33:I[196793,["/_next/static/chunks/2t4jru9lqfj-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1qp4g--o6-1vf.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0psy-n5us57a4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3psv05tbo5fdm.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0nojijad0occ8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/19ua1o9n5v3ho.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3uud442tha-9r.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/35s1d7gs3nyqk.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1covz97-2qrsg.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2g-t2n9ahs3tn.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0iapw94rt37n4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/16jtsbm2g52s0.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/05mo4k9k-ry1n.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0rdb6pk3ggblv.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2dywbftqxtzvz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0qeo40bqomvxa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2t7i3r4bhpaol.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/383_pezm2q72u.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0otm7e0gdntf8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2l63yczi1z2qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1eyu-5752jh17.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/03ud6wr8u46_j.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3f11o876enqgd.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1986062z5zb0v.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0uitbylhcd4am.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0wv8cpdr6cvhr.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1w193fj-lcfgs.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0a4x2f2g83l7b.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3q5gc8lbwr4b4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0dspbdeiizrn3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2yss1g0cimuwe.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0e7v08pdxbxe2.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/36nndwkz7iik3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2fnth9-t6i7kd.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/24srd-xd1m5z8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0a57o9qvnv-nb.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/41hx021qkamew.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755"],"Gingerbread"] 35:I[647935,["/_next/static/chunks/2t4jru9lqfj-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1qp4g--o6-1vf.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0psy-n5us57a4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3psv05tbo5fdm.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0nojijad0occ8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/19ua1o9n5v3ho.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3uud442tha-9r.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/35s1d7gs3nyqk.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1covz97-2qrsg.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2g-t2n9ahs3tn.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0iapw94rt37n4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/16jtsbm2g52s0.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/05mo4k9k-ry1n.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0rdb6pk3ggblv.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2dywbftqxtzvz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0qeo40bqomvxa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2t7i3r4bhpaol.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/383_pezm2q72u.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0otm7e0gdntf8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2l63yczi1z2qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1eyu-5752jh17.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/03ud6wr8u46_j.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3f11o876enqgd.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1986062z5zb0v.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0uitbylhcd4am.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0wv8cpdr6cvhr.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1w193fj-lcfgs.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0a4x2f2g83l7b.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3q5gc8lbwr4b4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0dspbdeiizrn3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2yss1g0cimuwe.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0e7v08pdxbxe2.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/36nndwkz7iik3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2fnth9-t6i7kd.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/24srd-xd1m5z8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0a57o9qvnv-nb.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/41hx021qkamew.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755"],"RecordResourceResume"] 36:I[830476,["/_next/static/chunks/2t4jru9lqfj-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1qp4g--o6-1vf.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0psy-n5us57a4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3psv05tbo5fdm.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0nojijad0occ8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/19ua1o9n5v3ho.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3uud442tha-9r.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/35s1d7gs3nyqk.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1covz97-2qrsg.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2g-t2n9ahs3tn.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0iapw94rt37n4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/16jtsbm2g52s0.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/05mo4k9k-ry1n.