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cylinder.","correct":false,"explanation":"A measuring cylinder gives less precise volume measurements because of its wider scale. A volumetric pipette is calibrated to deliver exactly $25.0 \\text{ cm}^3$."},{"text":"A burette.","correct":false,"explanation":"A burette accurately delivers variable volumes, rather than one fixed volume most directly. A $25.0 \\text{ cm}^3$ volumetric pipette is designed for this measurement."},{"text":"A conical flask.","correct":false,"explanation":"A conical flask is intended for holding and mixing liquids, and its markings are only approximate. A volumetric pipette accurately measures the fixed volume required."}]},{"id":"66d1a46b-3219-421f-99c7-42d8a751dbb9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which apparatus should measure an arbitrary volume such as $18.5 \\text{ cm}^3$?","back":"A burette.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A burette.","correct":true,"explanation":"A burette has a graduated scale and tap, allowing accurately measured variable volumes such as $18.5 \\text{ cm}^3$ to be delivered."},{"text":"A volumetric pipette.","correct":false,"explanation":"A volumetric pipette is calibrated for one fixed volume, commonly $25.0 \\text{ cm}^3$, and cannot measure an arbitrary volume. A burette can deliver $18.5 \\text{ cm}^3$."},{"text":"A volumetric flask.","correct":false,"explanation":"A volumetric flask is calibrated to contain one fixed total volume, not to deliver arbitrary amounts. A burette’s graduated scale permits measurement of $18.5 \\text{ cm}^3$."},{"text":"A conical flask.","correct":false,"explanation":"A conical flask is used for holding and mixing solutions, and its graduations are not sufficiently accurate. A burette accurately measures arbitrary delivered volumes."}]},{"id":"e34088b9-e574-468f-8669-4d9141dd6852","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which apparatus measures gas volume directly?","back":"A gas syringe.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A gas syringe.","correct":true,"explanation":"A gas syringe collects gas in a movable, graduated barrel, so the gas volume can be read directly from its scale."},{"text":"A gas jar.","correct":false,"explanation":"A gas jar collects and stores gas but normally has no graduated scale for directly measuring its volume. A gas syringe provides a direct volume reading."},{"text":"A test tube.","correct":false,"explanation":"A test tube can contain gas during a reaction but is not calibrated to measure its volume. A graduated gas syringe measures gas volume directly."},{"text":"A conical flask.","correct":false,"explanation":"A conical flask is commonly used as the reaction vessel producing a gas, but it does not measure that gas. The gas should enter a gas syringe."}]},{"id":"7b3191a4-5e75-4cc4-b58d-bfd3746e4f97","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which method separates an insoluble solid from a liquid?","back":"Filtration.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Filtration.","correct":true,"explanation":"Filtration passes the mixture through filter paper: the liquid passes through as filtrate, while the insoluble solid is trapped as residue."},{"text":"Evaporation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Evaporation removes a solvent to recover a dissolved solid, rather than trapping an insoluble solid. Filtration separates an insoluble solid from a liquid using filter paper."},{"text":"Crystallisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Crystallisation obtains a dissolved solid from a saturated solution by forming crystals. An already insoluble solid should instead be separated from the liquid by filtration."},{"text":"Chromatography.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromatography separates dissolved substances according to their different movements through a medium. Filtration is the appropriate method for separating an insoluble solid from a liquid."}]},{"id":"33930b59-4d94-4072-9c4b-ed4afc73acf3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The solid left in the filter paper after filtration is the [ ].","back":"The solid left in the filter paper after filtration is the residue.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"residue","correct":true,"explanation":"The residue is the insoluble solid retained by the filter paper, while the liquid that passes through the paper is called the filtrate."},{"text":"filtrate","correct":false,"explanation":"The filtrate is the liquid that passes through the filter paper, not the trapped solid. The solid remaining on the paper is the residue."},{"text":"precipitate","correct":false,"explanation":"A precipitate is an insoluble solid formed by a chemical reaction, but it is called the residue once retained on filter paper during filtration."},{"text":"solute","correct":false,"explanation":"A solute is a substance dissolved in a solvent, so it would normally pass through filter paper in solution. The trapped insoluble solid is the residue."}]},{"id":"f85393b8-5fc0-4621-a9b9-40a1d998e5b7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In a solution, what is the dissolved substance called?","back":"The solute.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The solute.","correct":true,"explanation":"The solute is the substance dissolved to form a solution. For example, salt is the solute when it dissolves in water."},{"text":"The solvent.","correct":false,"explanation":"The solvent is the substance that does the dissolving, rather than the substance being dissolved. The dissolved substance in a solution is the solute."