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24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/igcse/chemistry/cie/air-quality-and-climate/flashcards","label":"Air quality and climate","subjectCode":"igcse_chemistry__cie","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"75852a44-4274-4008-82e9-6ab14fbd4c0d","title":"Air quality and climate Flashcards","topicId":"a3ba103f-0306-580c-9d8c-2b7b3df3e598","topicSlug":"air-quality-and-climate","cards":[{"id":"158e993a-78f0-49c2-87e9-0bb88ec987ff","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the percentage composition of nitrogen and oxygen in clean, dry air?","back":"

78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen

","correct":true,"explanation":"Clean, dry air consists of approximately 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. The remaining 1% is mainly noble gases, with a small proportion of carbon dioxide."},{"text":"

21% Nitrogen
78% Oxygen

","correct":false,"explanation":"These percentages have been reversed. Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in clean, dry air at approximately 78%, while oxygen accounts for about 21%."},{"text":"

70% Nitrogen
29% Oxygen

","correct":false,"explanation":"This overestimates oxygen and underestimates nitrogen, perhaps by confusing atmospheric air with an oxygen-enriched mixture. Clean, dry air contains approximately 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen."},{"text":"

50% Nitrogen
49% Oxygen

","correct":false,"explanation":"These values incorrectly suggest that nitrogen and oxygen are present in equal amounts. Clean, dry air actually contains approximately 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen."}]},{"id":"b0b6cb76-3186-4fb4-bb3f-e2165560cc8c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which 1% of the atmosphere is comprised of noble gases and carbon dioxide?","back":"Clean, dry air","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Clean, dry air","correct":true,"explanation":"The standard composition figures apply to clean, dry air, excluding variable water vapour and pollutants. Its remaining 1% includes noble gases and a small amount of carbon dioxide."},{"text":"Clean, humid air","correct":false,"explanation":"Humid air contains a variable proportion of water vapour, so its gas percentages differ from the standard composition. The stated 1% refers specifically to clean, dry air."},{"text":"Polluted, dry air","correct":false,"explanation":"Polluted air contains additional contaminants, so it is not the reference mixture used for standard atmospheric composition. The 1% figure describes clean, dry air."},{"text":"Exhaled, dry air","correct":false,"explanation":"Exhaled air has more carbon dioxide and less oxygen than atmospheric air because of respiration. The standard 1% of noble gases and carbon dioxide refers to clean, dry air."}]},{"id":"3fb9696e-1095-479b-8391-e2fafad0309c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the specific source of carbon dioxide pollution?","back":"Complete combustion of carbon-containing fuels.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Complete combustion of carbon-containing fuels.","correct":true,"explanation":"Complete combustion occurs when a carbon-containing fuel burns with sufficient oxygen. Carbon in the fuel is fully oxidised, producing carbon dioxide."},{"text":"Incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels.","correct":false,"explanation":"Incomplete combustion occurs when oxygen is limited and mainly produces carbon monoxide and soot rather than only carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide pollution is specifically associated with complete combustion of carbon-containing fuels."},{"text":"Thermal decomposition of carbon-containing fuels.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thermal decomposition breaks compounds down using heat and is not the principal pollution source described here. Carbon dioxide is released by complete combustion of carbon-containing fuels."},{"text":"Neutralisation of carbon-containing fuels.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neutralisation is an acid-base reaction and does not generally describe burning fuels. The relevant source of carbon dioxide pollution is complete combustion of carbon-containing fuels."}]},{"id":"99ae0deb-046e-4a37-b80b-0eebbd8b4d37","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Carbon monoxide is toxic because it binds to [ ] in red blood cells, preventing the transport of oxygen.","back":"Carbon monoxide is toxic because it binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells, preventing the transport of oxygen.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"haemoglobin","correct":true,"explanation":"Carbon monoxide binds strongly to haemoglobin, preventing it from carrying enough oxygen around the body. This can cause unconsciousness and death through oxygen deprivation."},{"text":"plasma","correct":false,"explanation":"Plasma is the liquid component of blood, but carbon monoxide toxicity results from binding to haemoglobin inside red blood cells, which prevents effective oxygen transport."},{"text":"platelets","correct":false,"explanation":"Platelets are involved in blood clotting rather than oxygen transport. Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells, reducing the blood’s ability to carry oxygen."},{"text":"antibodies","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies help defend the body against pathogens and do not carry oxygen. Carbon monoxide instead binds strongly to haemoglobin, blocking oxygen transport by red blood cells."}]},{"id":"83d69d8a-6251-4e6b-a519-eee2c3b233a0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What are the sources of methane in the atmosphere?","back":"

