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24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/igcse/chemistry/cie/chromatography/flashcards","label":"Chromatography","subjectCode":"igcse_chemistry__cie","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"6edac061-a92a-420b-8472-bbce4022d31f","title":"Chromatography Flashcards","topicId":"cf9088ff-3633-5656-9d82-11b9193eee40","topicSlug":"chromatography","cards":[{"id":"aea60c62-dd71-4165-9df0-5c6b2dcce060","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is chromatography used to find out about a mixture?","back":"Which substances it contains.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Which substances it contains.","correct":true,"explanation":"Different substances produce separate spots under suitable conditions, allowing the components present in a mixture to be identified by comparison with known substances."},{"text":"Which elements it contains.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromatography separates substances rather than determining their constituent elements. The pattern of separated spots reveals which substances the mixture contains."},{"text":"How concentrated it is.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spot intensity is not used at this level to determine concentration reliably. Chromatography is used to find which substances are present in the mixture."},{"text":"How reactive it is.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromatography does not measure how readily a mixture reacts. It separates the mixture so that the substances it contains can be identified."}]},{"id":"239e1731-2394-44c1-be8a-03f7ec47cbd2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Paper chromatography separates mixtures of [ ] substances, such as coloured [ ].","back":"Paper chromatography separates mixtures of soluble substances, such as coloured dyes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Paper chromatography separates mixtures of soluble substances, such as coloured dyes.","correct":true,"explanation":"The substances must dissolve in the mobile phase to travel along the paper. Coloured dyes are common examples because their separated spots are directly visible."},{"text":"Paper chromatography separates mixtures of insoluble substances, such as coloured dyes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Insoluble substances cannot be carried up the paper by the solvent. Paper chromatography separates soluble substances, with coloured dyes being a common example."},{"text":"Paper chromatography separates mixtures of soluble substances, such as coloured metals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Metals are not the usual soluble, coloured components separated by paper chromatography. The technique commonly separates soluble substances such as coloured dyes."},{"text":"Paper chromatography separates mixtures of magnetic substances, such as coloured pigments.","correct":false,"explanation":"Magnetism is relevant to magnetic separation, not chromatography. Paper chromatography separates mixtures of soluble substances, such as coloured dyes."}]},{"id":"3ad998de-90f9-4d07-ae2a-8f62fa0b7b19","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In paper chromatography, the [ ] is the stationary phase and the [ ] is the mobile phase.","back":"In paper chromatography, the chromatography paper is the stationary phase and the solvent is the mobile phase.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In paper chromatography, the chromatography paper is the stationary phase and the solvent is the mobile phase.","correct":true,"explanation":"The chromatography paper remains fixed, making it the stationary phase. The solvent moves through the paper and carries dissolved substances, making it the mobile phase."},{"text":"In paper chromatography, the solvent is the stationary phase and the chromatography paper is the mobile phase.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the phases. The chromatography paper stays fixed as the stationary phase, while the solvent travels through it as the mobile phase."},{"text":"In paper chromatography, the chromatography paper is the stationary phase and the sample mixture is the mobile phase.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sample’s components are carried by the moving phase but are not themselves the mobile phase. The solvent is the mobile phase, while the paper is stationary."},{"text":"In paper chromatography, the solvent container is the stationary phase and the solvent is the mobile phase.","correct":false,"explanation":"The container merely holds the apparatus and is not a chromatographic phase. The chromatography paper is the stationary phase, and the solvent is the mobile phase."}]},{"id":"b95d27fe-4faf-46da-8a8e-74a2a4eb7190","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What process moves the solvent up chromatography paper through tiny spaces?","back":"Capillary action.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Capillary action.","correct":true,"explanation":"Adhesive forces between the solvent and paper, together with cohesive forces within the solvent, draw the liquid through the paper’s tiny spaces."},{"text":"Simple diffusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion spreads particles from higher to lower concentration but does not explain the solvent rising through the paper. That upward movement occurs by capillary action."},{"text":"Osmotic movement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Osmosis requires water moving through a partially permeable membrane. Chromatography paper is not acting as such a membrane; the solvent rises by capillary action."},{"text":"Surface evaporation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Evaporation removes solvent from the paper rather than drawing it through tiny spaces. The solvent moves up the paper because of capillary action."}]},{"id":"d159390c-d123-450d-a1c2-3d920be0c025","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A substance more soluble in the solvent travels [ ]; stronger attraction to the paper makes it travel [ ].","back":"A substance more soluble in the solvent travels further; stronger attraction to the paper makes it travel less far.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A substance more soluble in the solvent travels further; stronger attraction to the paper makes it travel less far.","correct":true,"explanation":"Greater solubility keeps a substance in the moving solvent, carrying it further. Greater attraction to the stationary paper holds it back, reducing the distance travelled."},{"text":"A substance more soluble in the solvent travels less far; stronger attraction to the paper makes it travel further.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both relationships. Greater solubility allows a substance to travel further with the solvent, while stronger attraction to the paper makes it travel less far."},{"text":"A substance more soluble in the solvent travels further; stronger attraction to the paper makes it travel further.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater solubility does increase movement, but stronger attraction to the paper holds the substance back. It therefore travels less far, not further."},{"text":"A substance more soluble in the solvent travels less far; stronger attraction to the paper makes it travel less far.","correct":false,"explanation":"The second relationship is correct, but the first is reversed. A more soluble substance remains in the mobile phase longer and therefore travels further."}]},{"id":"647ddf2c-dd3c-4138-bb44-a158c35f006d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If the chosen solvent does not dissolve the substances, what happens in paper chromatography?","back":"They do not move up the paper.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They do not move up the paper.","correct":true,"explanation":"A substance must dissolve in the solvent before the mobile phase can carry it. If it is insoluble, it remains at the baseline."},{"text":"They move with the solvent front.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reaching the solvent front suggests very high solubility and weak attraction to the paper. Insoluble substances cannot be carried and remain at the baseline."},{"text":"They separate into pure elements.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromatography physically separates substances and does not decompose compounds into elements. If the substances are insoluble, they do not move up the paper."},{"text":"They dissolve into the paper.","correct":false,"explanation":"The paper is the stationary phase, not a solvent in which the sample dissolves. Without dissolving in the chosen solvent, the substances remain at the baseline."}]},{"id":"ed1a88c3-176f-4651-80a9-4c52950c2b75","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the baseline drawn in pencil, not ink?","back":"