},{"text":"The residue.","correct":false,"explanation":"A residue is an insoluble solid left behind during filtration, not a dissolved substance. The substance dissolved in a solution is called the solute."},{"text":"The filtrate.","correct":false,"explanation":"The filtrate is the liquid that passes through filter paper and may contain a dissolved substance. That dissolved substance itself is called the solute."}]},{"id":"cdd15435-1962-4ad8-b927-266f20a8086a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In a solution, what dissolves the solute?","back":"The solvent.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The solvent.","correct":true,"explanation":"The solvent is the substance in which the solute dissolves. For example, water is the solvent when salt dissolves in it."},{"text":"The solute.","correct":false,"explanation":"The solute is the substance being dissolved, not the substance that performs the dissolving. The substance that dissolves the solute is the solvent."},{"text":"The filtrate.","correct":false,"explanation":"A filtrate is the liquid passing through filter paper and may be a solution, but the component that dissolves the solute is specifically the solvent."},{"text":"The residue.","correct":false,"explanation":"A residue is the insoluble solid retained during filtration, so it does not dissolve the solute. The dissolving substance is called the solvent."}]},{"id":"9b70e363-e597-421b-ab62-433d8a91a373","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Gas bubbled through water into an inverted measuring cylinder is collected by [ ].","back":"Gas bubbled through water into an inverted measuring cylinder is collected by downward displacement of water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"downward displacement of water","correct":true,"explanation":"Gas entering the inverted cylinder pushes water down and out, allowing the gas to collect above it. This method is downward displacement of water."},{"text":"upward displacement of air","correct":false,"explanation":"Upward displacement of air uses an upright container and is generally used for gases denser than air. An inverted water-filled cylinder collects gas by downward displacement of water."},{"text":"downward displacement of air","correct":false,"explanation":"Downward displacement of air collects gases lighter than air without using a water-filled cylinder. Here, the gas pushes water downward, so the method displaces water."},{"text":"gas syringe collection","correct":false,"explanation":"Gas syringe collection requires the gas to enter a graduated syringe and move its plunger. Bubbling gas into an inverted water-filled cylinder uses downward displacement of water."}]},{"id":"e93faf4a-2a1d-411b-aade-4481e6244bc6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What physical property makes collecting a gas over water unreliable?","back":"Solubility in water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Solubility in water.","correct":true,"explanation":"A gas that dissolves in water is partly removed from the collected sample, so the measured volume does not represent all the gas produced."},{"text":"Density compared with water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Density does not determine whether water can collect the gas. The relevant issue is solubility in water, because dissolved gas is missing from the measured sample."},{"text":"Colour of the gas.","correct":false,"explanation":"Colour affects visibility but not whether the gas dissolves. The unreliable measurement results from the gas’s solubility in water during collection."},{"text":"Smell of the gas.","correct":false,"explanation":"A gas’s smell is irrelevant to collection accuracy. Solubility in water is the physical property that causes some gas to disappear into the water."}]},{"id":"87d316f6-eab1-45f9-9676-5ba68504d4cc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Collecting a soluble gas over water gives an inaccurately [ ] volume.","back":"Collecting a soluble gas over water gives an inaccurately low volume.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"low","correct":true,"explanation":"Some of the soluble gas dissolves in the water instead of remaining in the measuring space, so the volume collected is lower than the amount produced."},{"text":"high","correct":false,"explanation":"Dissolution removes gas from the collection space, so the measured volume is lower, not higher. The correct description is an inaccurately low volume."},{"text":"accurate","correct":false,"explanation":"Solubility causes some gas to be lost into the water, reducing the measured volume. It does not make the result accurately match the amount produced."},{"text":"variable","correct":false,"explanation":"The gas is not necessarily measured with a variable volume setting; the systematic error is that dissolution makes the recorded volume too low."}]},{"id":"ccafa141-4f04-4ffe-9332-4caef1c66117","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is ammonia unsuitable for collection over water?","back":"Ammonia dissolves in water before measurement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ammonia dissolves in water before measurement.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ammonia is highly soluble in water, so much of it dissolves before its volume can be measured accurately by collection over water."