Decomposition of vegetation
Waste gases from animal digestion

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Decomposition of vegetation
Waste gases from animal digestion

","correct":true,"explanation":"Methane forms when vegetation decomposes in low-oxygen conditions, such as in wetlands and landfill. Digestive processes in livestock also release methane as a waste gas."},{"text":"

Complete combustion of vegetation
Oxygen gases from plant photosynthesis

","correct":false,"explanation":"Complete combustion and plant photosynthesis do not produce atmospheric methane; complete combustion consumes fuels, while photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide. Methane comes from vegetation decomposition and animal digestion."},{"text":"

Evaporation of surface water
Carbon dioxide from animal respiration

","correct":false,"explanation":"Evaporation changes liquid water into vapour, while animal respiration mainly releases carbon dioxide. Atmospheric methane is produced by decomposing vegetation and waste gases from animal digestion."},{"text":"

Nitrogen fixation by bacteria
Water vapour from plant transpiration

","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrogen fixation converts atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds, and plants do not release methane through transpiration. Key methane sources are vegetation decomposition and animal digestive waste gases."}]},{"id":"f7c45d29-4a75-43fc-b1b3-56afa8e39362","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Identify the source and effect of particulates.","back":"

Source: Incomplete combustion of fuels
Effect: Respiratory problems and cancer

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Source: Incomplete combustion of fuels
Effect: Respiratory problems and cancer

","correct":true,"explanation":"Incomplete combustion can release tiny solid particles, including soot, into the air. When inhaled, these particulates can damage the respiratory system and increase cancer risk."},{"text":"

Source: Complete combustion of fuels
Effect: Acid rain and corrosion

","correct":false,"explanation":"Complete combustion mainly produces carbon dioxide and water, while acid rain is associated with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Particulates arise from incomplete combustion and cause respiratory problems and cancer."},{"text":"

Source: Evaporation of fuels
Effect: Ozone depletion and sunburn

","correct":false,"explanation":"Evaporation does not generate soot particles, and ozone depletion is chiefly linked to compounds such as CFCs. Particulates come from incomplete combustion and can cause respiratory problems and cancer."},{"text":"