Ink may dissolve and separate.
Graphite is insoluble in most chromatography solvents.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Ink may dissolve and separate.
Graphite is insoluble in most chromatography solvents.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Ink could travel and produce extra spots that interfere with the chromatogram. Pencil graphite normally remains on the baseline because it is insoluble in the solvent."},{"text":"

Ink may damage the paper.
Graphite strengthens chromatography paper.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The concern is not paper damage or strength. Ink may dissolve and separate into misleading spots, whereas graphite is insoluble in most chromatography solvents."},{"text":"

Ink may evaporate immediately.
Graphite raises the solvent level.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Ink can dissolve and move rather than simply evaporating, and graphite does not affect the solvent level. Graphite is chosen because it usually remains insoluble."},{"text":"

Ink is always colourless.
Graphite dissolves without separating.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Ink is often coloured and may separate into several spots. Graphite is suitable precisely because it is insoluble in most chromatography solvents and stays in place."}]},{"id":"0262b10a-1a8f-4861-98b0-6e360681ccb0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The pencil baseline must be [ ] so the spots do not [ ].","back":"The pencil baseline must be above the solvent level so the spots do not dissolve into the solvent.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The pencil baseline must be above the solvent level so the spots do not dissolve into the solvent.","correct":true,"explanation":"Keeping the baseline above the solvent prevents the samples washing directly into the container. Instead, the rising solvent reaches and carries them through the paper."},{"text":"The pencil baseline must be below the solvent level so the spots do not dissolve into the solvent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Placing the baseline below the solvent causes the sample spots to dissolve directly into the solvent reservoir. The baseline must be above the solvent level."},{"text":"The pencil baseline must be above the solvent level so the spots do not evaporate from the paper.","correct":false,"explanation":"The baseline position is not intended to prevent evaporation. It must be above the solvent level so the spots do not dissolve directly into the solvent."},{"text":"The pencil baseline must be at the solvent level so the spots do not spread across the paper.","correct":false,"explanation":"A baseline at the solvent level risks submerging the spots and washing them away. It must be above the solvent so they do not dissolve into it."}]},{"id":"a263cd7a-b1e6-4d10-96e1-b6f2debc5c09","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When should the chromatography paper be removed from the solvent?","back":"Before the solvent reaches the top.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Before the solvent reaches the top.","correct":true,"explanation":"Removing the paper before the solvent reaches the top ensures that the solvent front can be seen and marked accurately for any subsequent $R_f$ calculation."},{"text":"After the solvent reaches the top.","correct":false,"explanation":"Waiting until the solvent reaches the top makes its furthest position difficult to identify. The paper should be removed before the solvent reaches the top."},{"text":"When the solvent reaches the baseline.","correct":false,"explanation":"The baseline begins above the solvent and is crossed near the start of the experiment. The paper is removed before the solvent reaches the top."},{"text":"After all the solvent has evaporated.","correct":false,"explanation":"Allowing the solvent to evaporate before removal would prevent accurate marking of the solvent front. The paper should be removed before the solvent reaches the top."}]},{"id":"d10d4de4-33e5-4e6d-806a-e6ead1c76d33","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What must be marked after removing the paper from the solvent?","back":"The solvent front, the furthest point reached by the solvent.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The solvent front, the furthest point reached by the solvent.","correct":true,"explanation":"The solvent front must be marked immediately because the solvent quickly evaporates. Its position is needed to calculate $R_f$ values accurately."},{"text":"The starting line, the furthest point reached by the substance.","correct":false,"explanation":"The starting line is the baseline and should already have been marked before chromatography begins. After removal, the solvent front at the solvent’s furthest point must be marked."