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0rdb6pk3ggblv.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2dywbftqxtzvz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0qeo40bqomvxa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2t7i3r4bhpaol.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/383_pezm2q72u.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0otm7e0gdntf8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2l63yczi1z2qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1eyu-5752jh17.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/03ud6wr8u46_j.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3f11o876enqgd.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1986062z5zb0v.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0uitbylhcd4am.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0wv8cpdr6cvhr.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1w193fj-lcfgs.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0a4x2f2g83l7b.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3q5gc8lbwr4b4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0dspbdeiizrn3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2yss1g0cimuwe.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0e7v08pdxbxe2.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/36nndwkz7iik3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2fnth9-t6i7kd.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/24srd-xd1m5z8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0a57o9qvnv-nb.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/41hx021qkamew.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755"],"FlashcardAccessBranch"] 37:I[315438,["/_next/static/chunks/2t4jru9lqfj-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1qp4g--o6-1vf.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0psy-n5us57a4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3psv05tbo5fdm.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0nojijad0occ8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/19ua1o9n5v3ho.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3uud442tha-9r.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/35s1d7gs3nyqk.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1covz97-2qrsg.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2g-t2n9ahs3tn.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0iapw94rt37n4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/16jtsbm2g52s0.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/05mo4k9k-ry1n.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0rdb6pk3ggblv.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2dywbftqxtzvz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0qeo40bqomvxa.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2t7i3r4bhpaol.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/383_pezm2q72u.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0otm7e0gdntf8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2l63yczi1z2qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1eyu-5752jh17.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/03ud6wr8u46_j.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3f11o876enqgd.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1986062z5zb0v.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0uitbylhcd4am.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0wv8cpdr6cvhr.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1w193fj-lcfgs.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0a4x2f2g83l7b.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/3q5gc8lbwr4b4.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0dspbdeiizrn3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2yss1g0cimuwe.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0e7v08pdxbxe2.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/36nndwkz7iik3.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/2fnth9-t6i7kd.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/24srd-xd1m5z8.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/0a57o9qvnv-nb.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/41hx021qkamew.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791973755"],"TopicFlashcardRunner"] 24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/igcse/chemistry/cie/alcohols/flashcards","label":"Alcohols","subjectCode":"igcse_chemistry__cie","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"bf254ad1-3247-4f25-9c76-04beb58b47be","title":"Alcohols Flashcards","topicId":"8f29a604-ea3f-53fe-b87d-7b43238b3412","topicSlug":"alcohols","cards":[{"id":"01b126e7-c36d-4d99-a2c7-9deebebe81a0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Alcohols contain the [ ].","back":"Alcohols contain the -OH functional group.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"-OH functional group","correct":true,"explanation":"The -OH functional group is the characteristic group present in every alcohol molecule, bonded covalently to a carbon atom."},{"text":"-COOH functional group","correct":false,"explanation":"The -COOH group is the carboxylic acid functional group, not the group defining alcohols. Alcohols contain an -OH group bonded to carbon."},{"text":"-NH₂ functional group","correct":false,"explanation":"The -NH₂ group is associated with amines, not alcohols. The functional group that identifies an alcohol is an -OH group attached to carbon."},{"text":"C=O functional group","correct":false,"explanation":"A C=O group is a carbonyl group found in compounds such as aldehydes and ketones. Alcohols are identified by their covalently bonded -OH group."}]},{"id":"a3025fa2-0ab8-45da-9cea-b2f53f75794d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Ethanol has formula [ ].","back":"Ethanol has formula $C_2H_5OH$ or $CH_3CH_2OH$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$C_2H_5OH$ or $CH_3CH_2OH$","correct":true,"explanation":"Both formulae represent ethanol: $C_2H_5OH$ is a condensed molecular formula, while $CH_3CH_2OH$ shows the carbon chain and hydroxyl group."