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Prokaryotic cells have DNA, but it is not contained inside a nucleus."},{"text":"A cell wall containing DNA.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cell walls provide support and occur in plants, fungi and bacteria, so they do not identify eukaryotic cells. The distinguishing feature is a nucleus containing DNA."},{"text":"A cell membrane containing DNA.","correct":false,"explanation":"All cells have a cell membrane, so this cannot distinguish eukaryotes from prokaryotes. Eukaryotic DNA is enclosed within a nucleus."},{"text":"A chloroplast containing DNA.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chloroplasts occur only in photosynthetic eukaryotes such as plants and some protoctists. The general eukaryotic feature is a nucleus containing DNA."}]},{"id":"58ad8206-45be-4e26-bb11-43dd78cdeeae","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Plants, animals, fungi and protoctists are [ ] organisms.","back":"Plants, animals, fungi and protoctists are eukaryotic organisms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"eukaryotic","correct":true,"explanation":"These four groups consist of eukaryotic organisms, whose cells contain genetic material enclosed in a nucleus and usually have membrane-bound organelles."},{"text":"prokaryotic","correct":false,"explanation":"Prokaryotic organisms, such as bacteria, lack a nucleus. Plants, animals, fungi and protoctists are eukaryotic because their cells contain nuclei."},{"text":"unicellular","correct":false,"explanation":"Unicellular means made of one cell, but these groups include many multicellular organisms. The required classification is based on having cells with nuclei."},{"text":"photosynthetic","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthetic describes organisms that make food using light, but animals and fungi are not photosynthetic. The correct classification for all four groups is eukaryotic."}]},{"id":"dbd0bfe4-83ca-48de-90c1-33ac0f1dac18","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Bacteria are microscopic, [ ] [ ] organisms.","back":"Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled prokaryotic organisms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled prokaryotic organisms.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bacteria are microscopic organisms consisting of one cell, and their DNA is not enclosed in a nucleus. These two features make them single-celled prokaryotes."},{"text":"Bacteria are microscopic, multicellular prokaryotic organisms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bacteria are generally made of a single cell, not many specialised cells. They are correctly described as single-celled prokaryotic organisms."},{"text":"Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled eukaryotic organisms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although bacteria are single-celled, they do not have a nucleus. Therefore they are prokaryotic rather than eukaryotic organisms."},{"text":"Bacteria are microscopic, multicellular eukaryotic organisms.","correct":false,"explanation":"This combines two incorrect features: bacteria are single-celled and lack a nucleus. Their correct description is single-celled prokaryotic organisms."}]},{"id":"5f340b79-0773-4788-95e8-76ba537cb712","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What cell structure lets plants photosynthesise?","back":"Chloroplasts.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Chloroplasts.","correct":true,"explanation":"Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. This allows plant cells to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water."},{"text":"Mitochondria.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration, not photosynthesis. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll to absorb light."},{"text":"Cell walls.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cell walls support and strengthen plant cells but do not absorb light or carry out photosynthesis. Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis."},{"text":"Vacuoles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vacuoles contain cell sap and help maintain turgor, but they are not the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophyll needed."}]},{"id":"1d434c01-09e9-4658-9180-364e292bb706","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Plant cell walls are made of [ ], and plants store carbohydrate as [ ].","back":"Plant cell walls are made of cellulose, and plants store carbohydrate as starch or sucrose.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Plant cell walls are made of cellulose, and plants store carbohydrate as starch or sucrose.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cellulose strengthens plant cell walls, while starch is an insoluble storage carbohydrate and sucrose is transported or stored in plant tissues."},{"text":"Plant cell walls are made of chitin, and plants store carbohydrate as starch or sucrose.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chitin is found in fungal cell walls, not plant cell walls. Plants use cellulose for support and store carbohydrate mainly as starch or sucrose."},{"text":"Plant cell walls are made of cellulose, and plants store carbohydrate as glycogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cellulose is the correct wall material, but glycogen is the main storage carbohydrate in animals and fungi. Plants store carbohydrate as starch or sucrose."},{"text":"Plant cell walls are made of lignin, and plants store carbohydrate as glucose.