},{"text":"The spot centre, the furthest point reached by the solvent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spot centres are used when measuring substance distances, but they do not record solvent movement. The solvent front, at the solvent’s furthest point, must be marked."},{"text":"The paper edge, the furthest point reached by the substance.","correct":false,"explanation":"The paper edge is not used to record how far the solvent travelled. The solvent front must be marked at the furthest point reached by the solvent."}]},{"id":"24371cd9-7121-4576-846a-4bcf96b769ae","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the finished paper showing separated spots called?","back":"A chromatogram.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A chromatogram.","correct":true,"explanation":"A chromatogram is the finished record produced by chromatography, showing the positions of the separated substances as spots on the paper."},{"text":"A chromatograph.","correct":false,"explanation":"A chromatograph is an instrument used to perform some forms of chromatography, not the resulting pattern. The finished paper showing separated spots is a chromatogram."},{"text":"A chromatographic solvent.","correct":false,"explanation":"The chromatographic solvent is the mobile phase that moves through the paper. The finished paper displaying the separated spots is called a chromatogram."},{"text":"A chromatography baseline.","correct":false,"explanation":"The baseline is the pencil line where samples are initially placed, not the whole finished result. The paper showing separated spots is a chromatogram."}]},{"id":"a738cbb6-35a9-45a2-98ae-91a88078b29a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does an unknown spot at the same height as a known spot suggest?","back":"The unknown may contain that known substance, under the same conditions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The unknown may contain that known substance, under the same conditions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Under identical conditions, matching spot heights indicate matching movement and therefore suggest the same substance. The conclusion is tentative because spot height alone is not absolute proof."},{"text":"The unknown must contain only that known substance, under the same conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"A matching spot suggests the known substance is present, but it neither proves identity nor shows that the unknown is pure. The unknown may contain that known substance."},{"text":"The unknown may contain that known solvent, under the same conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"The spots represent dissolved sample substances rather than the solvent itself. A matching height suggests that the unknown may contain the corresponding known substance."},{"text":"The unknown may contain that known substance, under different conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spot positions can change when the solvent, paper, temperature, or other conditions change. The unknown may contain the known substance only when results are compared under the same conditions."}]},{"id":"4c65a8f5-e658-4b69-816c-37c2d22900cb","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A pure substance normally gives [ ]; a mixture or impurity gives [ ].","back":"A pure substance normally gives one spot; a mixture or impurity gives more than one spot.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A pure substance normally gives one spot; a mixture or impurity gives more than one spot.","correct":true,"explanation":"A pure substance contains one component, so it normally forms one spot. A mixture or impure sample contains multiple components that separate into more than one spot."},{"text":"A pure substance normally gives more than one spot; a mixture or impurity gives one spot.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the usual interpretation of a chromatogram. A pure substance normally produces one spot, whereas multiple components in a mixture or impurity usually produce more than one spot."},{"text":"A pure substance normally gives one spot; a mixture or impurity gives no spots.","correct":false,"explanation":"A visible mixture does not normally disappear during chromatography; its components separate. A pure substance usually gives one spot, while a mixture or impurity gives more than one."},{"text":"A pure substance normally gives no spots; a mixture or impurity gives more than one spot.","correct":false,"explanation":"A pure sample still contains a substance that travels and forms a spot. It normally gives one spot, while a mixture or impurity normally gives more than one."}]},{"id":"30ed9257-f2c0-488a-a0e9-d176b767b2f3","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"For fair comparison of spot positions or $R_f$ values, what must be the same?","back":"