},{"text":"$$C_2H_5OH$ or $CH_3CH_2OH_2$","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding a second hydrogen to the oxygen gives the wrong number of hydrogen atoms. Ethanol is correctly written as $C_2H_5OH$ or $CH_3CH_2OH$."},{"text":"$$C_2H_5OH$ or $CH_3CH_2COOH$","correct":false,"explanation":"The second formula contains an extra carbonyl group and represents a carboxylic acid structure. Ethanol has two carbons and one hydroxyl group, written $C_2H_5OH$ or $CH_3CH_2OH$."},{"text":"$$C_2H_5OH$ or $CH_3CH_2OCH_3$","correct":false,"explanation":"The second formula has an extra methyl group and represents an ether rather than ethanol. Ethanol's correct formulae are $C_2H_5OH$ and $CH_3CH_2OH$."}]},{"id":"7c3a2541-0642-4273-88aa-649fa1d128d8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is ethanol's -OH group not a hydroxide ion?","back":"It is covalently bonded to carbon, not $OH^-$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is covalently bonded to carbon, not $OH^-$.","correct":true,"explanation":"In ethanol, the hydroxyl group shares electrons in a covalent bond with carbon. It is therefore part of the molecule, rather than a separate hydroxide ion."},{"text":"It is ionically bonded to carbon, not $OH^-$","correct":false,"explanation":"The carbon-oxygen bond in ethanol involves shared electrons, so it is covalent rather than ionic. The hydroxyl group is not a separate $OH^-$ ion."},{"text":"It is covalently bonded to hydrogen, not $OH^-$","correct":false,"explanation":"The hydroxyl group is bonded to a carbon atom within ethanol. Although oxygen is also bonded to hydrogen, that does not explain why it is not a hydroxide ion."},{"text":"It is present as a hydroxide ion, not covalently bonded","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethanol does not contain free hydroxide ions. Its -OH group is covalently attached to carbon, so the molecule remains electrically neutral."}]},{"id":"04ccf2c2-221c-4c25-8b0a-ac9d589f3a6f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are the products of fermenting glucose?","back":"Ethanol and carbon dioxide.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ethanol and carbon dioxide.","correct":true,"explanation":"Yeast ferments glucose anaerobically, converting it into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This reaction releases some energy for the yeast."},{"text":"Ethene and carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethene is not the alcohol produced by yeast fermentation. Glucose is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide under anaerobic conditions."},{"text":"Ethanol and oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fermentation occurs without oxygen, so oxygen is not a product. Yeast converts glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide instead."},{"text":"Ethanoic acid and water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethanoic acid can form when ethanol is oxidised by oxygen, but it is not the product of anaerobic fermentation. Fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide."}]},{"id":"f5f83ddb-aecd-4d31-b40b-fe8b49670ac7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In fermentation, yeast provides [ ], which act as biological catalysts.","back":"In fermentation, yeast provides enzymes, which act as biological catalysts.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"enzymes","correct":true,"explanation":"Yeast provides enzymes that catalyse the reactions converting glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The enzymes speed up the reaction without being used up."},{"text":"hormones","correct":false,"explanation":"Hormones are chemical messengers in organisms, not the biological catalysts responsible for fermentation. Yeast provides enzymes to catalyse the breakdown of glucose."},{"text":"antibodies","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies are proteins involved in immune responses and do not catalyse fermentation. The relevant biological catalysts supplied by yeast are enzymes."},{"text":"starch molecules","correct":false,"explanation":"Starch is a carbohydrate, not a catalyst, and yeast does not provide it as the active agent in fermentation. Yeast enzymes catalyse the reaction."}]},{"id":"c27a88a2-1d76-4184-98cc-3b924a28bd2c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What temperature range is needed for ethanol fermentation?","back":"25-35 °C.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"25-35 °C.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fermentation works effectively at about 25-35 °C, where yeast enzymes are active. Higher temperatures can denature the enzymes, while lower temperatures slow the reaction."},{"text":"0-10 °C.","correct":false,"explanation":"This low temperature range greatly slows enzyme-controlled reactions, so fermentation would be very slow. The suitable range for ethanol fermentation is 25-35 °C."},{"text":"15-25 °C.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although yeast may remain alive in this range, fermentation is generally taught as requiring about 25-35 °C for effective enzyme activity."},{"text":"60-70 °C.","correct":false,"explanation":"This range is too hot for yeast enzymes and would cause denaturation, stopping fermentation. The suitable temperature range is 25-35 °C."}]},{"id":"ad98bae4-4c14-4818-b67b-3a8679bfa304","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why must fermentation be anaerobic?","back":"Oxygen makes yeast respire aerobically instead of producing ethanol.