Source: Fractional distillation of fuels
Effect: Global warming and flooding

","correct":false,"explanation":"Fractional distillation separates crude oil and is not itself the stated source of particulates; global warming is mainly caused by greenhouse gases. Incomplete combustion produces harmful particulates."}]},{"id":"a68ae68e-2352-4dcf-ab0b-65449f36add4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How is sulfur dioxide produced in the atmosphere?","back":"The combustion of fossil fuels containing sulfur compounds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The combustion of fossil fuels containing sulfur compounds.","correct":true,"explanation":"Some fossil fuels contain sulfur compounds as impurities. During combustion, the sulfur is oxidised and released into the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide."},{"text":"The combustion of fossil fuels containing carbon compounds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon compounds are present in all fossil fuels, but their combustion mainly forms carbon dioxide. Sulfur dioxide is produced when fuels containing sulfur compounds are burned."},{"text":"The combustion of fossil fuels containing nitrogen compounds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrogen compounds are not the impurity responsible for sulfur dioxide emissions and are more closely associated with nitrogen pollutants. Sulfur dioxide comes from burning fuels containing sulfur compounds."},{"text":"The combustion of fossil fuels containing hydrogen compounds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen compounds in fuels form water during complete combustion, not sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide is released when fossil fuels containing sulfur compounds are burned."}]},{"id":"877a5792-cb56-4341-8928-e3c7a3b66906","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen react with water in clouds to form [ ].","back":"Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen react with water in clouds to form acid rain.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"acid rain","correct":true,"explanation":"Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides dissolve and react in cloud water to form acids. The resulting acidic precipitation is called acid rain."},{"text":"global dimming","correct":false,"explanation":"Global dimming is caused mainly by airborne particulates reflecting sunlight, not by acidic reactions in cloud water. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides form acid rain."},{"text":"photochemical smog","correct":false,"explanation":"Photochemical smog forms when pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react in sunlight. Reactions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides with cloud water produce acid rain."},{"text":"global warming","correct":false,"explanation":"The enhanced greenhouse effect results from increased concentrations of greenhouse gases that absorb infrared radiation. These acidic oxides instead react with cloud water to form acid rain."}]},{"id":"8adb054f-c4fe-49d8-888c-7867a71cbe40","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do oxides of nitrogen ($NO_x$) form in car engines?","back":"High temperatures and pressures cause nitrogen and oxygen from the air to react.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"High temperatures and pressures cause nitrogen and oxygen from the air to react.","correct":true,"explanation":"Inside a car engine, the high temperature and pressure provide enough energy for nitrogen and oxygen molecules in air to react and form oxides of nitrogen."},{"text":"Low temperatures and pressures cause nitrogen and oxygen from the air to react.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low temperature and pressure do not provide the conditions needed for nitrogen and oxygen to react significantly. The correct conditions are high temperatures and pressures inside the engine."},{"text":"High temperatures and pressures cause carbon dioxide and oxygen from the air to react.","correct":false,"explanation":"The reacting elements are nitrogen and oxygen from the air, not carbon dioxide and oxygen. High temperatures and pressures promote this nitrogen oxide formation in engines."},{"text":"High temperatures and pressures cause nitrogen and hydrogen from the air to react.","correct":false,"explanation":"Air supplies nitrogen and oxygen, not hydrogen, for this reaction. High temperatures and pressures cause nitrogen and oxygen to react, producing oxides of nitrogen."}]},{"id":"80ff4537-575b-44d4-9298-4a3f2464a713","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Earth's surface is warmed by [ ] solar radiation and cools by radiating longwave thermal energy.","back":"The Earth's surface is warmed by shortwave solar radiation and cools by radiating longwave thermal energy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"shortwave","correct":true,"explanation":"Incoming solar radiation is mainly shortwave radiation, which passes through the atmosphere and warms the Earth's surface. The warmed surface then emits longer-wave thermal radiation."},{"text":"longwave","correct":false,"explanation":"Longwave radiation is emitted by the warmed Earth rather than being the main incoming solar radiation. The surface is warmed by shortwave solar radiation."},{"text":"ultraviolet","correct":false,"explanation":"Ultraviolet radiation is one part of solar radiation, but it is not the overall term required here. The Earth's surface is warmed by shortwave solar radiation."},{"text":"microwave","correct":false,"explanation":"Microwaves are a type of electromagnetic radiation but are not the standard description of incoming radiation that warms Earth's surface. The correct term is shortwave."}]},{"id":"8f47acff-e8ac-4028-a717-6eeb05a64ccd","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Earth's surface is warmed by shortwave solar radiation and cools by radiating [ ] thermal energy.","back":"The Earth's surface is warmed by shortwave solar radiation and cools by radiating longwave thermal energy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"longwave","correct":true,"explanation":"The warmed Earth's surface emits thermal energy as longwave radiation. Greenhouse gases absorb some of this outgoing longwave radiation, contributing to the greenhouse effect."},{"text":"shortwave","correct":false,"explanation":"Shortwave radiation mainly describes incoming solar energy, not the thermal radiation emitted by Earth's warmed surface. The surface cools by radiating longwave thermal energy."},{"text":"ultraviolet","correct":false,"explanation":"Ultraviolet radiation is associated mainly with incoming solar radiation and is not the correct description of the Earth's outgoing thermal energy. That energy is longwave."},{"text":"visible","correct":false,"explanation":"Visible light is part of incoming solar radiation, not the main form of thermal energy radiated by Earth's surface. The correct term for this emitted energy is longwave."}]},{"id":"cb394573-b06f-42ac-99f7-e069415fb370","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do greenhouse gases like $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ reduce thermal energy loss to space?","back":"They absorb thermal energy and emit it back towards Earth.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They absorb thermal energy and emit it back towards Earth.","correct":true,"explanation":"Greenhouse gases absorb outgoing longwave thermal radiation from Earth and emit radiation in all directions, including back towards Earth, reducing the net energy loss to space."},{"text":"They reflect thermal energy and emit it back towards Earth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greenhouse gases do not mainly reflect thermal radiation like a mirror. They absorb it and then emit radiation, including back towards Earth, which reduces heat loss."},{"text":"They absorb thermal energy and emit it directly into space.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some absorbed energy is emitted towards space, but the important greenhouse effect is emission back towards Earth. This returns thermal energy and reduces the overall loss to space."},{"text":"They emit thermal energy and absorb it back from Earth.","correct":false,"explanation":"The order and directions are reversed here. Greenhouse gases absorb outgoing thermal energy from Earth and emit it back towards Earth, slowing the loss of energy to space."}]},{"id":"fdf5aa95-9e77-48aa-8b39-0885aacf5b62","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Name two methods to reduce methane emissions.","back":"

