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24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/igcse/chemistry/cie/carboxylic-acids/flashcards","label":"Carboxylic acids","subjectCode":"igcse_chemistry__cie","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"5ee206e4-6ea9-44db-87a3-7929b236109f","title":"Carboxylic acids Flashcards","topicId":"77404ca9-de84-59c6-bf3d-08947c84d57b","topicSlug":"carboxylic-acids","cards":[{"id":"b83cc4ba-d67d-409c-a25a-1b256bf4c445","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Carboxylic acids contain the functional carboxyl group, which has the formula [ ].","back":"Carboxylic acids contain the functional carboxyl group, which has the formula $-COOH$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$-COOH$","correct":true,"explanation":"The carboxyl functional group contains a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group attached to the same carbon, giving the formula $-COOH$."},{"text":"$$-CHO$","correct":false,"explanation":"The formula $-CHO$ represents an aldehyde group, not a carboxyl group. Carboxylic acids contain the functional group $-COOH$."},{"text":"$$-OH$","correct":false,"explanation":"The formula $-OH$ is the hydroxyl group found in alcohols. A carboxyl group contains an additional carbonyl and has the formula $-COOH$."},{"text":"$$-COO-$","correct":false,"explanation":"The formula $-COO-$ represents the linkage found in an ester, rather than the functional group of a carboxylic acid. The required formula is $-COOH$."}]},{"id":"ec29a72a-ed5e-44c2-a31b-f19de36681f6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does it mean for ethanoic acid to be described as a weak acid?","back":"It only partially dissociates (splits into ions) when dissolved in water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It only partially dissociates (splits into ions) when dissolved in water.","correct":true,"explanation":"A weak acid establishes an equilibrium in water because only some acid molecules form ions. Most ethanoic acid molecules therefore remain undissociated."},{"text":"It completely dissociates (splits into ions) when dissolved in water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Complete dissociation is the defining behaviour of a strong acid. Ethanoic acid is weak because only a proportion of its molecules split into ions in water."},{"text":"It only partially dissolves (mixes with water) when added to water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Weakness describes the extent of ionisation, not solubility or mixing. Ethanoic acid only partially dissociates into ions when it is dissolved in water."},{"text":"It only slowly dissociates (splits into ions) when dissolved in water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acid strength concerns the proportion that dissociates, not the speed of dissociation. Ethanoic acid is weak because it only partially splits into ions."}]},{"id":"cbbc0d91-d0fb-4110-b9a4-1d080c7088ef","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the name of the salts formed by methanoic acid?","back":"Methanoates","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Methanoates","correct":true,"explanation":"Salts of carboxylic acids are named by replacing the acid ending “-oic acid” with “-oate”, so methanoic acid forms methanoates."},{"text":"Ethanoates","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethanoates are salts formed from ethanoic acid, which contains two carbon atoms. Methanoic acid contains one carbon atom and forms methanoates."},{"text":"Methanates","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing “-oic acid” without retaining the full stem gives the incorrect name methanates. The accepted name for salts of methanoic acid is methanoates."},{"text":"Methanols","correct":false,"explanation":"Methanol is an alcohol, not the salt produced from methanoic acid. Replacing “-oic acid” with “-oate” gives the correct salt name, methanoates."}]},{"id":"e3fe266f-8aa2-44f8-add6-8df4946376ad","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"State the two products formed when ethanoic acid reacts with magnesium.","back":"

Magnesium ethanoate
Hydrogen gas

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Magnesium ethanoate
Hydrogen gas

","correct":true,"explanation":"An acid reacting with a reactive metal produces a salt and hydrogen gas. Ethanoic acid therefore forms magnesium ethanoate and hydrogen with magnesium."},{"text":"

Magnesium ethanoate
Carbon dioxide gas

","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is produced when an acid reacts with a carbonate, not with magnesium metal. This reaction forms magnesium ethanoate and hydrogen gas."},{"text":"

