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This distinguishes it from an alloy, which contains different elements."},{"text":"several types of atom","correct":false,"explanation":"A pure metal is not made from several types of atoms; that describes an alloy or another mixture. The correct description is one type of atom."},{"text":"one type of molecule","correct":false,"explanation":"A pure metal contains only one element, not one type of molecule. Metals usually have a giant structure of atoms rather than discrete molecules."},{"text":"one type of ion","correct":false,"explanation":"A pure metal is defined by containing one type of atom, not by having one type of ion. Metallic atoms are arranged in a lattice with delocalised electrons."}]},{"id":"678a07f0-246a-4fdd-b092-0cfae0a927f6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An alloy is a [ ] of a metal with [ ].","back":"An alloy is a mixture of a metal with other elements.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An alloy is a mixture of a metal with other elements.","correct":true,"explanation":"An alloy is a mixture because its components are physically combined rather than chemically bonded in a fixed ratio. It contains a metal and one or more other elements."},{"text":"An alloy is a compound of a metal with other metals.","correct":false,"explanation":"An alloy is not a compound: compounds contain elements chemically bonded in fixed proportions. The correct term is mixture, and the added substances are other elements."},{"text":"An alloy is a solution of a metal with other metals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alloys can contain non-metals as well as metals, and their components are not necessarily chemically bonded. They are mixtures of a metal with other elements."},{"text":"An alloy is a molecule of a metal with other atoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"The word element is essential because an alloy may include non-metallic elements such as carbon. Its components form a mixture, not a molecule with a fixed structure."}]},{"id":"9b31ef9c-7cb7-4723-855d-767800f20792","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In brass, which element is mixed with copper?","back":"Zinc.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Zinc.","correct":true,"explanation":"Brass is an alloy made mainly by mixing copper with zinc. The zinc atoms disrupt the regular copper layers, helping make brass harder than pure copper."},{"text":"Tin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tin is mixed with copper to make bronze, not brass. Brass specifically contains copper and zinc as its main components."},{"text":"Carbon.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon is associated with steels when added to iron, rather than with brass. Brass is formed from copper and zinc."},{"text":"Chromium.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromium is commonly added to iron in stainless steel to improve corrosion resistance. It is not the defining added element in brass, which contains zinc."}]},{"id":"bc4b4648-e9dc-4b7a-ba2a-ad41bfc7a8a9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the main metal in stainless steel?","back":"Iron.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Iron.","correct":true,"explanation":"Iron is the main metal in stainless steel. Other elements, especially chromium, are added to improve properties such as resistance to corrosion."},{"text":"Copper.","correct":false,"explanation":"Copper is the main metal in alloys such as brass and bronze, not stainless steel. Stainless steel is primarily iron with added elements."},{"text":"Aluminium.","correct":false,"explanation":"Aluminium is the main metal in aluminium alloys, whereas stainless steel is based on iron. Chromium and other elements modify the iron’s properties."},{"text":"Nickel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nickel can be added to stainless steel, but it is not usually the main metal. The main component is iron, with other elements added to it."}]},{"id":"ac768a70-99b8-4ed9-98be-1f9c8b70f2d1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Name one element added to iron in stainless steel.","back":"Chromium, nickel or carbon.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Chromium, nickel or carbon.","correct":true,"explanation":"Chromium, nickel and carbon are all possible additions to iron in stainless steel. Chromium is particularly important because it produces a protective layer that resists corrosion."},{"text":"Sodium, potassium or calcium.","correct":false,"explanation":"These elements are not the standard additions named for stainless steel in this specification. The accepted examples are chromium, nickel or carbon, which alter iron’s properties."},{"text":"Hydrogen, oxygen or chlorine.","correct":false,"explanation":"These elements are not the expected alloying additions for stainless steel. Suitable examples are chromium, nickel or carbon, especially chromium for corrosion resistance."},{"text":"Magnesium, silver or gold.","correct":false,"explanation":"These common metals are not the accepted examples for stainless steel composition. Iron is instead alloyed with chromium, nickel or carbon in this context."}]},{"id":"10e927cc-5789-4870-8b0d-1701204f8850","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do alloys not have a fixed chemical formula?","back":"They are mixtures, so composition can vary.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are mixtures, so composition can vary.","correct":true,"explanation":"Alloys are mixtures, so their component elements can be present in different proportions. Therefore, unlike a compound, an alloy does not have one fixed chemical formula."},{"text":"They are compounds, so composition can vary.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alloys are not compounds with fixed ratios; they are mixtures whose composition can vary. A variable composition, rather than chemical bonding, explains the lack of a formula."},{"text":"They are mixtures, so elements are present in equal amounts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alloys can have different compositions, so they do not always contain equal amounts of each element. Their variable proportions arise because they are mixtures."},{"text":"They are pure substances, so composition can vary.