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Atoms can combine with other atoms to form molecules or compounds."},{"text":"A molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"A molecule contains two or more atoms chemically bonded together, so it is not the simplest particle. The simplest particle of an element is an atom."},{"text":"A compound.","correct":false,"explanation":"A compound contains atoms of at least two different elements chemically bonded together. The simplest particle belonging to a single element is an atom."},{"text":"An electron.","correct":false,"explanation":"An electron is a subatomic particle and does not retain an element’s chemical identity by itself. The simplest particle that does retain it is an atom."}]},{"id":"0563ed8f-ac43-4abf-9f32-93fa7275838b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What holds atoms together in a molecule?","back":"Chemical bonds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Chemical bonds.","correct":true,"explanation":"Chemical bonds are attractions that hold atoms together within a molecule. These bonds form when atoms share or transfer electrons to reach more stable electron arrangements."},{"text":"Intermolecular forces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Intermolecular forces act between separate molecules rather than holding atoms together within one molecule. Atoms in a molecule are held together by chemical bonds."},{"text":"Physical forces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Physical attraction alone does not define or hold together the atoms within a molecule. The atoms are joined by chemical bonds involving their electrons."},{"text":"Nuclear forces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nuclear forces hold protons and neutrons together inside atomic nuclei, not separate atoms together. Atoms within a molecule are held by chemical bonds."}]},{"id":"cd840bf3-dda0-42ec-94e5-50b36e1d1945","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A molecule is a group of atoms joined together by [ ].","back":"A molecule is a group of atoms joined together by chemical bonds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"chemical bonds","correct":true,"explanation":"Chemical bonds join atoms together to form a molecule. They arise from interactions between atoms’ outer electrons, including the sharing of electrons in covalent bonds."},{"text":"intermolecular forces","correct":false,"explanation":"Intermolecular forces act between molecules, not between the atoms making up one molecule. Atoms within a molecule are joined together by chemical bonds."},{"text":"physical forces","correct":false,"explanation":"Calling these physical forces confuses chemical bonding with attractions that do not produce a molecule. A molecule’s atoms are joined by chemical bonds."},{"text":"nuclear forces","correct":false,"explanation":"Nuclear forces operate within an atom’s nucleus, holding protons and neutrons together. The atoms forming a molecule are instead joined by chemical bonds."}]},{"id":"17c8869d-6cbf-4df6-9faa-d49b78e69a80","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is iron, Fe, classified as an element?","back":"It contains only one type of atom.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It contains only one type of atom.","correct":true,"explanation":"An element is a pure substance containing only one type of atom. Iron contains only iron atoms, identified by the chemical symbol Fe."},{"text":"It contains only one type of molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"A pure compound can also contain only one type of molecule, so that does not make it an element. Iron is an element because it contains one type of atom."},{"text":"It contains only two types of atom.","correct":false,"explanation":"A substance containing two types of atom could be a compound or mixture, depending on whether they are bonded. Iron contains only one type of atom."},{"text":"It contains only uncharged atoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being uncharged does not distinguish elements from compounds because both can contain electrically neutral particles. Iron is an element because all its atoms are the same type."}]},{"id":"0980437e-d12f-4912-9b3d-16c33b0e754e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is oxygen, $\\text{O}_2$, an element rather than a compound?","back":"It contains only oxygen atoms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It contains only oxygen atoms.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each oxygen molecule contains two atoms, but both are oxygen atoms. A substance is an element when it contains only one type of atom."},{"text":"It contains only two different atoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"The subscript 2 shows that each molecule contains two atoms, not two different types of atom. Both atoms are oxygen, so the substance is an element."},{"text":"It contains only oxygen compounds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen molecules are not compounds because their atoms are all the same element. Oxygen is an element because it contains only oxygen atoms."},{"text":"It contains only ionic oxygen bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"The atoms in $\\text{O}_2$ share electrons in a covalent bond rather than forming an ionic bond. It is an element because it contains only oxygen atoms."}]},{"id":"6da12493-a812-4140-be15-b46ba1937354","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A compound must contain [ ], not just two atoms.","back":"A compound must contain two or more different elements, not just two atoms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"two or more different elements","correct":true,"explanation":"A compound forms when atoms from two or more different elements are chemically bonded in fixed proportions. The number of atoms alone does not determine whether something is a compound."