Magnesium methanoate
Hydrogen gas

","correct":false,"explanation":"The gas is correctly identified, but methanoate would be formed from methanoic acid. Ethanoic acid reacts with magnesium to produce magnesium ethanoate and hydrogen."},{"text":"

Magnesium ethanoate
Oxygen gas

","correct":false,"explanation":"Acid-metal reactions release hydrogen rather than oxygen. The magnesium replaces acidic hydrogen ions, producing magnesium ethanoate and hydrogen gas."}]},{"id":"04cd187e-f222-46b8-9229-ad538097025f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the chemical formula for organic salts like sodium ethanoate ($CH_3COONa$), the metal atom is written at the [ ] of the group.","back":"In the chemical formula for organic salts like sodium ethanoate ($CH_3COONa$), the metal atom is written at the end of the group.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"end","correct":true,"explanation":"In condensed formulae for organic salts, the metal replaces the acidic hydrogen of the carboxyl group and is written at the end, as in $CH_3COONa$."},{"text":"start","correct":false,"explanation":"Writing the metal first follows the convention used for many inorganic ionic compounds, but organic salt formulae place it at the end, as in $CH_3COONa$."},{"text":"middle","correct":false,"explanation":"Placing the metal in the middle would break the displayed structure of the organic ion. In sodium ethanoate, sodium is written at the end of $CH_3COO$."},{"text":"centre","correct":false,"explanation":"The metal is not inserted into the carbon chain or carboxyl group. It is written at the end of the organic group, giving $CH_3COONa$."}]},{"id":"49facb24-b95f-48f8-9103-affe59cec0e0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Give the balanced symbol equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide.","back":"$$CH_3COOH + NaOH \\to CH_3COONa + H_2O$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$CH_3COOH + NaOH \\to CH_3COONa + H_2O$","correct":true,"explanation":"Ethanoic acid neutralises sodium hydroxide to form the salt sodium ethanoate and water. The equation is balanced with a $1:1$ ratio of reactants."},{"text":"$$CH_3COOH + NaOH \\to CH_3COONa + H_2$","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen is associated with acid-metal reactions, not neutralisation by an alkali. Sodium hydroxide reacts with ethanoic acid to produce sodium ethanoate and water."},{"text":"$$CH_3COOH + NaOH \\to CH_3COOHNa + H_2O$","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly adds sodium without replacing the acidic hydrogen in the carboxyl group. Sodium ethanoate is written $CH_3COONa$, and water is also formed."},{"text":"$$CH_3COOH + NaOH \\to CH_3COONa + CO_2$","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is produced in acid-carbonate reactions, not reactions with hydroxides. Ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide form sodium ethanoate and water."}]},{"id":"2d638a47-84ac-4cc1-bac6-c9d6593c7c3e","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What three products are formed when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate?","back":"

Sodium ethanoate
Water
Carbon dioxide

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Sodium ethanoate
Water
Carbon dioxide

","correct":true,"explanation":"A carboxylic acid reacting with a carbonate produces a salt, water and carbon dioxide. The salt formed from ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate is sodium ethanoate."},{"text":"

Sodium ethanoate
Water
Hydrogen

","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen is released in an acid-metal reaction, whereas a carbonate releases carbon dioxide. The three products are sodium ethanoate, water and carbon dioxide."},{"text":"

Sodium ethanoate
Hydrogen
Carbon dioxide

","correct":false,"explanation":"This substitutes hydrogen for water by confusing carbonate and metal reactions. Ethanoic acid with sodium carbonate forms sodium ethanoate, water and carbon dioxide."},{"text":"