Solvent
Paper
Conditions

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Solvent
Paper
Conditions

","correct":true,"explanation":"The solvent, paper, and experimental conditions all affect how substances travel. Keeping them identical makes comparisons of spot positions and $R_f$ values valid."},{"text":"

Solvent
Spot colour
Sample identity

","correct":false,"explanation":"Spot colour and sample identity need not match when comparing an unknown with standards. The solvent, paper, and experimental conditions must be kept the same."},{"text":"

Baseline
Spot size
Solvent depth

","correct":false,"explanation":"Although careful setup matters, these features alone do not ensure comparable movement. Valid comparisons require the same solvent, paper, and experimental conditions."},{"text":"

Sample volume
Paper length
Spot colour

","correct":false,"explanation":"These properties may affect appearance or practical handling, but they are not the required comparison criteria. The solvent, paper, and experimental conditions must be the same."}]},{"id":"3e4c295e-9e6c-4322-ae66-3a283abf4ecc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the equation for $R_f$?","back":"$R_f = $ distance travelled by substance / distance travelled by solvent.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$R_f = $ distance travelled by substance / distance travelled by solvent.","correct":true,"explanation":"The $R_f$ value is the substance’s travel distance divided by the solvent front’s travel distance, with both distances measured from the same baseline."},{"text":"$R_f = $ distance travelled by solvent / distance travelled by substance.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the numerator and denominator, commonly producing a value above 1. The substance distance must be divided by the solvent distance."},{"text":"$R_f = $ distance travelled by substance / distance travelled by paper.","correct":false,"explanation":"The full paper length is irrelevant because the solvent may not reach its end. Divide the substance distance by the distance travelled by the solvent front."},{"text":"$R_f = $ distance travelled by solvent - distance travelled by substance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Subtracting the distances gives a length rather than the required dimensionless ratio. $R_f$ is the substance distance divided by the solvent distance."}]},{"id":"e4a74809-8648-4d4f-85d8-6b895fa40dac","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"For $R_f$, where is the substance distance measured to?","back":"From the baseline to the centre of the spot.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"From the baseline to the centre of the spot.","correct":true,"explanation":"Measuring from the baseline to the spot’s centre gives a consistent substance distance, even when the separated spot is broad rather than a single point."},{"text":"From the baseline to the top of the spot.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using the top of the spot overestimates how far the substance travelled, especially for broad spots. Measure from the baseline to the centre of the spot."},{"text":"From the bottom of the paper to the centre of the spot.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sample begins at the baseline, not at the paper’s lower edge. The substance distance is measured from the baseline to the centre of the spot."},{"text":"From the solvent front to the centre of the spot.","correct":false,"explanation":"Measuring backwards from the solvent front gives the gap between solvent and substance, not the distance travelled. Measure from the baseline to the spot’s centre."}]},{"id":"d5535664-4b77-42f6-bc5b-3871fee2e736","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"For $R_f$, where is the solvent distance measured to?","back":"From the baseline to the solvent front.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"From the baseline to the solvent front.","correct":true,"explanation":"The solvent distance is measured from the baseline, where the sample was placed, to the solvent front, which shows how far the solvent travelled."},{"text":"From the baseline to the centre of the spot.","correct":false,"explanation":"The spot distance is measured to the centre of the spot, not the solvent distance. For the solvent distance, measure from the baseline to the solvent front."