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Oxygen makes yeast respire aerobically instead of producing ethanol.","correct":true,"explanation":"When oxygen is available, yeast carries out aerobic respiration rather than anaerobic fermentation. The products then include carbon dioxide and water instead of ethanol."},{"text":"Oxygen makes yeast stop respiring instead of producing ethanol.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen does not stop yeast respiration; it enables aerobic respiration. To produce ethanol, yeast must respire anaerobically without oxygen."},{"text":"Oxygen makes yeast produce more ethanol instead of respiring aerobically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen favours aerobic respiration, not ethanol production. Ethanol forms when yeast breaks down glucose anaerobically in the absence of oxygen."},{"text":"Oxygen makes yeast denature its enzymes instead of producing ethanol.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen itself does not normally denature yeast enzymes. Its presence changes the pathway to aerobic respiration, whereas ethanol production requires anaerobic conditions."}]},{"id":"1f9a5011-8343-4609-b168-c7d6dd6b65b6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is 70 °C unsuitable for fermentation?","back":"Yeast enzymes denature and stop working properly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Yeast enzymes denature and stop working properly.","correct":true,"explanation":"At 70 °C, the bonds maintaining the enzymes' shapes are disrupted. Their active sites change shape, so they can no longer catalyse fermentation effectively."},{"text":"Yeast enzymes freeze and stop working properly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freezing occurs at very low temperatures, not 70 °C. At this high temperature, yeast enzymes denature, changing their active sites and stopping effective fermentation."},{"text":"Yeast enzymes multiply and stop working properly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Enzymes do not multiply as a result of high temperature. At 70 °C, their structures are damaged by denaturation, preventing them from catalysing fermentation."},{"text":"Yeast enzymes dissolve and stop working properly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dissolving is not the relevant explanation for enzyme failure at 70 °C. The high temperature denatures the enzymes by changing their three-dimensional shapes."}]},{"id":"c5d09ce1-c241-4c6d-9bdf-ccf9199afb2d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"After fermentation, ethanol is concentrated by [ ].","back":"After fermentation, ethanol is concentrated by fractional distillation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"fractional distillation","correct":true,"explanation":"Fractional distillation separates and concentrates ethanol because ethanol and water have different boiling points, so they vaporise and condense at different temperatures."},{"text":"simple distillation","correct":false,"explanation":"Simple distillation is less effective for separating miscible liquids with relatively close boiling points. Fractional distillation is used to concentrate ethanol from the fermented mixture."},{"text":"filtration","correct":false,"explanation":"Filtration separates an insoluble solid from a liquid, whereas ethanol is dissolved in water. Fractional distillation concentrates ethanol using the liquids’ different boiling points."},{"text":"crystallisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Crystallisation obtains a dissolved solid by forming crystals, so it cannot separate two miscible liquids. Ethanol is concentrated from water by fractional distillation."}]},{"id":"6756ab75-053b-431d-9c81-d49d489793aa","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can fractional distillation separate ethanol from water?","back":"They have different boiling points.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They have different boiling points.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ethanol boils at a lower temperature than water, allowing ethanol-rich vapour to form and be condensed separately during fractional distillation."},{"text":"They have different densities.","correct":false,"explanation":"A difference in density may allow immiscible liquids to form layers, but ethanol and water mix completely. Fractional distillation works because they have different boiling points."},{"text":"They have different physical states.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethanol and water are both liquids in the fermented mixture, so their states do not separate them. Their different boiling points make fractional distillation possible."},{"text":"They have different solubilities.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethanol and water are miscible rather than having different solubilities that produce separate layers. They are separated because their boiling points differ."}]},{"id":"61517f43-9cc8-482e-9bf6-4aaba505abea","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In an addition reaction, atoms are added across a [ ], forming [ ].","back":"In an addition reaction, atoms are added across a double bond, forming one main product.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In an addition reaction, atoms are added across a double bond, forming one main product.","correct":true,"explanation":"An addition reaction opens the alkene’s double bond so new atoms can bond to the carbon atoms, producing one main product without eliminating another substance."},{"text":"In an addition reaction, atoms are added across a single bond, forming one main product.","correct":false,"explanation":"A carbon-carbon single bond is not opened in the characteristic addition reactions of alkenes. Atoms add across a double bond, producing one main product."