Sodium methanoate
Water
Carbon dioxide

","correct":false,"explanation":"Methanoate would be formed from methanoic acid rather than ethanoic acid. The products are sodium ethanoate, water and carbon dioxide."}]},{"id":"8a1123de-0881-4882-9f0d-9c8d8d486714","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"To chemically oxidise ethanol into ethanoic acid, it must be heated with acidified aqueous [ ].","back":"To chemically oxidise ethanol into ethanoic acid, it must be heated with acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"potassium manganate(VII)","correct":true,"explanation":"Acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII) is a strong oxidising agent that oxidises ethanol, first to ethanal and then to ethanoic acid under heating."},{"text":"potassium manganate(VI)","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing the manganese oxidation states gives the wrong named reagent. The standard oxidising agent required is acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII)."},{"text":"potassium hydroxide","correct":false,"explanation":"Potassium hydroxide is an alkali rather than the required oxidising agent. Ethanol is oxidised to ethanoic acid by heating with acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII)."},{"text":"potassium chloride","correct":false,"explanation":"Potassium chloride does not provide the strong oxidising conditions needed to convert ethanol into ethanoic acid. The required reagent is acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII)."}]},{"id":"6c93da80-cf34-408e-886d-71fe99aeff56","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What colour change is observed when ethanol is oxidised by acidified potassium manganate(VII)?","back":"Purple to colourless","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Purple to colourless","correct":true,"explanation":"Acidified potassium manganate(VII) is purple, and it is reduced to colourless manganese(II) ions as ethanol is oxidised."},{"text":"Orange to colourless","correct":false,"explanation":"Orange is associated with acidified dichromate(VI), not manganate(VII). The correct observation here is purple to colourless as manganate(VII) is reduced."},{"text":"Colourless to purple","correct":false,"explanation":"The reaction does not produce a purple solution from a colourless one. Acidified manganate(VII) starts purple and becomes colourless during ethanol oxidation."},{"text":"Purple to green","correct":false,"explanation":"The manganate(VII) colour is discharged during oxidation, rather than changing to green. The correct colour change is purple to colourless."}]},{"id":"8a1359d5-a4a3-4f7f-a480-81787beae070","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Describe the process of bacterial oxidation of ethanol.","back":"Bacteria (Acetobacter) use oxygen from the air to slowly convert ethanol into ethanoic acid (vinegar).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Bacteria (Acetobacter) use oxygen from the air to slowly convert ethanol into ethanoic acid (vinegar).","correct":true,"explanation":"Acetobacter bacteria use oxygen from air to oxidise ethanol slowly, producing ethanoic acid, which is the main acid in vinegar."},{"text":"Yeast use oxygen from the air to quickly convert ethanoic acid into ethanol (alcohol).","correct":false,"explanation":"Yeast carries out fermentation without using oxygen and produces ethanol, not this oxidation. The correct process uses Acetobacter and oxygen to form ethanoic acid."},{"text":"Bacteria (Acetobacter) use nitrogen from the air to slowly convert ethanol into ethanoic acid (vinegar).","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrogen is not the oxidising reactant in this process. Acetobacter uses oxygen from air to slowly convert ethanol into ethanoic acid."},{"text":"Bacteria (Acetobacter) use oxygen from the air to slowly convert ethanol into ethanoic acid (alcohol).","correct":false,"explanation":"The direction has been reversed: bacterial oxidation changes ethanol into ethanoic acid, not ethanoic acid into ethanol. Oxygen from air is required."}]},{"id":"fc2c9872-5142-4b9f-9ab8-9578684f571d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol called a condensation reaction?","back":"Because water is formed as a small by-product molecule.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Because water is formed as a small by-product molecule.","correct":true,"explanation":"A condensation reaction joins two molecules while eliminating a small molecule. In esterification, the eliminated molecule is water, formed from parts of the acid and alcohol."},{"text":"Because carbon dioxide is formed as a small by-product molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is not eliminated during esterification. The carboxylic acid and alcohol form an ester while water is produced as the small by-product molecule."},{"text":"Because hydrogen is formed as a small by-product molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"A condensation reaction does not require hydrogen to be the by-product here. Esterification produces water when the acid and alcohol combine."},{"text":"Because an ester is formed as a small by-product molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ester is the main product formed by joining the reactants, not the small molecule released. Water is the by-product that makes this a condensation reaction."}]},{"id":"a22827b1-6545-46e7-b032-d0d4a24d33fc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The reaction to form an ester requires heat and a [ ] catalyst.","back":"The reaction to form an ester requires heat and a concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"concentrated sulfuric acid","correct":true,"explanation":"Concentrated sulfuric acid catalyses esterification and helps remove water, increasing the yield of ester when the carboxylic acid and alcohol are heated."},{"text":"dilute sulfuric acid","correct":false,"explanation":"Dilute sulfuric acid is not the specified esterification catalyst because its water content makes the equilibrium less favourable. The required catalyst is concentrated sulfuric acid."},{"text":"concentrated nitric acid","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitric acid is not the standard catalyst for this esterification reaction and may cause unwanted oxidation. The required catalyst is concentrated sulfuric acid."},{"text":"sodium hydroxide","correct":false,"explanation":"Sodium hydroxide is an alkali, not the acid catalyst used for esterification. The reaction requires concentrated sulfuric acid under heating."}]},{"id":"6cdb922d-30de-4def-80a9-0c1b39be9277","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How are the two parts of an ester's name (e.g., ethyl ethanoate) derived?","back":"