},{"text":"From the solvent front to the baseline.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although these are the correct two points, reversing them does not match the stated measurement direction. Solvent distance is measured from the baseline to the solvent front."},{"text":"From the origin to the centre of the spot.","correct":false,"explanation":"The origin or baseline to the spot measures how far a substance travelled. Solvent distance instead runs from the baseline to the solvent front."}]},{"id":"26b268f7-ccb6-4d50-9242-7d76cba3b5a7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"$$R_f$ has [ ] and is usually between [ ].","back":"$$R_f$ has no units and is usually between 0 and 1.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$R_f$ has no units and is usually between 0 and 1.","correct":true,"explanation":"$$R_f$ is a ratio of two distances, so the units cancel. A substance normally travels no farther than the solvent front, giving a value between 0 and 1."},{"text":"$$R_f$ has units and is usually between 0 and 1.","correct":false,"explanation":"The distances in the $R_f$ ratio use the same units, so those units cancel. The correct statement is that $R_f$ has no units and is usually between 0 and 1."},{"text":"$$R_f$ has no units and is usually between 1 and 2.","correct":false,"explanation":"A spot normally travels less far than the solvent front, so its distance divided by the solvent distance cannot usually exceed 1. The correct range is 0 to 1."},{"text":"$$R_f$ has cm and is usually between 0 and 100.","correct":false,"explanation":"Centimetres are used for the individual distances, but they cancel in the ratio. $R_f$ has no units and is usually between 0 and 1, not 0 and 100."}]},{"id":"8ce9d252-353a-45a8-955f-8c448f780be4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A spot travels 4.2 cm and the solvent front travels 7.0 cm. What is $R_f$?","back":"0.60, with no units.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"0.60, with no units.","correct":true,"explanation":"Use $R_f = rac{\\text{distance travelled by spot}}{\\text{distance travelled by solvent}} = rac{4.2}{7.0} = 0.60$. The units cancel because both distances are in centimetres."},{"text":"1.67, with no units.","correct":false,"explanation":"This comes from dividing 7.0 by 4.2, reversing the $R_f$ formula. The correct calculation is $4.2 \\/ 7.0 = 0.60$, with no units."},{"text":"0.17, with no units.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is produced by an incorrect calculation such as dividing 4.2 by 25 or mishandling the decimal. Using the spot distance over the solvent distance gives $4.2 \\/ 7.0 = 0.60$."},{"text":"6.00, with no units.","correct":false,"explanation":"The decimal has effectively been shifted or the ratio has been scaled incorrectly. Dividing 4.2 cm by 7.0 cm gives $R_f = 0.60$, and the centimetre units cancel."}]},{"id":"6cfb3858-db2d-43f9-a176-891a1774a81c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is applied to reveal colourless spots on a chromatogram?","back":"A locating agent.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A locating agent.","correct":true,"explanation":"A locating agent reacts with or makes colourless substances visible, allowing their positions on the chromatogram to be identified."},{"text":"A solvent front.","correct":false,"explanation":"The solvent front is the furthest point reached by the solvent and helps calculate $R_f$; it does not reveal colourless spots. A locating agent is used for that purpose."},{"text":"A stationary phase.","correct":false,"explanation":"The stationary phase, usually the paper, holds the substances while the solvent moves through it. It does not reveal colourless spots; a locating agent does."},{"text":"A developing solvent.","correct":false,"explanation":"The developing solvent carries substances across the chromatogram and separates them. It is not used to reveal colourless spots after separation; a locating agent is used."}]}]}],"examCountdown":null,"heading":"Chromatography","title":"Chromatography Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/chemistry/cie/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"cf9088ff-3633-5656-9d82-11b9193eee40","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]