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alloys do not have a fixed formula because their composition can vary, not because they contain only one element. A single-element material would be a pure metal."}]},{"id":"cf4beb2b-1c08-4e2b-9489-1624007710ef","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A material resists scratching and denting. Which property is high?","back":"Hardness.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hardness.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hardness is the ability of a material to resist scratching, indentation and denting. A material that withstands these forms of surface damage has high hardness."},{"text":"Strength.","correct":false,"explanation":"Strength describes resistance to forces that could cause breaking or deformation, not specifically surface scratching or denting. The relevant property here is hardness."},{"text":"Toughness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Toughness describes the ability to absorb energy before fracturing, rather than resistance to scratches and dents. Resistance to these surface effects is hardness."},{"text":"Elasticity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Elasticity is the ability to return to the original shape after a force is removed. It does not specifically measure resistance to scratching or denting."}]},{"id":"3b4c92f9-2f32-4ad5-aa89-d7195243c682","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A material withstands forces without breaking. Which property is high?","back":"Strength.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Strength.","correct":true,"explanation":"Strength is the ability to withstand forces without breaking. A strong material can support or resist large forces before it fractures or suffers permanent failure."},{"text":"Hardness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hardness concerns resistance to scratching, indentation and denting, rather than resistance to forces causing breakage. The property described is strength."},{"text":"Toughness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Toughness measures how much energy a material absorbs before breaking, whereas the general ability to withstand forces without breaking is strength."},{"text":"Brittleness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Brittleness means a material breaks with little deformation, which is the opposite of being able to withstand forces without breaking. The correct property is strength."}]},{"id":"632fa337-b44d-4abb-b587-a6de3bf55a8b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a pure metal, atoms are [ ] and arranged in [ ].","back":"In a pure metal, atoms are the same size and arranged in regular layers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In a pure metal, atoms are the same size and arranged in regular layers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Pure-metal atoms have the same size, allowing them to form orderly, regular layers. This arrangement lets the layers move over one another relatively easily when a force is applied."},{"text":"In a pure metal, atoms are different sizes and arranged in regular layers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Atoms of a pure metal are not different sizes; identical atoms form the structure. Their regular arrangement, rather than irregular packing, produces layers that can slide relatively easily."},{"text":"In a pure metal, atoms are the same size and arranged in irregular layers.","correct":false,"explanation":"The atoms in a pure metal are the same size, but they are arranged in regular layers rather than randomly. Regular layers explain why the metal can be shaped easily."},{"text":"In a pure metal, atoms are different sizes and arranged in irregular layers.","correct":false,"explanation":"A pure metal contains identical atoms arranged in an orderly pattern. Different-sized atoms and irregular packing are features associated with disrupting a metal structure, especially in an alloy."}]},{"id":"86db3758-944e-420c-b5ea-4c2cb80a21ab","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the consequence of pure metal atoms being the same size?","back":"Layers slide over each other fairly easily.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Layers slide over each other fairly easily.","correct":true,"explanation":"Identical atoms form regular layers with little obstruction between them. When a force is applied, these layers can move over one another, so a pure metal is relatively malleable."},{"text":"Layers remain fixed in place fairly easily.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pure-metal layers are not completely fixed because identical atoms form an orderly arrangement. The layers can slide over one another fairly easily, which makes the metal easier to shape."},{"text":"Layers break apart from each other fairly easily.","correct":false,"explanation":"The atoms do not normally separate into individual layers when a pure metal is forced. Identical atoms allow neighbouring layers to slide over each other fairly easily instead."},{"text":"Layers compress into each other fairly easily.","correct":false,"explanation":"Applying force does not mainly compress the layers. The important consequence of equally sized atoms is that the regular layers can slide over one another fairly easily."}]},{"id":"1d7e504b-6470-4fd9-a4d4-86cb2f924393","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which structural feature of an alloy disrupts metal layers?","back":"Different-sized atoms mixed into the structure.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Different-sized atoms mixed into the structure.","correct":true,"explanation":"Alloys contain atoms of different sizes mixed into the metal structure. These atoms interrupt the regular arrangement and make it more difficult for adjacent layers to slide."},{"text":"Same-sized atoms mixed into the structure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Atoms of the same size maintain regular layers rather than disrupting them. It is the presence of different-sized atoms that distorts the structure and restricts layer movement."},{"text":"Free electrons mixed into the structure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Free electrons help hold metallic structures together, but they are not the feature that disrupts the layers. Different-sized atoms create the obstruction between neighbouring layers."