First part: from the alcohol (ends in -yl)
Second part: from the carboxylic acid (ends in -oate)

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

First part: from the alcohol (ends in -yl)
Second part: from the carboxylic acid (ends in -oate)

","correct":true,"explanation":"The alcohol provides the first part of the ester name, changed to the -yl ending, while the carboxylic acid provides the second part, changed to -oate."},{"text":"

First part: from the carboxylic acid (ends in -oate)
Second part: from the alcohol (ends in -yl)

","correct":false,"explanation":"The two sources have been reversed. The alcohol always supplies the first -yl part, while the carboxylic acid supplies the second -oate part."},{"text":"

First part: from the alcohol (ends in -oate)
Second part: from the carboxylic acid (ends in -yl)

","correct":false,"explanation":"The substances are identified correctly, but their naming endings are swapped. Alcohol names contribute -yl first, and carboxylic acid names contribute -oate second."},{"text":"

First part: from the alkane (ends in -yl)
Second part: from the alcohol (ends in -oate)

","correct":false,"explanation":"Esters are named from the alcohol and carboxylic acid, not from an alkane. Their parts are the alcohol-derived -yl name followed by the acid-derived -oate name."}]},{"id":"09d4bff2-4ab4-442c-93c9-27bc6d329cd7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Name the ester formed from propanol and ethanoic acid.","back":"Propyl ethanoate","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Propyl ethanoate","correct":true,"explanation":"The alcohol gives the -yl portion, propyl, and ethanoic acid gives the -oate portion, ethanoate. Therefore, the ester is propyl ethanoate."},{"text":"Ethyl ethanoate","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethyl ethanoate would be formed from ethanol and ethanoic acid. Propanol contains three carbon atoms, so it contributes propyl instead."},{"text":"Propyl propanoate","correct":false,"explanation":"Propyl propanoate would require propanoic acid as well as propanol. The acid here is ethanoic acid, so the second part must be ethanoate."},{"text":"Methyl ethanoate","correct":false,"explanation":"Methyl ethanoate would be formed from methanol and ethanoic acid. Propanol supplies the three-carbon propyl group in this reaction."}]},{"id":"418bd3a3-ae53-4c8e-bd30-b72b06d1640f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The ester linkage consists of a carbon atom [ ] to one oxygen and single-bonded to a second oxygen.","back":"The ester linkage consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to one oxygen and single-bonded to a second oxygen.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"double-bonded","correct":true,"explanation":"In an ester linkage, the carbonyl carbon shares two pairs of electrons with one oxygen, giving a carbon-oxygen double bond."},{"text":"single-bonded","correct":false,"explanation":"The carbonyl oxygen is not single-bonded in an ester linkage. It is double-bonded to the carbon, while the other oxygen is single-bonded."},{"text":"triple-bonded","correct":false,"explanation":"A carbon-oxygen triple bond is not present in an ester. The carbonyl part of the ester linkage contains a double bond to oxygen."},{"text":"bonded","correct":false,"explanation":"The linkage requires a specified multiple bond to oxygen, not an unspecified bond. The carbonyl oxygen is double-bonded to the carbon atom."