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lignin may strengthen some specialised plant tissues, but cellulose is the basic cell wall material. Plants store carbohydrate as starch or sucrose, not free glucose."}]},{"id":"f40c7d2b-4cb9-4427-b9c3-c6fd36b760d4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why can animals not photosynthesise?","back":"Animal cells have no chloroplasts.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Animal cells have no chloroplasts.","correct":true,"explanation":"Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are required for photosynthesis. Animal cells lack chloroplasts, so they cannot capture light energy to make glucose."},{"text":"Animal cells have no mitochondria.","correct":false,"explanation":"Animal cells do contain mitochondria, which release energy through aerobic respiration. The inability to photosynthesise results from lacking chloroplasts."},{"text":"Animal cells have no cell membranes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Animal cells do have cell membranes, which control movement of substances into and out of the cell. They cannot photosynthesise because they lack chloroplasts."},{"text":"Animal cells have no nuclei.","correct":false,"explanation":"Animal cells normally contain nuclei holding their genetic material. The structure absent from animal cells that prevents photosynthesis is the chloroplast."}]},{"id":"c47c679e-09ae-4ed0-8218-8a06bdc633e3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Animal cells have [ ] and often store carbohydrate as [ ].","back":"Animal cells have no cell walls and often store carbohydrate as glycogen.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Animal cells have no cell walls and often store carbohydrate as glycogen.","correct":true,"explanation":"Animal cells are surrounded by cell membranes but lack rigid cell walls. Their storage carbohydrate is glycogen, which can be broken down when energy is needed."},{"text":"Animal cells have cell walls and often store carbohydrate as glycogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycogen is the correct animal storage carbohydrate, but animal cells do not have cell walls. They are bounded by cell membranes instead."},{"text":"Animal cells have no cell walls and often store carbohydrate as starch.","correct":false,"explanation":"Animal cells lack cell walls, but starch is the main storage carbohydrate in plants. Animals store carbohydrate as glycogen."},{"text":"Animal cells have no chloroplasts and often store carbohydrate as cellulose.","correct":false,"explanation":"Animals do lack chloroplasts, but cellulose is a structural material in plant cell walls. The animal storage carbohydrate is glycogen, and animals also lack cell walls."}]},{"id":"b72dd2d6-e0f3-448a-8a81-83d153d9e1e0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What cell wall material identifies an organism as a fungus, not a plant?","back":"Chitin.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Chitin.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fungal cell walls contain chitin, whereas plant cell walls contain cellulose. This difference helps identify a fungus rather than a plant."},{"text":"Cellulose.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cellulose is the characteristic material in plant cell walls, so it would identify a plant rather than a fungus. Fungal walls contain chitin."},{"text":"Lignin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lignin strengthens some woody plant tissues but is not the characteristic fungal wall material. Fungi are identified by cell walls containing chitin."},{"text":"Peptidoglycan.","correct":false,"explanation":"Peptidoglycan is found in bacterial cell walls, not fungal cell walls. Fungi have chitin in their walls, while plants have cellulose."}]},{"id":"7b743f9a-8cbd-48a9-84b2-270842a519fa","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A fungal [ ] is a network of thread-like [ ].","back":"A fungal mycelium is a network of thread-like hyphae.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A fungal mycelium is a network of thread-like hyphae.","correct":true,"explanation":"A mycelium is the mass or network formed by many hyphae, which are the thread-like structures making up the body of a fungus."},{"text":"A fungal hypha is a network of thread-like mycelia.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the terms: a hypha is one thread-like structure, while a mycelium is the network made from many hyphae."},{"text":"A fungal spore is a network of thread-like hyphae.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spores are reproductive cells used for dispersal, not networks of threads. The network is called a mycelium and is made from hyphae."},{"text":"A fungal mycelium is a network of thread-like spores.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spores are not the thread-like structures of a fungus; they can germinate to form hyphae. A mycelium is a network of hyphae."}]},{"id":"7cab885e-9ae8-4731-a178-d817f3f60464","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do fungi carry out saprotrophic nutrition?","back":"Secrete digestive enzymes outside, then absorb soluble products.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Secrete digestive enzymes outside, then absorb soluble products.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fungi digest food extracellularly by secreting enzymes onto the material outside their cells, then absorbing the soluble products through their hyphae."},{"text":"Absorb insoluble food particles directly, then digest them inside.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fungi do not ingest insoluble food particles for internal digestion. They secrete enzymes outside their cells and absorb the resulting soluble products."