},{"text":"Different charges mixed into the structure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different charges are not the key structural explanation at this level. Atoms with different sizes interrupt the regular layers and prevent them sliding easily."}]},{"id":"6bee7b76-7342-44ea-95a2-441b215904d1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Different-sized atoms in an alloy [ ] regular layers, so layers cannot [ ] easily.","back":"Different-sized atoms in an alloy distort regular layers, so layers cannot slide easily.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Different-sized atoms in an alloy distort regular layers, so layers cannot slide easily.","correct":true,"explanation":"Different-sized atoms interrupt the orderly arrangement of a pure metal. This distortion obstructs movement between layers, so they cannot slide easily and the alloy is harder."},{"text":"Different-sized atoms in an alloy distort regular layers, so layers cannot lock easily.","correct":false,"explanation":"The atoms do disrupt regular layers, but they do not completely lock them in place. The accurate description is that the layers cannot slide easily because their movement is obstructed."},{"text":"Different-sized atoms in an alloy align regular layers, so layers cannot slide easily.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different-sized atoms do not make the layers more orderly. They distort the layers, reducing their ability to slide past one another rather than helping them align."},{"text":"Different-sized atoms in an alloy separate regular layers, so layers cannot bend easily.","correct":false,"explanation":"The atoms do not separate the layers or make them bend as the key explanation. Their different sizes distort regular layers, preventing the layers from sliding easily."}]},{"id":"398fa06a-dcd2-40c0-933b-aafb8c018dcd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If metal layers cannot slide easily, what happens to the alloy?","back":"It becomes harder and stronger.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It becomes harder and stronger.","correct":true,"explanation":"Different-sized atoms obstruct movement between the metal layers. Because the layers cannot slide easily, more force is needed to deform the alloy, making it harder and stronger."},{"text":"It becomes softer and weaker.","correct":false,"explanation":"The disrupted layers make deformation more difficult, not easier. The alloy therefore becomes harder and stronger than the corresponding pure metal."},{"text":"It becomes more flexible and weaker.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alloying does not make the metal easier to melt as its main consequence. Distorted layers resist movement, making the alloy harder and stronger."},{"text":"It becomes more brittle and softer.","correct":false,"explanation":"The key effect is resistance to deformation, not increased brittleness alone. Restricted layer movement makes the alloy harder and stronger."}]},{"id":"1205fcfc-5507-4a42-8954-d60ebf3a78ed","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can alloys be better suited to jobs than pure metals?","back":"Their properties can be adjusted for the job.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Their properties can be adjusted for the job.","correct":true,"explanation":"Different alloy compositions produce different combinations of properties, such as hardness, strength, or resistance to corrosion. This allows an alloy to be selected or designed for a particular job."},{"text":"Their properties remain fixed for every job.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alloys are useful partly because their composition can be varied to change their properties. Their properties are not fixed regardless of the elements and proportions used."},{"text":"Their properties disappear during manufacture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing the elements or their proportions in an alloy can alter its properties. The ability to adjust properties is precisely why alloys can be better suited to specific uses."},{"text":"Their properties suit every job automatically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alloys are not automatically suitable for every application. Their properties can be adjusted, allowing a material with appropriate characteristics to be chosen for the job."}]},{"id":"5e3e71ef-a95d-4ec8-a13a-192973783e57","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What useful property does brass have compared with pure copper?","back":"Brass is harder than pure copper.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Brass is harder than pure copper.","correct":true,"explanation":"Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. The different-sized atoms disrupt the layers, making brass harder than pure copper and useful where greater hardness is needed."},{"text":"Brass is softer than pure copper.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding zinc to copper disrupts the layers and increases resistance to deformation. Brass is therefore harder, not softer, than pure copper."},{"text":"Brass is less dense than pure copper.","correct":false,"explanation":"Density is not the key comparison being tested here. The important useful property of brass relative to pure copper is its greater hardness."},{"text":"Brass is more malleable than pure copper.","correct":false,"explanation":"Brass is valued for being harder than pure copper, rather than for being more malleable. Distorted layers make it more difficult to deform."}]},{"id":"392f1c1f-f57f-4909-8d09-e2bb2a6eb3f2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Stainless steel is [ ] and resists [ ], making it useful for cutlery.","back":"Stainless steel is hard and resists rusting, making it useful for cutlery.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Stainless steel is hard and resists rusting, making it useful for cutlery.","correct":true,"explanation":"Stainless steel is hard enough to resist scratching and wear, while its composition gives it resistance to rusting. These properties make it suitable for durable cutlery."},{"text":"Stainless steel is soft and resists rusting, making it useful for cutlery.