}]},{"id":"19fd679e-683a-4aae-a28c-ce4668b62bac","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The ester linkage consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to one oxygen and [ ] to a second oxygen.","back":"The ester linkage consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to one oxygen and single-bonded to a second oxygen.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"single-bonded","correct":true,"explanation":"The second oxygen is connected to the carbonyl carbon by one shared pair of electrons, so this C-O bond is single-bonded in the ester linkage."},{"text":"double-bonded","correct":false,"explanation":"The second oxygen is not double-bonded to the carbon in an ester. The double bond is to the other oxygen, leaving this C-O bond single-bonded."},{"text":"triple-bonded","correct":false,"explanation":"A triple bond would give the ester linkage an incorrect structure. The second oxygen is joined to the carbonyl carbon by a single bond."},{"text":"bonded","correct":false,"explanation":"The bond must be described specifically because the ester linkage contains a single C-O bond to the second oxygen. An unspecified bond is incomplete."}]},{"id":"772caa75-2c1b-4bbe-b795-36ef968dd0e9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"State two physical properties of esters that make them suitable for perfumes.","back":"

Highly volatile (evaporate easily)
Pleasant, fruity smells

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Highly volatile (evaporate easily)
Pleasant, fruity smells

","correct":true,"explanation":"Esters evaporate readily, allowing their vapour to reach the nose, and their characteristic pleasant, fruity aromas make them suitable ingredients for perfumes."},{"text":"

Highly viscous (flow very slowly)
Pleasant, fruity smells

","correct":false,"explanation":"High viscosity would hinder evaporation and fragrance dispersal. Esters are suitable because they are highly volatile, so they evaporate easily, and commonly have pleasant, fruity smells."},{"text":"

Highly volatile (evaporate easily)
Sharp, pungent smells

","correct":false,"explanation":"A sharp, pungent smell is more characteristic of short-chain carboxylic acids. Perfume esters are highly volatile and generally have pleasant, fruity smells."},{"text":"

Low volatility (evaporate slowly)
Pleasant, fruity smells

","correct":false,"explanation":"Low volatility would prevent a fragrance from evaporating and reaching the nose effectively. Esters are useful in perfumes because they are highly volatile and smell pleasantly fruity."}]},{"id":"71c33ea3-dd1a-4b31-a11f-4a41d1c01e51","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Give two common commercial uses for esters.","back":"

Perfumes / cosmetics
Artificial food flavourings

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Perfumes / cosmetics
Artificial food flavourings

","correct":true,"explanation":"Many esters have pleasant, distinctive aromas and flavours, so they are widely used to provide scents in perfumes and cosmetics and flavours in processed foods."},{"text":"

Perfumes / cosmetics
Household bleaching agents

","correct":false,"explanation":"Bleaching agents are oxidising chemicals rather than typical esters. The two expected commercial uses are perfumes or cosmetics and artificial food flavourings."},{"text":"

Antacids / indigestion tablets
Artificial food flavourings

","correct":false,"explanation":"Antacids are usually carbonates, hydroxides or other bases that neutralise stomach acid. Esters are commonly used in perfumes or cosmetics and artificial food flavourings."},{"text":"