},{"text":"two or more atoms","correct":false,"explanation":"Two atoms of the same element can form an elemental molecule, such as $\\text{O}_2$. A compound must contain two or more different elements chemically bonded together."},{"text":"two or more molecules","correct":false,"explanation":"A sample may contain many molecules without being a compound if every atom belongs to one element. A compound must contain two or more different elements."},{"text":"one type of element","correct":false,"explanation":"A substance containing just one type of element is classified as an element, even if its atoms form molecules. A compound requires two or more different elements."}]},{"id":"590faa61-8808-4ccd-8f41-30b5b64b701d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In a compound, how are different elements joined?","back":"They are chemically bonded.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are chemically bonded.","correct":true,"explanation":"The different elements in a compound are joined by chemical bonds. This bonding produces a substance with properties different from those of its constituent elements."},{"text":"They are physically mixed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Physical mixing produces a mixture, in which substances are not chemically joined and can often be separated physically. In a compound, the elements are chemically bonded."},{"text":"They are weakly attracted.","correct":false,"explanation":"A weak attraction does not create a compound and may simply describe forces between separate particles. Different elements in a compound are joined by chemical bonds."},{"text":"They are nuclearly bonded.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nuclear forces act inside atomic nuclei rather than joining different atoms into compounds. The different elements in a compound are chemically bonded together."}]},{"id":"df320fe8-6750-485e-9402-e4a338f23012","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does “fixed proportions” mean in a compound?","back":"The atom ratio is always the same.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The atom ratio is always the same.","correct":true,"explanation":"A compound has a definite chemical formula because its elements combine in a fixed ratio of atoms. Water, for example, always has two hydrogen atoms per oxygen atom."},{"text":"The atom ratio can always vary.","correct":false,"explanation":"A variable atom ratio describes a mixture rather than a pure compound. In a compound, the ratio of atoms from each element is fixed and always the same."},{"text":"The total atom number is always the same.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different-sized samples contain different total numbers of atoms, so the total is not fixed. Fixed proportions means the ratio between the different types of atom stays constant."},{"text":"The amount of compound is always the same.","correct":false,"explanation":"The amount of compound can change from one sample to another. Fixed proportions refers to the constant ratio of its different types of atom, not sample size."}]},{"id":"b5c9281b-0285-4465-a27e-a8c73986cc9f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Water is always $\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$: [ ] for every [ ].","back":"Water is always $\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$: two hydrogen atoms for every one oxygen atom.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Water is always $\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$: two hydrogen atoms for every one oxygen atom.","correct":true,"explanation":"The formula $\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$ shows that every water molecule contains two hydrogen atoms bonded with one oxygen atom, giving a fixed atomic ratio of 2:1."},{"text":"Water is always $\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$: one hydrogen atom for every two oxygen atoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the subscripts in the formula. $\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$ represents two hydrogen atoms for every one oxygen atom, not one hydrogen for two oxygens."},{"text":"Water is always $\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$: two hydrogen atoms for every two oxygen atoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly treats oxygen as having a subscript of 2. With no written subscript, oxygen has an implied subscript of 1, so the ratio is 2:1."},{"text":"Water is always $\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$: one hydrogen atom for every one oxygen atom.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks hydrogen’s subscript of 2 and gives a 1:1 ratio. Each water molecule contains two hydrogen atoms for every one oxygen atom."}]},{"id":"e0ac4593-504e-4daf-88bc-42b596a3ae47","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What type of process is needed to break compounds into their elements?","back":"A chemical reaction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A chemical reaction.","correct":true,"explanation":"Breaking a compound into its constituent elements requires chemical bonds to be broken, so a chemical reaction rather than a physical process is needed."},{"text":"A physical change.","correct":false,"explanation":"A physical change does not break the chemical bonds joining a compound’s elements. Separating those elements requires a chemical reaction that changes the substances involved."},{"text":"A separation technique.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ordinary separation techniques isolate substances in mixtures without breaking chemical bonds. A compound can only be broken into its elements through a chemical reaction."},{"text":"A change of state.","correct":false,"explanation":"Melting, boiling or freezing changes only a substance’s physical state, not its chemical composition. Breaking a compound into elements requires a chemical reaction."}]},{"id":"c8969cb7-3211-48fd-a84b-a416df769141","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens to atoms during a chemical reaction?","back":"Atoms are rearranged to make new substances.