},{"text":"In an addition reaction, atoms are added across a double bond, forming two main products.","correct":false,"explanation":"The double bond is correctly identified, but addition combines the reactants into one main product. Producing two products is more characteristic of other reaction types."},{"text":"In an addition reaction, atoms are added across a C-H bond, forming two main products.","correct":false,"explanation":"Addition to an alkene does not involve breaking a C-H bond or producing two main products. Atoms add across the double bond to form one main product."}]},{"id":"36a99a71-8adf-42cf-b871-a41b80cd2e10","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Hydration of ethene reacts ethene with [ ] and uses an [ ].","back":"Hydration of ethene reacts ethene with steam and uses an acid catalyst.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hydration of ethene reacts ethene with steam and uses an acid catalyst.","correct":true,"explanation":"Industrial hydration adds steam across ethene’s carbon-carbon double bond. An acid catalyst speeds the reaction, producing ethanol as the single product."},{"text":"Hydration of ethene reacts ethene with liquid water and uses an acid catalyst.","correct":false,"explanation":"The industrial hydration process uses steam rather than liquid water under its operating conditions. An acid catalyst promotes the reaction that converts ethene into ethanol."},{"text":"Hydration of ethene reacts ethene with hydrogen and uses an acid catalyst.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen is used in hydrogenation, not hydration. Hydration reacts ethene with steam in the presence of an acid catalyst to produce ethanol."},{"text":"Hydration of ethene reacts ethene with steam and uses an enzyme catalyst.","correct":false,"explanation":"Steam is the correct reactant, but industrial ethene hydration does not use an enzyme. It requires an acid catalyst to speed the addition reaction."}]},{"id":"2e0a4a45-2ac7-4601-ad70-9c17d3f33cfc","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What temperature and pressure are used for hydration of ethene?","back":"

300 °C
6000 kPa, or 60 atm

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

300 °C
6000 kPa, or 60 atm

","correct":true,"explanation":"Industrial hydration of ethene uses approximately 300 °C and 6000 kPa, or 60 atm. These demanding conditions provide a suitable reaction rate and yield."},{"text":"

30 °C
6000 kPa, or 60 atm

","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses hydration with the much lower temperature used for fermentation. Ethene hydration requires about 300 °C while retaining the high pressure of 6000 kPa."},{"text":"

300 °C
600 kPa, or 6 atm

","correct":false,"explanation":"The temperature is correct, but the pressure is ten times too low. Industrial hydration uses about 6000 kPa, equivalent to approximately 60 atm."},{"text":"

30 °C
600 kPa, or 6 atm

","correct":false,"explanation":"Both values are underestimated by factors of ten, likely through omitted zeros. Hydration uses approximately 300 °C and 6000 kPa, or 60 atm."}]},{"id":"73ba932d-597b-4c4c-9371-5413e450edf1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is glucose for fermentation a renewable raw material?","back":"It comes from plants that can be replaced naturally.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It comes from plants that can be replaced naturally.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plants can be regrown and continually produce glucose through photosynthesis, so the raw material can be naturally replenished on a relatively short timescale."},{"text":"It comes from crude oil that can be replaced naturally.","correct":false,"explanation":"Crude oil forms over millions of years and is used faster than it is replaced, making it non-renewable. Fermentation glucose instead comes from replaceable plants."},{"text":"It comes from natural gas that can be replaced naturally.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural gas is a finite fossil fuel that cannot be replenished on a human timescale. Fermentation uses glucose obtained from plants that can be regrown."},{"text":"It comes from metal ores that can be replaced naturally.","correct":false,"explanation":"Metal ores are finite geological resources and are not the source of glucose. Glucose comes from plants, which can be replaced naturally by growing more."}]},{"id":"3352fe81-f387-4104-b21c-a7ce6ba61c46","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are fermentation conditions less demanding than hydration conditions?","back":"Fermentation uses low temperature and normal pressure.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fermentation uses low temperature and normal pressure.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fermentation operates at a relatively low temperature suitable for yeast and does not require increased pressure, so its equipment and energy demands are less severe."},{"text":"Fermentation uses high temperature and high pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"High temperature would kill the yeast and denature its enzymes, while high pressure is unnecessary. Fermentation uses low temperature and normal pressure."},{"text":"Fermentation uses high temperature and normal pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although fermentation uses normal pressure, it does not use high temperature because this damages yeast enzymes. Its conditions are low temperature and normal pressure."},{"text":"Fermentation uses low temperature and high pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low temperature is appropriate for yeast, but increased pressure is not required for fermentation. The process takes place at low temperature and normal pressure."