Reduction in livestock farming
Decreasing landfill waste (decomposition)

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Reduction in livestock farming
Decreasing landfill waste (decomposition)

","correct":true,"explanation":"Livestock produce methane during digestion, while decomposing organic waste in landfill produces methane. Reducing both sources therefore lowers methane emissions."},{"text":"

Increase in livestock farming
Increasing landfill waste (decomposition)

","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing livestock farming and landfill waste would generally increase methane production. The correct methods are reducing livestock farming and decreasing decomposing landfill waste."},{"text":"

Reduction in coal mining
Decreasing car use (combustion)

","correct":false,"explanation":"These measures mainly reduce carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels, not the two methane sources required here. Correct methods involve livestock farming and decomposing landfill waste."},{"text":"

Reduction in nitrogen fertiliser
Decreasing cement production (manufacture)

","correct":false,"explanation":"These changes are not the standard methods for reducing methane emissions and relate more closely to other environmental impacts. Methane control focuses on livestock and landfill decomposition."}]},{"id":"9a30951e-6698-47e7-b7a0-72b80ddca768","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In flue gas desulfurisation, the acidic sulfur dioxide is neutralised by [ ].","back":"In flue gas desulfurisation, the acidic sulfur dioxide is neutralised by calcium oxide.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"calcium oxide","correct":true,"explanation":"Calcium oxide is a basic metal oxide, so it reacts with acidic sulfur dioxide in flue gas desulfurisation to neutralise it and remove sulfur compounds."},{"text":"calcium sulfate","correct":false,"explanation":"Calcium sulfate is a product formed during some flue gas desulfurisation processes, not the basic reagent that neutralises sulfur dioxide. The reagent is calcium oxide."},{"text":"sulfur dioxide","correct":false,"explanation":"Sulfur dioxide is the acidic pollutant being removed, so it cannot neutralise itself. Calcium oxide acts as the basic substance that neutralises sulfur dioxide."},{"text":"carbon dioxide","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is an acidic oxide and would not neutralise acidic sulfur dioxide. The correct reagent is the basic oxide calcium oxide."}]},{"id":"5b658754-5859-412d-b6d0-0c13068c38e6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is hydrogen considered a clean fuel compared to fossil fuels?","back":"The only product of its combustion is water ($H_2O$).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The only product of its combustion is water ($H_2O$).","correct":true,"explanation":"Hydrogen reacts with oxygen during combustion to form water. Unlike fossil fuels, it does not produce carbon dioxide from carbon-containing fuel, although production methods can still affect emissions."},{"text":"The only product of its combustion is carbon dioxide ($CO_2$).","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen contains no carbon, so its combustion cannot produce carbon dioxide. Its combustion product is water, formed when hydrogen reacts with oxygen."},{"text":"The only product of its combustion is carbon monoxide ($CO$).","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon monoxide requires carbon in the fuel, but hydrogen contains no carbon. Complete combustion of hydrogen with oxygen produces water, not carbon monoxide."},{"text":"The only product of its combustion is hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$).","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen peroxide is not the normal combustion product of hydrogen. Hydrogen burns in oxygen to form water, $H_2O$, which contains no additional oxygen atom."}]},{"id":"28a30922-71e7-4def-8ea3-8116438288fe","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What are the reactants and products in a catalytic converter?","back":"