},{"text":"Ammonia is denser than water before measurement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ammonia’s high solubility, rather than its density, prevents reliable collection over water. Dissolved ammonia is removed from the gas sample before measurement."},{"text":"Ammonia condenses in water before measurement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ammonia does not become unsuitable because it condenses at room temperature. Its strong solubility in water causes the measured volume to be too small."},{"text":"Ammonia is colourless in water before measurement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ammonia is not excluded because it is colourless. The problem is that it dissolves readily in water, so the collected volume is unreliable."}]},{"id":"7dbe2b16-4a11-4f36-90d1-8d28f0492d63","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does collecting carbon dioxide over water underestimate its volume?","back":"Carbon dioxide is slightly soluble, so some dissolves.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Carbon dioxide is slightly soluble, so some dissolves.","correct":true,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide dissolves slightly in water, so some produced gas is lost from the collection space and the measured volume is lower than the true volume."},{"text":"Carbon dioxide is completely insoluble, so none dissolves.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is not completely insoluble in water. Its slight solubility causes some gas to dissolve, which is why the measured volume is underestimated."},{"text":"Carbon dioxide expands in water, so some escapes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide does not expand in water to create this error. A small amount dissolves, leaving less gas available to be measured."},{"text":"Carbon dioxide reacts with glass, so some disappears.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide does not react with the measuring cylinder to produce this underestimate. Its slight solubility removes some gas into the water."}]},{"id":"0cf6834b-dd6c-4c05-bc36-d3165aebf1fe","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What seals the flask when collecting gas with a syringe?","back":"A bung.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A bung.","correct":true,"explanation":"A bung closes the flask around the delivery tube, preventing gas from escaping through the flask opening while the gas is directed into the syringe."},{"text":"A clamp.","correct":false,"explanation":"A clamp supports apparatus but does not seal the flask. A bung is needed to close the opening and prevent gas leakage during collection."},{"text":"A funnel.","correct":false,"explanation":"A funnel helps transfer liquids but cannot seal the gas-generating flask. The flask is sealed with a bung around the delivery tube."},{"text":"A thermometer.","correct":false,"explanation":"A thermometer measures temperature and does not close the flask. A bung provides the airtight seal needed for gas collection."}]},{"id":"aadabc1d-bbad-4f6d-9cb8-e812f80db2f4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What carries gas from the flask to the gas syringe?","back":"A delivery tube.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A delivery tube.","correct":true,"explanation":"The delivery tube provides a pathway for gas to travel from the sealed flask into the gas syringe, where its volume can be measured."},{"text":"A bung.","correct":false,"explanation":"A bung seals the flask but does not carry gas to the syringe. The delivery tube connects the flask to the measuring apparatus."},{"text":"A plunger.","correct":false,"explanation":"A plunger moves within the syringe to measure volume but does not connect the flask to it. Gas travels through the delivery tube."},{"text":"A clamp.","correct":false,"explanation":"A clamp holds equipment in position but does not provide a gas route. The delivery tube carries gas from the flask to the syringe."}]},{"id":"11b11b29-72fd-47ed-a023-9634d632b288","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A gas syringe measures gas without it passing through [ ].","back":"A gas syringe measures gas without it passing through water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"water","correct":true,"explanation":"A gas syringe collects gas directly in a graduated chamber, so the gas does not need to pass through water and soluble gases are not lost by dissolving."},{"text":"air","correct":false,"explanation":"A gas syringe is designed to avoid water collection, not to avoid air. Its direct chamber measures gas without it passing through water."},{"text":"a bung","correct":false,"explanation":"The gas still passes through the delivery tube before entering the syringe. The feature being avoided is passage through water during collection."},{"text":"a plunger","correct":false,"explanation":"A gas syringe contains a movable plunger for measuring volume, but the gas does not pass through the plunger. It avoids passing through water."}]},{"id":"aa08884c-c2aa-457d-b218-3e58987e4394","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is a volumetric pipette suitable for exactly $25.0 \\text{ cm}^3$?","back":"It is highly accurate for fixed volumes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is highly accurate for fixed volumes.","correct":true,"explanation":"A volumetric pipette is calibrated to deliver one fixed volume with high accuracy, making it suitable when exactly $25.0 \\text{ cm}^3$ is required."},{"text":"It is highly accurate for variable volumes.","correct":false,"explanation":"A volumetric pipette is not mainly chosen because it measures a range of volumes. Its strength is delivering one specified fixed volume accurately."