}]},{"id":"bc98b60f-741c-47d7-9490-2233976cf037","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is fermentation slow?","back":"It relies on living yeast and enzymes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It relies on living yeast and enzymes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Yeast cells use enzyme-controlled biological processes whose reaction rates are relatively slow, so producing a useful concentration of ethanol takes considerable time."},{"text":"It relies on an inorganic catalyst.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fermentation does not use a fast-acting inorganic catalyst. Its slow rate results from relying on living yeast and enzyme-controlled biological reactions."},{"text":"It relies on ultraviolet light and heat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ultraviolet light and heating are not the basis of fermentation and excessive heat can kill yeast. The process is slow because it relies on living yeast and enzymes."},{"text":"It relies on high pressure and steam.","correct":false,"explanation":"High pressure and steam are associated with industrial ethene hydration rather than fermentation. Fermentation is slow because living yeast and enzymes carry out the reaction gradually."}]},{"id":"5e6ac821-f608-4400-8d74-918c93d84a04","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does ethanol from fermentation need extra purification energy?","back":"It is dilute, so needs distillation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is dilute, so needs distillation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fermentation produces ethanol mixed with water, so the ethanol is dilute. Distillation is required to separate and concentrate it, which increases the energy needed."},{"text":"It is pure, so needs filtration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fermentation does not produce pure ethanol; it produces a dilute solution. Because water must be removed by distillation, purification requires additional energy."},{"text":"It is viscous, so needs evaporation.","correct":false,"explanation":"The mixture from fermentation is not concentrated enough for direct use. Distillation separates ethanol from water, whereas evaporation alone is not the stated purification method."},{"text":"It is cold, so needs heating.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fermentation operates at relatively low temperatures and does not make ethanol volatile enough to use directly. Its dilute ethanol solution therefore needs energy-intensive distillation."}]},{"id":"2986a80d-83ae-47f2-9a42-b2e7bccd0af3","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Why is hydration of ethene useful for large-scale production?","back":"It is fast and can run as a continuous process.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is fast and can run as a continuous process.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hydration of ethene is suitable for large-scale production because the reaction is fast and the equipment can operate continuously, allowing ethanol to be made efficiently."},{"text":"It is fast and must run as a batch process.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydration of ethene is fast, but it is not normally carried out as a batch-only process. Continuous operation is a major advantage for industrial production."},{"text":"It is slow and can run as a continuous process.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydration can run continuously, but the reaction is not described as slow. A slow process would reduce the rate of ethanol production rather than make the route especially useful."},{"text":"It is slow and must run as a batch process.","correct":false,"explanation":"The industrial route uses a catalyst and can operate continuously, but it is not an uncatalysed batch process. Both changes would remove its production advantages."}]},{"id":"84858fa1-ca31-469d-b94e-b336ea75267e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Ethene is usually obtained from crude oil by [ ].","back":"Ethene is usually obtained from crude oil by cracking.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"cracking","correct":true,"explanation":"Cracking breaks large hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil into smaller molecules, including ethene, which is the alkene used to make ethanol by hydration."},{"text":"fractional distillation","correct":false,"explanation":"Fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions but does not break hydrocarbon molecules to produce ethene. Ethene is obtained through cracking of larger hydrocarbons."},{"text":"polymerisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Polymerisation joins many ethene molecules into poly(ethene), so it consumes ethene rather than producing it from crude oil."},{"text":"hydration","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydration adds water to ethene to form ethanol. It is a later manufacturing step, not the process used to obtain ethene from crude oil."}]},{"id":"fe4df22f-3119-4773-bccd-8e9b015e0606","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the ethene hydration route non-renewable?","back":"Ethene comes from crude oil, which is used up faster than formed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ethene comes from crude oil, which is used up faster than formed.","correct":true,"explanation":"Crude oil is a finite fossil fuel. Ethene made from it depends on a resource that is used up much faster than natural geological processes can form it."},{"text":"Ethene comes from carbon dioxide, which is used up faster than formed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Crude oil is not renewable on a human timescale, so this route is non-renewable. Ethene is not mainly obtained from atmospheric carbon dioxide for hydration."},{"text":"Ethene comes from water, which is used up faster than formed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water is renewable through the water cycle and is not the source of ethene in this route. Ethene comes from crude oil, a finite resource."