},{"text":"Secrete digestive enzymes inside, then absorb insoluble products.","correct":false,"explanation":"The enzymes are released outside fungal cells, and digestion produces soluble substances. Insoluble products cannot be absorbed efficiently through the hyphae."},{"text":"Produce chlorophyll outside, then absorb manufactured glucose.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fungi lack chlorophyll and cannot photosynthesise. Their saprotrophic nutrition depends on extracellular enzymes breaking down material into soluble products for absorption."}]},{"id":"f516bf62-159e-400e-8eab-659f7296d561","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Digestion outside fungal cells is called [ ].","back":"Digestion outside fungal cells is called extracellular digestion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"extracellular digestion","correct":true,"explanation":"Fungi release digestive enzymes outside their cells, so the breakdown of food occurs externally before the soluble products are absorbed."},{"text":"intracellular digestion","correct":false,"explanation":"Intracellular digestion occurs inside cells, whereas fungi digest food outside their cells using secreted enzymes. The correct term is extracellular digestion."},{"text":"mechanical digestion","correct":false,"explanation":"Mechanical digestion means physically breaking food into smaller pieces without chemical enzyme action. Fungal digestion outside cells is called extracellular digestion."},{"text":"photosynthetic digestion","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis makes glucose using light and chlorophyll; it is not a type of digestion. Fungi use extracellular digestion to break down external food."}]},{"id":"44587aa9-dd29-4637-8286-d85427d80a4a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"An organism has chitin cell walls, no chloroplasts and extracellular digestion. Which group is it?","back":"A fungus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A fungus.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fungi have chitin cell walls, lack chloroplasts and obtain nutrients by extracellular digestion, so these features identify the organism as a fungus."},{"text":"A plant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plants usually have cellulose cell walls, chloroplasts and make food by photosynthesis. Chitin walls and extracellular digestion indicate a fungus instead."},{"text":"A protoctist.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protoctists are a varied group and do not characteristically have chitin cell walls with extracellular digestion. The combination of features identifies a fungus."},{"text":"A bacterium.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bacteria are prokaryotes and usually have peptidoglycan cell walls, not chitin. The stated chitin walls and extracellular digestion are fungal characteristics."}]},{"id":"2e86f138-17cd-4b26-8756-a0ca1abf37d3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which eukaryotic group is mostly microscopic and single-celled?","back":"Protoctists.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Protoctists.","correct":true,"explanation":"Protoctists are eukaryotes with varied forms, but many are microscopic and single-celled, such as amoeba and many algae-like organisms."},{"text":"Fungi.","correct":false,"explanation":"Most familiar fungi are multicellular organisms made of hyphae, although some yeasts are single-celled. The mainly microscopic, single-celled eukaryotic group is protoctists."},{"text":"Animals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Animals are eukaryotes, but they are generally multicellular rather than mostly microscopic and single-celled. Protoctists best match the description."},{"text":"Plants.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plants are eukaryotes but are generally multicellular and contain specialised tissues. Protoctists are the group that is mostly microscopic and single-celled."}]},{"id":"4aba6fbc-2014-46f5-9b8f-e2dd50d9cbcb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which pathogenic protoctist causes malaria?","back":"Plasmodium.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Plasmodium.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plasmodium is a pathogenic protoctist transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes and causes malaria in humans."},{"text":"Trypanosoma.","correct":false,"explanation":"Trypanosoma is a pathogenic protoctist associated with sleeping sickness, not malaria. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites."},{"text":"Amoeba.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amoeba is a common free-living protoctist that feeds by engulfing particles. It is not the pathogen responsible for malaria; that is Plasmodium."},{"text":"Giardia.","correct":false,"explanation":"Giardia is a protoctist that can cause intestinal disease, but it does not cause malaria. Malaria is caused by the protoctist Plasmodium."}]},{"id":"7b190889-f728-4c80-aa01-c3c57a70975a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where is the main DNA found in bacteria?","back":"As a circular chromosome in the cytoplasm.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"As a circular chromosome in the cytoplasm.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bacteria have no nucleus, so their main genetic material is a single circular chromosome located in the cytoplasm."},{"text":"As a linear chromosome in the cytoplasm.","correct":false,"explanation":"The bacterial chromosome is found in the cytoplasm, but it is normally circular rather than linear. Linear chromosomes are characteristic of eukaryotic cells."