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Atoms are rearranged to make new substances.","correct":true,"explanation":"Chemical reactions change how existing atoms are bonded and arranged. The atoms are conserved, but their rearrangement produces substances with new structures and properties."},{"text":"Atoms are destroyed to make new substances.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical reactions conserve atoms rather than destroying them. New substances form because the existing atoms are rearranged into different combinations and bonding patterns."},{"text":"Atoms are created to make new substances.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical reactions do not create additional atoms. The atoms already present in the reactants are rearranged to form the products, so their total number is conserved."},{"text":"Atoms are split into smaller atoms to make new substances.","correct":false,"explanation":"Splitting atoms is a nuclear process, not an ordinary chemical reaction. Chemical reactions rearrange whole atoms by breaking and forming bonds between them."}]},{"id":"724a5eed-f450-4904-bafb-6225af6d48e7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can sodium chloride have different properties from sodium and chlorine?","back":"A compound is a new substance with its own properties.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A compound is a new substance with its own properties.","correct":true,"explanation":"When elements chemically combine, they form a new substance whose properties can be completely different from those of the elements from which it formed."},{"text":"A compound is a mixture whose elements keep their own properties.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses compounds with mixtures. In a compound, elements are chemically bonded and form a new substance with properties different from those of its constituent elements."},{"text":"A compound has the same properties as the elements that form it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Constituent elements do not retain their original properties after chemically combining. Sodium chloride is a new substance, so its properties differ from sodium and chlorine."},{"text":"A compound is a single element with properties shared by its atoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"A compound contains atoms of two or more different elements chemically bonded together. It is a new substance, not a single element, and has its own properties."}]},{"id":"e8c86b96-4fe6-4ab5-8550-e1c57060db45","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A mixture contains two or more substances that are [ ].","back":"A mixture contains two or more substances that are not chemically combined.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"not chemically combined","correct":true,"explanation":"The substances in a mixture coexist without being joined by chemical bonds. They retain their identities and can usually be separated using physical methods."},{"text":"chemically combined in fixed ratios","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical combination in a fixed ratio describes a compound, not a mixture. A mixture contains substances that are not chemically combined and may be present in varying amounts."},{"text":"bonded into new compounds","correct":false,"explanation":"Bonding substances into new compounds changes their chemical identities. In a mixture, the substances are not chemically combined and continue to exist as their original substances."},{"text":"present in equal amounts","correct":false,"explanation":"Mixtures do not require equal quantities of their components; their proportions can vary. Their defining feature is that the substances are not chemically combined."}]},{"id":"a4e573ca-d6d4-4bd7-a1a5-0cdebd3f08f4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to each substance’s chemical identity in a mixture?","back":"Each substance keeps its own chemical identity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each substance keeps its own chemical identity.","correct":true,"explanation":"No new substance is formed when substances are mixed without reacting. Each component retains its chemical composition and characteristic properties within the mixture."},{"text":"Each substance loses its own chemical identity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Loss of chemical identity would indicate that a reaction had formed new substances. In a mixture, each component remains chemically unchanged and keeps its identity."},{"text":"Each substance forms a new chemical identity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Forming new chemical identities describes a chemical reaction, not simple mixing. The components of a mixture remain unchanged and keep their own chemical identities."},{"text":"Each substance changes into a different element.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mixing cannot convert one element into another; that would require a nuclear change. Each substance in a mixture retains its original chemical identity."}]},{"id":"e07793bd-8d02-4348-9152-2d815ad5b5f0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How can a mixture’s composition differ from a compound’s?","back":"A mixture’s amounts can vary.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A mixture’s amounts can vary.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mixture components are not chemically bonded in a fixed ratio, so their relative quantities can change. Compounds, by contrast, have a definite composition."},{"text":"A mixture’s amounts can only be equal.","correct":false,"explanation":"There is no requirement for mixture components to be present in equal quantities. Their amounts can vary because they are not chemically combined in a fixed ratio."},{"text":"A mixture’s amounts can never change.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly gives mixtures a fixed composition. The proportions of substances in a mixture can vary, while a particular compound always has a fixed elemental ratio."