},{"text":"Ethene comes from oxygen, which is used up faster than formed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is continually replenished by photosynthesis and is not used to make ethene. The non-renewable raw material is crude oil, from which ethene is obtained."}]},{"id":"9345696f-f498-4058-b726-ca805642fecd","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does hydration of ethene need expensive equipment?","back":"It uses high temperature and high pressure.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It uses high temperature and high pressure.","correct":true,"explanation":"Industrial hydration of ethene requires high temperature and high pressure to achieve a suitable reaction rate and yield, so robust and expensive equipment is needed."},{"text":"It uses low temperature and low pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydration is not carried out at low temperature and low pressure because those conditions would make the reaction too slow or give an unsuitable rate of production."},{"text":"It uses low temperature and high pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"The process does require high pressure, but not low temperature. A high temperature is used to make the reaction proceed at an industrially useful rate."},{"text":"It uses high temperature and low pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"A high temperature is used, but the process also needs high pressure. Low pressure would reduce the effectiveness of the industrial reaction conditions."}]},{"id":"6abcba8b-069c-4173-8054-5579b7a5aa1c","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What is the balanced equation for complete combustion of ethanol?","back":"$C_2H_5OH + 3O_2 \\to 2CO_2 + 3H_2O$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$C_2H_5OH + 3O_2 \\to 2CO_2 + 3H_2O$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Complete combustion balances carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms: two carbon dioxide molecules balance carbon, three water molecules balance hydrogen, and three oxygen molecules balance oxygen overall."},{"text":"$C_2H_5OH + 3O_2 \\to 2CO_2 + 2H_2O$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Three water molecules are needed to balance the six hydrogen atoms in ethanol. Using two would leave the hydrogen atoms unbalanced, even though the carbon dioxide coefficient is correct."},{"text":"$C_2H_5OH + 4O_2 \\to 2CO_2 + 3H_2O$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Two carbon dioxide molecules and three water molecules are required, but four oxygen molecules would provide too many oxygen atoms. The balanced coefficient is three."},{"text":"$C_2H_5OH + 3O_2 \\to CO_2 + 3H_2O$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using one carbon dioxide molecule fails to balance the two carbon atoms in ethanol. The correct equation needs two carbon dioxide molecules and three water molecules."}]},{"id":"903f7300-92ba-4307-abb9-cc7087080534","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can ethanol be used as a fuel?","back":"It burns readily and releases energy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It burns readily and releases energy.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ethanol is combustible, so it burns readily in oxygen. The combustion reaction releases chemical energy as heat, making ethanol suitable for use as a fuel."},{"text":"It burns readily and absorbs energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethanol does burn readily, but combustion releases energy rather than absorbing it overall. A fuel must provide usable energy during combustion."},{"text":"It burns reluctantly and releases energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethanol releases energy when it burns, but it does not burn reluctantly under suitable conditions. Easy combustion is part of why it can act as a fuel."},{"text":"It burns reluctantly and absorbs energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethanol neither burns reluctantly nor absorbs energy overall. Its usefulness as a fuel comes from readily releasing energy during combustion."}]},{"id":"3cf583e8-16a6-43c1-b298-0be596cd7f03","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is ethanol useful as a solvent?","back":"It dissolves many substances that do not dissolve well in water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It dissolves many substances that do not dissolve well in water.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ethanol is able to dissolve many substances, including some that water dissolves poorly. This makes ethanol useful for extracting and carrying substances as a solvent."},{"text":"It dissolves many substances that do dissolve well in water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water already dissolves many ionic and polar substances effectively, so this reverses the key advantage. Ethanol is useful for substances that dissolve poorly in water."},{"text":"It dissolves few substances that do not dissolve well in water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethanol is not useful as a solvent because it dissolves only substances that water dissolves well. Its advantage is dissolving some substances poorly soluble in water."},{"text":"It dissolves few substances that do dissolve well in water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both parts are reversed here: ethanol dissolves many substances and is particularly useful for those that water does not dissolve well."}]}]}],"examCountdown":null,"heading":"Alcohols","title":"Alcohols Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/chemistry/cie/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"8f29a604-ea3f-53fe-b87d-7b43238b3412","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]