},{"text":"As a circular chromosome in the nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. Their circular chromosome lies in the cytoplasm, in a region called the nucleoid."},{"text":"As plasmids in the cytoplasm.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plasmids are additional small DNA loops, not the main bacterial chromosome. The main DNA is a circular chromosome located in the cytoplasm."}]},{"id":"7ce93921-66fa-4a14-9523-7679b43cfc48","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Bacterial plasmids are small [ ] pieces of [ ].","back":"Bacterial plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Bacterial plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plasmids are small circular loops of DNA found in bacteria, separate from the main bacterial chromosome, and may carry useful genes such as antibiotic resistance."},{"text":"Bacterial plasmids are small linear pieces of DNA.","correct":false,"explanation":"The material is DNA, but plasmids are circular loops rather than linear pieces. Confusing plasmids with linear eukaryotic chromosomes causes this error."},{"text":"Bacterial plasmids are small circular pieces of RNA.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plasmids consist of DNA, not RNA. Their circular shape is correct, but changing the genetic material to RNA makes the statement wrong."},{"text":"Bacterial plasmids are small linear pieces of RNA.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both features are incorrect: plasmids are circular and made of DNA. Linear RNA molecules are not bacterial plasmids."}]},{"id":"cbb212aa-ecac-4660-8d80-962877694f3f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which bacterium is used to produce yoghurt from milk?","back":"Lactobacillus bulgaricus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Lactobacillus bulgaricus.","correct":true,"explanation":"Lactobacillus bulgaricus ferments lactose in milk to produce lactic acid, which lowers the pH and causes milk proteins to coagulate into yoghurt."},{"text":"Acetobacter aceti.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acetobacter aceti produces ethanoic acid during vinegar production rather than yoghurt. The bacterium used to ferment milk into yoghurt is Lactobacillus bulgaricus."},{"text":"Rhizobium leguminosarum.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rhizobium leguminosarum fixes nitrogen in the root nodules of leguminous plants. Yoghurt production instead uses Lactobacillus bulgaricus to ferment lactose."},{"text":"Salmonella enterica.","correct":false,"explanation":"Salmonella enterica is associated with food poisoning, not milk fermentation. Yoghurt is produced using Lactobacillus bulgaricus, which converts lactose into lactic acid."}]},{"id":"4dee3e60-1b2d-4885-bc79-b1c06d177b70","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What outer structure does a virus have?","back":"A protein coat.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A protein coat.","correct":true,"explanation":"A virus’s genetic material is enclosed by a protein coat called a capsid, which protects the nucleic acid and helps give the virus its shape."},{"text":"A cell membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cell membrane surrounds cells, whereas viruses are not cells and do not possess one. Their nucleic acid is enclosed by a protein coat called a capsid."},{"text":"A cellulose cell wall.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cellulose cell walls occur around plant cells, not viruses. A virus instead has a protein coat, or capsid, surrounding its genetic material."},{"text":"A slime capsule.","correct":false,"explanation":"A slime capsule can surround certain bacterial cells but is not the defining outer structure of a virus. Viruses have a protein coat called a capsid."}]},{"id":"ba213b0c-03ea-45cf-9db2-55609ee3b99f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A virus contains one type of nucleic acid, either [ ] or [ ].","back":"A virus contains one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A virus contains one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each virus carries only one type of nucleic acid as its genetic material. Depending on the virus, this is either DNA or RNA, never both types together."},{"text":"A virus contains one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or ATP.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP is an energy-transfer molecule rather than a type of genetic material. A virus contains one nucleic acid type, which is either DNA or RNA."},{"text":"A virus contains one type of nucleic acid, either RNA or protein.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protein forms the viral coat but is not nucleic acid. The genetic material inside a virus consists of either DNA or RNA, depending on the virus."},{"text":"A virus contains one type of nucleic acid, either carbohydrate or lipid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbohydrates and lipids are biological molecules, but neither is nucleic acid or viral genetic material. A virus carries either DNA or RNA as its genome."}]},{"id":"5947dfaa-e0d6-472e-a93e-2d0550a1c7a0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Viruses are not cells: they have [ ] and [ ].","back":"Viruses are not cells: they have no cytoplasm and no cell membrane.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Viruses are not cells: they have no cytoplasm and no cell membrane.","correct":true,"explanation":"Viruses are acellular particles, so they lack both cytoplasm and a cell membrane. They consist principally of genetic material enclosed within a protein coat."