Fertilisers / plant nutrients
Household drain cleaners

","correct":false,"explanation":"Fertilisers supply mineral nutrients, while drain cleaners are commonly strong alkalis; neither is the expected use of esters. Esters are used in perfumes and artificial food flavourings."}]},{"id":"10e8e4f7-7f15-4178-ae74-9fe352ffe920","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Write the chemical formula for magnesium ethanoate.","back":"$$(CH_3COO)_2Mg$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$(CH_3COO)_2Mg$","correct":true,"explanation":"Magnesium forms $Mg^{2+}$ ions, while ethanoate is $CH_3COO^-$. Two ethanoate ions are therefore required for each magnesium ion, giving a neutral compound."},{"text":"$$(CH_3COO)Mg$","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses only one singly charged ethanoate ion for each $Mg^{2+}$ ion, leaving the charges unbalanced. Two ethanoate ions are needed, giving $(CH_3COO)_2Mg$."},{"text":"$$(CH_3COO)_2Mg_2$","correct":false,"explanation":"This doubles both ions rather than writing the simplest whole-number ratio. Magnesium ethanoate contains one $Mg^{2+}$ for every two $CH_3COO^-$ ions, so its formula is $(CH_3COO)_2Mg$."},{"text":"$$(CH_3COO)_3Mg$","correct":false,"explanation":"Three ethanoate ions would be required for a $3+$ ion, but magnesium forms $Mg^{2+}$. Charge balance therefore requires two ethanoate ions, producing $(CH_3COO)_2Mg$."}]},{"id":"2890ae23-3d92-4b3a-bf1c-4c7cc1822a37","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol is [ ], indicated by the $\\rightleftharpoons$ symbol.","back":"The reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol is reversible, indicated by the $\\rightleftharpoons$ symbol.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"reversible","correct":true,"explanation":"Esterification can proceed in both directions: the acid and alcohol form an ester and water, while the products can react to reform the reactants."},{"text":"irreversible","correct":false,"explanation":"The $\\rightleftharpoons$ symbol shows that both forward and backward reactions occur, not that the reaction proceeds in only one direction. The required term is reversible."},{"text":"complete","correct":false,"explanation":"Esterification reaches a dynamic equilibrium rather than converting all reactants completely into products. Because both forward and backward reactions occur, the reaction is reversible."},{"text":"one-way","correct":false,"explanation":"A one-way reaction would be represented by a single arrow. The double equilibrium arrow indicates that products can reform reactants, so the reaction is reversible."}]},{"id":"83241532-d468-40bc-9b2b-6f267b9b57c6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Compare the reaction of ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid with magnesium ribbon.","back":"Ethanoic acid reacts more slowly (less vigorous bubbling) because it is a weak acid.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ethanoic acid reacts more slowly (less vigorous bubbling) because it is a weak acid.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ethanoic acid only partially ionises in water, producing a lower concentration of hydrogen ions than hydrochloric acid. Magnesium therefore reacts less vigorously and more slowly."},{"text":"Ethanoic acid reacts more quickly (more vigorous bubbling) because it is a strong acid.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relative acid strengths. Ethanoic acid is weak and only partially ionises, so it reacts more slowly and bubbles less vigorously than strong hydrochloric acid."},{"text":"Ethanoic acid reacts at the same rate (equally vigorous bubbling) because both acids are equally strong.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal acid concentrations do not imply equal hydrogen ion concentrations because the acids ionise differently. Weak ethanoic acid therefore reacts more slowly than strong hydrochloric acid."},{"text":"Ethanoic acid reacts more slowly (less vigorous bubbling) because magnesium is a weak metal.","correct":false,"explanation":"The slower reaction is caused by ethanoic acid only partially ionising, not by magnesium being weak. Ethanoic acid reacts less vigorously because it is a weak acid."}]}]}],"examCountdown":null,"heading":"Carboxylic acids","title":"Carboxylic acids Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/chemistry/cie/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"77404ca9-de84-59c6-bf3d-08947c84d57b","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]