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stainless steel is hard, but it is not chosen because it is soft. Its hardness and resistance to rusting are the relevant properties for cutlery."},{"text":"Stainless steel is hard and resists reacting with water, making it useful for cutlery.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stainless steel is generally resistant to rusting rather than reacting readily with water. Its hardness and corrosion resistance help make it suitable for cutlery."},{"text":"Stainless steel is soft and resists corroding, making it useful for cutlery.","correct":false,"explanation":"The useful corrosion property is resistance to rusting, not rapid corrosion. Stainless steel is hard and resists rusting, which helps it remain durable and attractive."}]},{"id":"f98540ad-beec-40fe-abde-dbd9d3645e21","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is hardness useful for cutlery?","back":"It resists bending, scratching and wearing down.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It resists bending, scratching and wearing down.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hard cutlery keeps its shape and surface during repeated use. It is less likely to bend, become scratched or be gradually worn away."},{"text":"It improves electrical and thermal conductivity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrical conductivity is useful for wires, not cutlery. Hardness is useful because it helps cutlery resist bending, scratching and wearing down during use."},{"text":"It allows stretching into thin wires.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being easily stretched describes ductility, which is not required for finished cutlery. Hardness instead prevents bending, scratching and gradual wear."},{"text":"It encourages reaction with food and water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reacting readily with food would damage or contaminate cutlery rather than improve it. Hardness is valuable because it resists bending, scratching and wearing down."}]},{"id":"6db92960-c12b-42f4-a707-bd53fef158f6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is rust resistance useful for cutlery?","back":"Cutlery is exposed to water and oxygen when washed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cutlery is exposed to water and oxygen when washed.","correct":true,"explanation":"Rusting requires both water and oxygen, and washing regularly exposes cutlery to these substances. Rust resistance therefore prevents corrosion and extends the cutlery’s useful life."},{"text":"Cutlery is exposed to nitrogen and carbon dioxide when washed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are not the two substances required for iron to rust. Rust resistance matters because washing exposes cutlery to water and oxygen."},{"text":"Cutlery is exposed to detergent and heat when washed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Detergent and heat are associated with washing, but they are not the essential reactants for rusting. The relevant exposure is to water and oxygen."},{"text":"Cutlery is exposed to hydrogen and oil when washed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen and oil are not normally responsible for rusting washed cutlery. Rust resistance is useful because washing brings the metal into contact with water and oxygen."}]},{"id":"3ef077ed-6198-44a9-a9eb-8f1ae39d5626","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Rusting is corrosion of [ ] caused by reaction with [ ].","back":"Rusting is corrosion of iron caused by reaction with oxygen and water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Rusting is corrosion of iron caused by reaction with oxygen and water.","correct":true,"explanation":"Rusting specifically describes the corrosion of iron. Both oxygen and water must be present for rust to form on iron or steel."},{"text":"Rusting is corrosion of aluminium caused by reaction with oxygen and water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Aluminium can corrode, but its corrosion is not called rusting. Rusting specifically affects iron and requires reaction with both oxygen and water."},{"text":"Rusting is corrosion of iron caused by reaction with carbon dioxide and water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide may dissolve in water, but it is not a required reactant in rusting. Iron rusts when it reacts with oxygen and water."},{"text":"Rusting is corrosion of copper caused by reaction with nitrogen and water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Copper corrosion produces a patina rather than rust, and nitrogen is not required. Rusting is corrosion of iron caused by oxygen and water."}]},{"id":"10dbcd6b-1b9f-491f-9396-bb19931a7231","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What particle diagram feature suggests an alloy?","back":"Different-sized atoms mixed in disrupted layers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Different-sized atoms mixed in disrupted layers.","correct":true,"explanation":"An alloy contains atoms of different elements, often with different sizes. These disturb the regular metal layers and prevent them from sliding over one another easily."},{"text":"Identical atoms arranged in regular layers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identical atoms in regular layers indicate a pure metal rather than an alloy. An alloy diagram shows different-sized atoms mixed into and disrupting the layers."},{"text":"Different-sized molecules mixed in disrupted layers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alloys have a giant metallic structure containing atoms, not separate molecules. The identifying feature is different-sized atoms mixed within disrupted metal layers."},{"text":"Alternating charged ions arranged in regular layers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alternating positive and negative ions indicate an ionic compound, not an alloy. An alloy is represented by different-sized atoms mixed in disrupted metallic layers."}]}]}],"examCountdown":null,"heading":"Alloys and their properties","title":"Alloys and their properties Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/chemistry/cie/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"2239bd94-ca1a-587b-88c9-2e3d36377b8f","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]