},{"text":"Viruses are not cells: they have cytoplasm and no cell membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cytoplasm is a defining component of cells and is absent from viruses. Viruses have neither cytoplasm nor a cell membrane, although some possess an external envelope."},{"text":"Viruses are not cells: they have no cytoplasm and a cell membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"A virus does not have its own cell membrane because it is not a cell. It lacks both a cell membrane and cytoplasm."},{"text":"Viruses are not cells: they have cytoplasm and a cell membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"Giving viruses both structures incorrectly treats them as cells. Viruses are acellular and therefore possess neither cytoplasm nor a cell membrane."}]},{"id":"9f1bef22-c0c7-4c4a-a4e7-2e74382bc984","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where can viruses reproduce?","back":"Only inside living cells.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Only inside living cells.","correct":true,"explanation":"Viruses can reproduce only after entering living host cells because they depend on the host’s enzymes, ribosomes and other cellular machinery to make new virus particles."},{"text":"Only inside dead cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dead cells no longer provide functioning metabolic or protein-making machinery. Viruses reproduce only inside living host cells that can copy viral components."},{"text":"Only inside nutrient agar.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unlike bacteria, viruses cannot reproduce independently on ordinary nutrient agar because they lack cellular machinery. They reproduce only inside living host cells."},{"text":"Only inside sterile broth.","correct":false,"explanation":"A sterile broth contains no living host cells for a virus to exploit. Viral reproduction can occur only inside suitable living cells."}]},{"id":"a714d9bc-0a69-4f3e-96f0-113a8e38ed30","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does parasitic mean for a virus?","back":"It uses a host living cell at the host’s expense.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It uses a host living cell at the host’s expense.","correct":true,"explanation":"A parasitic virus depends on a living host cell for its reproduction, using the cell’s resources and commonly damaging or destroying it in the process."},{"text":"It uses a host living cell for the host’s benefit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Benefiting the host describes mutualism rather than parasitism. A parasitic virus uses a living host cell’s resources at the host’s expense."},{"text":"It lives independently outside cells without affecting a host.","correct":false,"explanation":"Viruses cannot live and reproduce independently because they lack cellular machinery. A parasitic virus depends on a living host cell at that host’s expense."},{"text":"It supplies a host living cell with nutrients at its own expense.","correct":false,"explanation":"Supplying nutrients at its own expense reverses the parasitic relationship. The virus obtains resources from a living host cell, harming the host."}]},{"id":"c0a7a516-37cc-47bb-9efc-bc158a2e6bac","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A particle is smaller than bacteria, has RNA in a protein coat and no cytoplasm. What is it?","back":"A virus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A virus.","correct":true,"explanation":"A virus is smaller than a bacterium and consists of nucleic acid, such as RNA, enclosed in a protein coat, with no cytoplasm or cellular structure."},{"text":"A bacterium.","correct":false,"explanation":"A bacterium is a cell containing cytoplasm, a cell membrane and ribosomes. The described acellular particle with RNA in a protein coat is a virus."},{"text":"A viroid.","correct":false,"explanation":"A viroid consists of a small RNA molecule without a protein coat. RNA enclosed in a protein coat and lacking cytoplasm identifies a virus."},{"text":"A prion.","correct":false,"explanation":"A prion is an infectious protein and contains no RNA or DNA. A particle with RNA enclosed in a protein coat is a virus."}]},{"id":"29717160-3206-43a8-80ae-47f2bf4f1232","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which virus discolours tobacco leaves by preventing chloroplast formation?","back":"Tobacco mosaic virus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Tobacco mosaic virus.","correct":true,"explanation":"Tobacco mosaic virus infects tobacco plants and prevents normal chloroplast formation, producing a characteristic mosaic pattern of discoloured patches on their leaves."},{"text":"Human immunodeficiency virus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Human immunodeficiency virus attacks human immune cells rather than tobacco leaves. Tobacco mosaic virus causes leaf discolouration by disrupting chloroplast formation."},{"text":"Influenza virus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Influenza virus infects the human respiratory system and does not cause mosaic leaf discolouration. The plant pathogen responsible is tobacco mosaic virus."},{"text":"Bacteriophage T4.","correct":false,"explanation":"A bacteriophage infects bacterial cells rather than tobacco plants. Tobacco mosaic virus infects tobacco leaves and prevents normal chloroplast formation."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Variety of living organisms","title":"Variety of living organisms Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/biology/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"3d4091d6-235b-5f0e-b4da-21bffe7c4e32","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]