Reactants: Carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide
Products: Carbon dioxide and nitrogen

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Reactants: Carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide
Products: Carbon dioxide and nitrogen

","correct":true,"explanation":"A catalytic converter oxidises carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and reduces nitrogen monoxide to nitrogen. These reactions convert two harmful exhaust gases into less harmful products."},{"text":"

Reactants: Carbon dioxide and nitrogen monoxide
Products: Carbon monoxide and nitrogen

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the carbon monoxide oxidation step: carbon monoxide is converted into carbon dioxide, not produced from it. The correct reactants are carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide."},{"text":"

Reactants: Carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
Products: Carbon dioxide and oxygen

","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrogen monoxide is the nitrogen oxide specified for this reaction, and it is reduced to nitrogen. Oxygen is not the nitrogen-containing product; the correct product is nitrogen."},{"text":"

Reactants: Carbon dioxide and nitrogen
Products: Carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide

","correct":false,"explanation":"This gives the overall reaction backwards and would form more harmful gases rather than remove them. The converter uses carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide to produce carbon dioxide and nitrogen."}]},{"id":"8e7a8c9d-8a3d-4b55-bb32-fc097268d870","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the balanced symbol equation for the reaction in a catalytic converter?","back":"$$2CO + 2NO \\to 2CO_2 + N_2$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$2CO + 2NO \\to 2CO_2 + N_2$","correct":true,"explanation":"Carbon monoxide is oxidised to carbon dioxide while nitrogen monoxide is reduced to nitrogen. The coefficients balance two carbon, two nitrogen and four oxygen atoms on each side."},{"text":"$$2CO + 2NO \\to 2CO_2 + 2N_2$","correct":false,"explanation":"The coefficient of nitrogen is doubled incorrectly, giving four nitrogen atoms among the products but only two among the reactants. The balanced equation forms one $N_2$ molecule."},{"text":"$$CO + NO \\to CO_2 + N_2$","correct":false,"explanation":"This leaves one nitrogen atom among the reactants but two among the products. Doubling $CO$, $NO$ and $CO_2$ produces the balanced equation."},{"text":"$$2CO_2 + N_2 \\to 2CO + 2NO$","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the catalytic converter reaction. Converters remove harmful carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide by producing less harmful carbon dioxide and nitrogen."}]},{"id":"96badbd1-5659-4aa1-8f31-e2d518c79620","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the word equation for photosynthesis?","back":"$$\\text{carbon dioxide} + \\text{water} \\to \\text{glucose} + \\text{oxygen}$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$\\text{carbon dioxide} + \\text{water} \\to \\text{glucose} + \\text{oxygen}$","correct":true,"explanation":"During photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide and water to manufacture glucose, releasing oxygen as a product. Light energy is absorbed to drive this chemical change."},{"text":"$$\\text{glucose} + \\text{oxygen} \\to \\text{carbon dioxide} + \\text{water}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the word equation for aerobic respiration, which releases energy from glucose. Photosynthesis proceeds in the opposite direction, forming glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water."},{"text":"$$\\text{carbon dioxide} + \\text{oxygen} \\to \\text{glucose} + \\text{water}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly treats oxygen as a reactant and water as a product. Photosynthesis uses water and releases oxygen while converting carbon dioxide into glucose."},{"text":"$$\\text{carbon monoxide} + \\text{water} \\to \\text{glucose} + \\text{oxygen}$","correct":false,"explanation":"The carbon-containing reactant has been confused with carbon monoxide, a toxic pollutant. Plants absorb carbon dioxide, not carbon monoxide, to make glucose during photosynthesis."}]},{"id":"ee5bc871-07ce-41f2-a78d-7bbeb832681a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What are the two essential conditions for photosynthesis?","back":"

