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different offspring.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction does not normally produce genetically different offspring because there is no fusion of gametes. Genetic variation is usually associated with sexual reproduction."},{"text":"It produces haploid gametes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction produces offspring from a single parent without gamete fusion, so it does not usually halve or change the chromosome number in this way."},{"text":"It produces genetically identical gametes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction can produce many offspring, but its defining genetic result is that they are usually genetically identical to the parent and each other."}]},{"id":"61005068-4024-4d08-8497-6f3db9d5089c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does sexual reproduction usually create variation?","back":"The zygote receives genetic information from two gametes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The zygote receives genetic information from two gametes.","correct":true,"explanation":"During sexual reproduction, gametes from two parents fuse. The zygote therefore receives genetic information from both gametes, producing variation in the offspring."},{"text":"The zygote receives genetic information from one gamete.","correct":false,"explanation":"A zygote forms when two gametes fuse, so it receives genetic information from two gametes rather than only one parent. This combination creates variation."},{"text":"The embryo receives genetic information from two gametes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitosis produces genetically identical cells and does not usually create the variation associated with sexual reproduction. Variation comes from combining two gametes."},{"text":"The zygote receives genetic information from two embryos.","correct":false,"explanation":"The zygote receives genetic information from two gametes, not two embryos. Embryos develop later from the zygote by cell division."}]},{"id":"6d3cfbc9-f987-4cf8-8ca3-dbab5bc40187","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Fertilisation produces a [ ], which divides to form an [ ].","back":"Fertilisation produces a zygote, which divides to form an embryo.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fertilisation produces a zygote, which divides to form an embryo.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fertilisation forms a zygote when the male and female gamete nuclei fuse. The zygote then divides repeatedly by mitosis to develop into an embryo."},{"text":"Fertilisation produces an embryo, which divides to form a zygote.","correct":false,"explanation":"The embryo develops after the zygote has formed, so these stages are in the wrong order. Fertilisation first produces a zygote, which then divides into an embryo."},{"text":"Fertilisation produces an ovule, which divides to form an embryo.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fertilisation produces a zygote, not an ovule. The zygote divides and develops into an embryo, whereas the ovule is a structure containing the female gamete."},{"text":"Fertilisation produces a zygote, which divides to form a seed.","correct":false,"explanation":"A seed develops later and contains an embryo, but it is not the immediate product of fertilisation. The first product is a zygote, which forms the embryo by division."}]},{"id":"3b916eba-cba7-45fa-b5ad-f0e51f95c5e1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What movement of pollen occurs in pollination?","back":"Pollen moves from an anther to a stigma.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Pollen moves from an anther to a stigma.","correct":true,"explanation":"Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther, where pollen is produced, to the stigma, the receptive surface of the carpel."},{"text":"Pollen moves from a filament to a stigma.","correct":false,"explanation":"The filament supports the anther but is not the pollen-receiving surface. Pollination transfers pollen from the anther to the stigma."},{"text":"Pollen moves from a stigma to an anther.","correct":false,"explanation":"The stigma receives pollen, whereas the anther produces and releases it. Reversing these structures gives the direction of pollen transfer incorrectly."},{"text":"Pollen moves from an anther to an ovary.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ovary contains ovules and is not where pollen is normally deposited. Pollination specifically transfers pollen to the stigma from the anther."}]},{"id":"963e1236-fae4-4e58-9eb5-88e4edc9ef82","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a flower, the [ ] contains ovules, and an [ ] contains the female gamete.","back":"In a flower, the ovary contains ovules, and an ovule contains the female gamete.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In a flower, the ovary contains ovules, and an ovule contains the female gamete.","correct":true,"explanation":"The ovary is the flower structure containing ovules, and each ovule contains the female gamete that may be fertilised by a male gamete."},{"text":"In a flower, the ovule contains ovules, and an ovary contains the female gamete.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ovule is inside the ovary, so these terms have been reversed. The ovary contains ovules, while an ovule contains the female gamete."},{"text":"In a flower, the stigma contains ovules, and an ovule contains the female gamete.","correct":false,"explanation":"The stigma receives pollen but does not contain the ovules. The ovary contains the ovules, and an ovule contains the female gamete."},{"text":"In a flower, the ovary contains ovules, and an anther contains the female gamete.","correct":false,"explanation":"The anther produces pollen and does not contain ovules. The ovary is the structure containing ovules, and the female gamete is inside an ovule."}]},{"id":"f660582c-82a4-4699-b374-414ec3bb1c15","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which pollen feature helps insect-pollinated flowers attach pollen to insects?","back":"Sticky or spiky pollen sticks to the insect’s body.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sticky or spiky pollen sticks to the insect’s body.