylene group beside the carbonyl and contains no linking oxygen atom. The ester group in PET must have the structure $-C(=O)-O-$."}]},{"id":"bceb84f5-12af-40ee-a96c-a1c3ee323b4d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is PET considered a sustainable plastic in terms of its chemistry?","back":"It can be chemically broken down into its monomers and then re-polymerised.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can be chemically broken down into its monomers and then re-polymerised.","correct":true,"explanation":"Chemical recycling can depolymerise PET to recover its original monomers. Purifying and polymerising those monomers again supports a closed material cycle and reduces demand for new raw materials."},{"text":"It can be biologically broken down into natural nutrients and then composted.","correct":false,"explanation":"PET is not readily biodegradable or suitable for ordinary composting. Its relevant chemical sustainability advantage is that it can be depolymerised into monomers and then re-polymerised."},{"text":"It is made from renewable monomers and then biodegrades naturally.","correct":false,"explanation":"Conventional PET is generally produced from petrochemical feedstocks and does not naturally biodegrade quickly. Its chemical advantage is recoverable monomers that can be purified and re-polymerised."},{"text":"It can be burned completely into its monomers and then re-polymerised.","correct":false,"explanation":"Burning PET converts it mainly into carbon dioxide and water rather than recovering its monomers, so those products cannot remake PET. Chemical depolymerisation preserves useful monomer building blocks."}]},{"id":"2c9bb7eb-362a-481e-90a0-00b2af39c73b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Proteins are natural polymers made from [ ] monomers.","back":"Proteins are natural polymers made from amino acid monomers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"amino acid","correct":true,"explanation":"Proteins are polypeptides formed when many amino acid monomers join by condensation reactions. Each new peptide bond links the amino group of one monomer to the carboxyl group of another."},{"text":"carboxylic acid","correct":false,"explanation":"Carboxylic acid describes one functional group within every amino acid, not the complete protein monomer. Proteins are polymers whose monomers are amino acids."},{"text":"nucleic acid","correct":false,"explanation":"Nucleic acids are polymers such as DNA and RNA, whose monomers are nucleotides. Proteins belong to a different polymer family and are assembled from amino acid monomers."},{"text":"fatty acid","correct":false,"explanation":"Fatty acids help form lipids such as triglycerides, which are not protein chains. Proteins are natural polymers produced by joining amino acid monomers through peptide bonds."}]},{"id":"dcdcaa40-626a-45fc-8015-dfd711e32f7b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Name the two functional groups present in every amino acid.","back":"

Amino group ($-NH_2$)
Carboxylic acid group ($-COOH$)

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Amino group ($-NH_2$)
Carboxylic acid group ($-COOH$)

","correct":true,"explanation":"Every amino acid contains both an amino group and a carboxylic acid group. These two functional groups react during condensation to form peptide bonds in proteins."},{"text":"

Hydroxyl group ($-OH$)
Carboxylic acid group ($-COOH$)

","correct":false,"explanation":"A hydroxyl group may occur in the side chain of certain amino acids, but it is not present in all of them. Every amino acid has amino and carboxylic acid groups."},{"text":"

Amino group ($-NH_2$)
Hydroxyl group ($-OH$)

","correct":false,"explanation":"All amino acids contain an amino group, but a hydroxyl group is found only in some side chains. The second universal functional group is the carboxylic acid group."},{"text":"

Phosphate group ($-PO_4$)
Carboxylic acid group ($-COOH$)