},{"text":"A mixture’s amounts can follow a fixed ratio.","correct":false,"explanation":"A fixed ratio is characteristic of a compound because its atoms are chemically bonded in definite proportions. The relative amounts in a mixture can vary."}]},{"id":"ad706421-6105-4a5f-8654-b15462f92b0d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What type of methods can often separate mixtures?","back":"Physical methods.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Physical methods.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mixture components are not chemically bonded, so techniques such as filtration, distillation and chromatography can separate them without producing new substances."},{"text":"Chemical reactions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical reactions form new substances and may change the components’ identities. Mixtures are generally separated by physical methods because their components are not chemically bonded."},{"text":"Nuclear reactions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nuclear reactions alter atomic nuclei and are unnecessary for separating ordinary mixtures. Physical methods exploit differences such as boiling point, solubility or particle size."},{"text":"Bond-forming methods.","correct":false,"explanation":"Forming chemical bonds would produce new substances instead of simply separating existing components. Mixtures can often be separated using physical methods that leave chemical identities unchanged."}]},{"id":"dfdc6af8-54ae-4c64-b427-6e59109d3475","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A physical method separates substances without making [ ].","back":"A physical method separates substances without making new substances.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"new substances","correct":true,"explanation":"Physical separation methods, such as filtration or distillation, do not cause chemical reactions. They separate substances while each substance keeps its original identity."},{"text":"new mixtures","correct":false,"explanation":"A mixture is formed by combining substances, not by separating them physically. The correct idea is that physical methods separate substances without making new substances."},{"text":"chemical bonds","correct":false,"explanation":"Breaking or forming chemical bonds describes a chemical change, not physical separation. The correct answer is new substances, because the original substances remain unchanged."},{"text":"different elements","correct":false,"explanation":"Physical separation does not turn substances into elements or change their composition. It separates existing substances without making new substances."}]},{"id":"d6559f71-e845-4a0c-8c7c-c3f93d817ee9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a magnet separate iron filings from sulfur powder?","back":"The iron is still iron in the mixture.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The iron is still iron in the mixture.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mixing iron and sulfur does not chemically change the iron. It remains magnetic iron, so a magnet can attract and separate the iron filings."},{"text":"The sulfur is still sulfur in the mixture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although sulfur does remain sulfur, sulfur is not attracted to a magnet. The correct reason is that the iron remains magnetic iron in the mixture."},{"text":"The magnet attracts the sulfur powder.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sulfur is not magnetic, so a magnet cannot attract it. The iron remains magnetic in the mixture, allowing the magnet to separate the filings."},{"text":"The iron has become a new compound.","correct":false,"explanation":"No chemical reaction has occurred when the powders are simply mixed, so no compound has formed. The iron remains iron and can still be attracted by a magnet."}]},{"id":"107fc1f3-e482-4a9e-826c-921c31f00e2d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why will a magnet not separate iron from iron sulfide, FeS?","back":"Iron sulfide is a new compound.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Iron sulfide is a new compound.","correct":true,"explanation":"Heating iron with sulfur causes a chemical reaction that forms iron sulfide. The iron is chemically joined to sulfur, so its original magnetic properties are lost."},{"text":"Iron sulfide is still iron.","correct":false,"explanation":"Iron has reacted with sulfur and is no longer present as separate iron particles. The correct answer is that iron sulfide is a new compound with different properties."},{"text":"The sulfur is a magnetic element.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sulfur is not magnetic, and its presence does not make iron sulfide separable by a magnet. Iron sulfide is a new compound formed by chemical reaction."},{"text":"Iron sulfide is a physical mixture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Iron sulfide has a fixed composition and chemical properties different from its elements, so it is not a physical mixture. It is a new compound."}]},{"id":"7347bb10-7b45-4ff4-b55b-59406bea91b5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In formulae, each element symbol starts with a [ ]; a following lowercase letter belongs to the [ ].","back":"In formulae, each element symbol starts with a capital letter; a following lowercase letter belongs to the same symbol.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In formulae, each element symbol starts with a capital letter; a following lowercase letter belongs to the same symbol.","correct":true,"explanation":"Element symbols begin with a capital letter, and a second lowercase letter, if present, completes that same symbol, such as Co for cobalt."},{"text":"In formulae, each element symbol starts with a lowercase letter; a following capital letter belongs to the same symbol.