Chlorophyll
Light energy

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Chlorophyll
Light energy

","correct":true,"explanation":"Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, which supplies the energy needed to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen during photosynthesis."},{"text":"

Oxygen
Light energy

","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is a product of photosynthesis rather than an essential condition for it. The required conditions are chlorophyll to absorb light and light energy to drive the reaction."},{"text":"

Chlorophyll
Heat energy

","correct":false,"explanation":"Heat energy has been confused with light energy. Photosynthesis specifically requires light absorbed by chlorophyll, although temperature can affect the rate through its effect on enzymes."},{"text":"

Carbon dioxide
Water

","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide and water are reactants used in photosynthesis, not the two essential conditions requested. Those conditions are chlorophyll and light energy."}]},{"id":"7530a77e-2c4d-4115-b657-4597e8314f9c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis is [ ].","back":"The balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis is $6CO_2 + 6H_2O \\to C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$6CO_2 + 6H_2O \\to C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$","correct":true,"explanation":"These coefficients conserve every element: six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms and eighteen oxygen atoms appear on each side of the equation."},{"text":"$$6CO_2 + 6H_2O \\to C_6H_{12}O_6 + 12O_2$","correct":false,"explanation":"The oxygen coefficient has been doubled, creating too many oxygen atoms among the products. A coefficient of $6$ before $O_2$ balances the equation."},{"text":"$$CO_2 + H_2O \\to C_6H_{12}O_6 + O_2$","correct":false,"explanation":"The required coefficients have been omitted, so carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms are not conserved. Coefficients of $6$ are needed before both reactants and oxygen."},{"text":"$$6CO_2 + 12H_2O \\to C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$","correct":false,"explanation":"Doubling the water coefficient gives twenty-four hydrogen atoms among the reactants but only twelve in glucose. The correct coefficient before water is $6$."}]},{"id":"686a3f10-7eeb-4d8e-9596-ceba3e3a02ff","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which pollutants specifically lead to photochemical smog?","back":"Oxides of nitrogen ($NO_x$)","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Oxides of nitrogen ($NO_x$)","correct":true,"explanation":"Oxides of nitrogen undergo sunlight-driven reactions that produce substances such as ground-level ozone. These secondary pollutants are major components of photochemical smog."},{"text":"Sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$)","correct":false,"explanation":"Sulfur dioxide mainly causes acid rain and respiratory irritation. Photochemical smog forms when oxides of nitrogen react through sunlight-driven chemical reactions in polluted air."},{"text":"Carbon monoxide ($CO$)","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas that reduces the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity, but it does not specifically produce photochemical smog. Oxides of nitrogen are responsible."},{"text":"Particulate matter ($PM$)","correct":false,"explanation":"Particulate matter can reduce visibility and damage the lungs, but it is not the pollutant class specifically responsible for photochemical smog. Oxides of nitrogen drive its formation."}]}]}],"examCountdown":null,"heading":"Air quality and climate","title":"Air quality and climate Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/chemistry/cie/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"a3ba103f-0306-580c-9d8c-2b7b3df3e598","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]