","correct":false,"explanation":"Phosphate groups are central to nucleotides rather than universal components of amino acids. Every amino acid instead contains an amino group and a carboxylic acid group."}]},{"id":"35d4d098-52f0-428a-95e5-9d70b5c3523b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the specific name for the amide linkage in a protein chain?","back":"A peptide bond.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A peptide bond.","correct":true,"explanation":"The amide linkage joining amino acid residues in a protein is specifically called a peptide bond. It forms by condensation between an amino group and a carboxylic acid group."},{"text":"An ester bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ester bonds contain oxygen beside the carbonyl and characterise polyesters and many lipids. The amide linkage joining amino acids within a protein is called a peptide bond."},{"text":"A glycosidic bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycosidic bonds join monosaccharides in carbohydrates such as starch and cellulose. The linkage between amino acid residues in a protein chain is called a peptide bond."},{"text":"A phosphodiester bond.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phosphodiester bonds form the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA rather than protein chains. The amide linkage connecting amino acid residues is called a peptide bond."}]},{"id":"c9302c82-7efe-435f-8b6d-5e79c0f28c99","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Plastics are often [ ], meaning microorganisms cannot break them down, leading to persistence in landfill sites.","back":"Plastics are often non-biodegradable, meaning microorganisms cannot break them down, leading to persistence in landfill sites.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"non-biodegradable","correct":true,"explanation":"Microorganisms cannot break down non-biodegradable plastics, so they persist in landfill sites and accumulate in the environment for long periods."},{"text":"biodegradable","correct":false,"explanation":"Biodegradable materials can be broken down by microorganisms, unlike plastics in this context. The correct term is non-biodegradable because these plastics persist in landfill sites."},{"text":"recyclable","correct":false,"explanation":"Recyclable describes whether a material can be processed and used again, not whether microorganisms can decompose it. The correct term is non-biodegradable."},{"text":"compostable","correct":false,"explanation":"Compostable materials can decompose under suitable composting conditions, whereas these plastics resist microbial breakdown. The correct term is non-biodegradable."}]},{"id":"6f3fc9bd-0de9-46b3-88a0-a14430f113f1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Explain why lightweight plastics create issues for marine life.","back":"They are easily blown or washed into oceans where they cause entanglement or ingestion by animals.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are easily blown or washed into oceans where they cause entanglement or ingestion by animals.","correct":true,"explanation":"Because lightweight plastics are easily transported by wind and water, they reach oceans where animals may become trapped in them or mistake them for food."},{"text":"They are easily broken down or dissolved into oceans where they cause entanglement or ingestion by animals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Most plastics do not readily break down or dissolve in seawater. They are blown or washed into oceans, where they can cause entanglement or ingestion by animals."},{"text":"They are easily blown or washed into oceans where they cause decomposition or digestion by animals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Animals do not safely decompose or digest plastics; they may become entangled or ingest them accidentally. The correct effects are entanglement or ingestion."},{"text":"They are easily kept on land or sunk into oceans where they cause entanglement or ingestion by animals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lightweight plastics are not generally kept on land or immediately sunk. Wind and water carry them into oceans, where they cause entanglement or ingestion by animals."}]},{"id":"e1d0e0a5-479e-470c-a02d-194f9079deb5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the primary danger of disposing of plastics by burning?","back":"The process can release toxic gases (such as carbon monoxide).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The process can release toxic gases (such as carbon monoxide).","correct":true,"explanation":"Burning plastics can produce toxic gases, including carbon monoxide, which is poisonous because it reduces the blood’s ability to transport oxygen."},{"text":"The process can release harmless gases (such as carbon monoxide).","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon monoxide is poisonous, not harmless, and can prevent blood from carrying enough oxygen. Burning plastics is dangerous because it can release toxic gases."},{"text":"The process can release toxic liquids (such as carbon monoxide).","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon monoxide is a gas, not a liquid. The primary danger is that burning plastics can release toxic gases such as carbon monoxide."},{"text":"The process can release greenhouse gases (such as carbon monoxide).","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon monoxide is mainly dangerous because it is poisonous, rather than because it is a greenhouse gas. The relevant danger is the release of toxic gases."}]},{"id":"17cb0d5e-a2ce-448a-b9c1-8a2df1752483","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In condensation polymerisation, a small molecule like [ ] is eliminated each time a linkage forms.","back":"In condensation polymerisation, a small molecule like water is eliminated each time a linkage forms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"water","correct":true,"explanation":"Condensation polymerisation forms a linkage between monomers while eliminating a small molecule. Water is a common molecule released during this reaction."},{"text":"oxygen","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is not the usual small molecule eliminated when polyester linkages form. In this reaction, water is eliminated during each linkage-forming step."},{"text":"hydrogen","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen is not the small molecule normally removed in condensation polymerisation of polyesters. The correct molecule is water, formed from atoms lost during linkage formation."},{"text":"carbon dioxide","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is not the small molecule eliminated when polyester linkages form. Condensation polymerisation typically eliminates water as the ester linkage is made."}]},{"id":"cba8fde2-dd8c-44a6-95f1-4a66bc9623db","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In condensation polymerisation, a small molecule like water is [ ] each time a linkage forms.","back":"In condensation polymerisation, a small molecule like water is eliminated each time a linkage forms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"eliminated","correct":true,"explanation":"In condensation polymerisation, forming each linkage removes a small molecule from the reacting monomers. For polyester formation, that molecule is water, which is eliminated."},{"text":"absorbed","correct":false,"explanation":"Water is not absorbed as the defining small-molecule change during polyester condensation polymerisation. It is eliminated when each ester linkage forms."},{"text":"added","correct":false,"explanation":"Condensation polymerisation does not add water to form each ester linkage. Instead, water is eliminated as the linkage forms."},{"text":"produced","correct":false,"explanation":"Although water may be described as a product of the reaction, the required term here is eliminated, emphasising its removal each time a linkage forms."}]},{"id":"ea9f6b28-abe7-4387-b797-325842bc8c64","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where should you 'cut' a repeat unit to identify the monomers of a polyester?","back":"At the ester linkage (between the $C=O$ and the $O$).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"At the ester linkage (between the $C=O$ and the $O$).","correct":true,"explanation":"A polyester contains ester linkages with the structure -$C(=O)-O-. Cutting at these linkages separates the repeat unit into the diol and dicarboxylic acid monomers."},{"text":"At the carbon-carbon bond (between the two carbon atoms).","correct":false,"explanation":"The bond joining the carbonyl carbon to the oxygen is part of an ester linkage, not a carbon-carbon bond. Cutting the ester linkage identifies the polyester monomers."},{"text":"At the hydroxyl group (between the $O$ and the $H$).","correct":false,"explanation":"The O-H bond belongs to a hydroxyl group and is not the characteristic connection joining polyester monomer residues. The correct cutting point is the ester linkage."},{"text":"At the amide linkage (between the $C=O$ and the $N$).","correct":false,"explanation":"Amide linkages contain nitrogen and occur in polyamides, not polyesters. Polyester repeat units should be cut at the ester linkage between the carbonyl group and oxygen."}]}]}],"examCountdown":null,"heading":"Polymers","title":"Polymers Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/chemistry/cie/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"b094cf92-ae27-51e9-a674-a78e2fe2ad73","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]