},{"text":"It is roughly accurate for fixed volumes.","correct":false,"explanation":"A measuring cylinder, rather than a volumetric pipette, is commonly used for approximate variable volumes. The pipette is calibrated for one accurate volume."},{"text":"It is quick to fill for fixed volumes.","correct":false,"explanation":"A volumetric pipette is more accurate than a beaker and is not selected for speed alone. Its calibration allows accurate delivery of a fixed volume."}]},{"id":"34cee484-b0d9-4fda-9a31-b3b146c6657b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For exact quantitative chemistry, a measuring cylinder is not [ ] enough.","back":"For exact quantitative chemistry, a measuring cylinder is not precise enough.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"precise","correct":true,"explanation":"A measuring cylinder gives less precise readings than a volumetric pipette or burette, so it is unsuitable when exact quantitative measurements are required."},{"text":"rough","correct":false,"explanation":"A measuring cylinder is generally precise enough for approximate measurements, but not for exact quantitative chemistry. The missing term is precise."},{"text":"reactive","correct":false,"explanation":"The issue is the precision of the volume reading, not whether the cylinder is chemically reactive. Measuring cylinders are not precise enough for exact work."},{"text":"flexible","correct":false,"explanation":"A measuring cylinder can be used for many routine volumes, but its limitation here is insufficient precision rather than insufficient flexibility."}]},{"id":"6def981b-a61c-4b10-be15-6f295206e10f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When evaluating apparatus choice, what accuracy question should you ask?","back":"Is the equipment accurate enough for the task?","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Is the equipment accurate enough for the task?","correct":true,"explanation":"Apparatus should be selected according to the required measurement quality. It must provide enough accuracy for the task, without assuming the most accurate equipment is always necessary."},{"text":"Is the equipment the most accurate available for the task?","correct":false,"explanation":"The equipment need not be the most accurate available if the task only requires an approximate result. The correct question is whether it is accurate enough."},{"text":"Is the equipment the fastest available for the task?","correct":false,"explanation":"Equipment choice depends on the accuracy required, not simply on whether it is the fastest to use. It must be accurate enough for the task."},{"text":"Is the equipment the cheapest available for the task?","correct":false,"explanation":"The cheapest apparatus may not provide adequate measurements, while expensive equipment may be unnecessary. The key question concerns sufficient accuracy."}]},{"id":"401f7e01-e328-465e-9fee-183b5e9a4329","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In a temperature experiment, what physical issue may stop expected results?","back":"Heat escaping.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Heat escaping.","correct":true,"explanation":"If heat escapes to the surroundings, less energy warms the apparatus or reactants, so the measured temperature change can be smaller than expected."},{"text":"Heat entering.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heat entering from the surroundings would usually increase the measured temperature change rather than stop the expected result. The common problem is heat escaping."},{"text":"Light reflecting.","correct":false,"explanation":"Light reflection does not normally account for a reduced temperature change in this experiment. Heat escaping to the surroundings is the relevant issue."},{"text":"Colour changing.","correct":false,"explanation":"The colour of the apparatus is not normally the main cause of an unexpected temperature result. Energy lost as heat to the surroundings is the concern."}]},{"id":"b5cb1f52-6106-4735-a2c9-e0ae404f1cc9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Heat loss can often be reduced by adding [ ].","back":"Heat loss can often be reduced by adding a lid or insulation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"a lid or insulation","correct":true,"explanation":"A lid or insulation reduces energy transfer from the warm reaction mixture to the surroundings, so more of the released heat contributes to the measured temperature change."},{"text":"a thermometer","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding a thermometer measures temperature but does not prevent heat escaping. A lid or insulation reduces heat loss from the apparatus."},{"text":"a stirrer","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding a stirrer helps distribute heat evenly but does not significantly insulate the apparatus. A lid or insulation is used to reduce heat loss."},{"text":"more water","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding more water can increase the mixture’s heat capacity but does not reduce heat transfer to the surroundings. A lid or insulation addresses heat loss."}]}]}],"examCountdown":null,"heading":"Experimental design","title":"Experimental design Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/chemistry/cie/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"ff10cd79-7241-54e1-88b4-9a39ff267c99","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]