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first letter of an element symbol is always capitalised. A following lowercase letter can complete the same symbol, so the correct first term is capital letter."},{"text":"In formulae, each element symbol starts with a capital letter; a following lowercase letter belongs to the next symbol.","correct":false,"explanation":"A lowercase letter immediately following a capital does not begin a new symbol. It completes the preceding symbol, so the correct second term is same symbol."},{"text":"In formulae, each element symbol starts with a lowercase letter; a following lowercase letter belongs to the next symbol.","correct":false,"explanation":"Element symbols do not start with lowercase letters, and a following lowercase letter does not automatically begin another symbol. The correct pattern is capital letter followed by same symbol."}]},{"id":"6a91976a-faf7-4490-9648-505cea26ec6d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do you decide if a formula shows an element or a compound?","back":"Count different element symbols, not atoms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Count different element symbols, not atoms.","correct":true,"explanation":"A formula represents an element when it contains one type of element symbol and a compound when it contains two or more different element symbols, regardless of atom numbers."},{"text":"Count all the atoms, not element symbols.","correct":false,"explanation":"The total number of atoms does not decide whether a substance is an element or compound. Count different element symbols, because different elements chemically joined make a compound."},{"text":"Count the capital letters, not atoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Capital letters can be misleading because a symbol may include a lowercase letter, such as Na. The reliable method is counting different element symbols, not letters alone."},{"text":"Count the subscripts, not element symbols.","correct":false,"explanation":"Subscripts show how many atoms are present but do not identify how many different elements occur. Count different element symbols to classify the formula."}]},{"id":"d053ce7d-5bd2-4993-bf8a-4e33476580d5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is $\\text{CO}_2$ classified as a compound?","back":"It contains carbon and oxygen chemically joined.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It contains carbon and oxygen chemically joined.","correct":true,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide contains two different elements, carbon and oxygen, whose atoms are chemically bonded in a fixed ratio. That makes it a compound."},{"text":"It contains carbon and oxygen physically mixed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Physical mixing would describe a mixture rather than a compound. In carbon dioxide, carbon and oxygen are chemically joined, which is why the formula represents a compound."},{"text":"It contains only carbon chemically joined.","correct":false,"explanation":"The formula includes both C and O, so two different elements are present. Carbon dioxide is a compound because carbon and oxygen are chemically joined."},{"text":"It contains carbon and oxygen not chemically joined.","correct":false,"explanation":"If the elements were not chemically joined, the sample would be a mixture rather than a compound. Carbon dioxide contains carbon and oxygen chemically joined."}]},{"id":"edee95ba-5707-44b8-bbc8-2a0c2a7ed246","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is air classified as a mixture?","back":"It contains several gases not chemically combined.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It contains several gases not chemically combined.","correct":true,"explanation":"Air contains gases such as nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide that are together but not chemically bonded. Their proportions can vary, so air is a mixture."},{"text":"It contains several gases chemically combined.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemically combining gases would produce one or more compounds, not air as a mixture. Air contains several gases that are not chemically combined."},{"text":"It contains one gas not chemically combined.","correct":false,"explanation":"Air is not a single gas; it contains several different gases. They are not chemically combined, which is why the sample is classified as a mixture."},{"text":"It contains several elements chemically joined.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemically joined elements form compounds, whereas air contains separate gases mixed together. The correct description is several gases that are not chemically combined."}]},{"id":"cc96b8f6-a17d-4758-8eb9-aa2e0ef92ea8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A particle diagram contains AB particles and $\\text{B}_2$ particles. What is the whole sample?","back":"A mixture.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A mixture.","correct":true,"explanation":"The sample contains AB particles and B₂ particles, so it has more than one type of particle. Because they are not all identical, the sample is a mixture."},{"text":"A compound.","correct":false,"explanation":"A pure compound contains only one type of particle made from chemically joined elements. The sample has both AB and B₂ particles, so it is a mixture."},{"text":"An element.","correct":false,"explanation":"An element contains only one type of atom, but AB contains A and B while B₂ contains B atoms joined together. More than one particle type makes it a mixture."},{"text":"A pure substance.","correct":false,"explanation":"A pure substance contains only one type of particle. Since the diagram contains both AB and B₂ particles, the whole sample is a mixture."}]}]}],"examCountdown":null,"heading":"Elements, compounds and mixtures","title":"Elements, compounds and mixtures Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/chemistry/cie/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"c2e7bd26-71f8-5987-97ae-6a2123c7cf27","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]