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sticky or spiky pollen can attach to the insect’s body as the insect visits a flower, allowing the pollen to be carried to another stigma."},{"text":"Smooth and dry pollen floats through the air.","correct":false,"explanation":"Smooth, dry pollen is more easily carried by air and is typical of wind pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers use sticky or spiky pollen for attachment."},{"text":"Heavy pollen falls onto the ground.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heavy pollen is less suited to being carried by insects and is not the feature that helps it attach. Sticky or spiky surfaces provide the attachment mechanism."},{"text":"Smooth pollen slides off the insect’s body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pollen with a smooth surface is less likely to catch on an insect. Sticky or spiky pollen attaches to the insect’s body during feeding visits."}]},{"id":"686bd92d-84e9-438f-af21-5bb4e85eceee","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Wind-pollinated flowers use [ ] to release pollen and [ ] to catch it.","back":"Wind-pollinated flowers use dangling anthers to release pollen and feathery stigmas to catch it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Wind-pollinated flowers use dangling anthers to release pollen and feathery stigmas to catch it.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dangling anthers are exposed so wind can shake out the pollen, while feathery stigmas provide a large surface to catch pollen grains from the air."},{"text":"Wind-pollinated flowers use feathery stigmas to release pollen and dangling anthers to catch it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Feathery stigmas catch airborne pollen, but they do not release it. Wind-pollinated flowers use dangling anthers for release and feathery stigmas for capture."},{"text":"Wind-pollinated flowers use sticky anthers to release pollen and smooth stigmas to catch it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sticky anthers and smooth stigmas are not the typical wind-pollination adaptations. Exposed dangling anthers release pollen and feathery stigmas catch it."},{"text":"Wind-pollinated flowers use nectaries to release pollen and sticky stigmas to catch it.","correct":false,"explanation":"A nectary attracts insects and is not an adaptation for releasing or catching airborne pollen. Wind pollination depends on exposed anthers and feathery stigmas."}]},{"id":"663ba599-77d1-4870-a561-ac73fca71b05","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does the male gamete reach an ovule after pollination?","back":"It travels through a pollen tube down the style.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It travels through a pollen tube down the style.","correct":true,"explanation":"After landing on the stigma, the pollen grain germinates and grows a pollen tube down through the style to the ovule, carrying the male gamete."},{"text":"It travels through a stigma down the style.","correct":false,"explanation":"The stigma receives the pollen grain, but the male gamete must travel down the pollen tube through the style to reach the ovule."},{"text":"It travels through a filament down the style.","correct":false,"explanation":"The filament supports the anther and is not part of the route to the ovule. The male gamete travels through a pollen tube down the style."},{"text":"It travels through an ovary down the style.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ovary contains the ovules but is not the tube through which the male gamete travels. The pollen tube grows down the style towards an ovule."}]},{"id":"292ab353-1cbb-4606-8692-00397bd8db97","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"After fertilisation in flowering plants, the [ ] becomes a seed and the [ ] becomes a fruit.","back":"After fertilisation in flowering plants, the ovule becomes a seed and the ovary becomes a fruit.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"After fertilisation in flowering plants, the ovule becomes a seed and the ovary becomes a fruit.","correct":true,"explanation":"After fertilisation, each ovule develops into a seed containing the embryo, while the surrounding ovary develops into the fruit that encloses the seeds."},{"text":"After fertilisation in flowering plants, the ovary becomes a seed and the ovule becomes a fruit.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two structures. The ovule develops into a seed after fertilisation, whereas the ovary develops into the fruit surrounding the seed or seeds."},{"text":"After fertilisation in flowering plants, the pollen grain becomes a seed and the stigma becomes a fruit.","correct":false,"explanation":"The pollen grain delivers the male nucleus but does not become a seed, and the stigma does not become a fruit. The ovule becomes the seed and the ovary becomes the fruit."},{"text":"After fertilisation in flowering plants, the ovary wall becomes a seed and the ovule becomes a fruit.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ovary wall contributes to the fruit wall rather than becoming a seed, while an ovule becomes a seed, not a fruit. The whole ovary develops into the fruit."}]},{"id":"97613373-ab75-4a6a-b80d-5e9b2dff3647","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is water needed for seed germination?","back":"It activates enzymes and allows chemical reactions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It activates enzymes and allows chemical reactions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Water rehydrates the seed and activates enzymes that break down stored food. Dissolved substances can then react and be transported to the growing embryo."},{"text":"It absorbs light and allows photosynthesis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Absorbing light is associated with photosynthesis, not the role of water in germination. Water activates enzymes and provides the medium needed for chemical reactions."},{"text":"It releases oxygen and allows aerobic respiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen, rather than water, is used directly in aerobic respiration. Water is required because it activates enzymes and allows the seed’s metabolic reactions to occur."},{"text":"It provides glucose and supplies stored energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water does not supply stored food to the embryo; reserves are already present in the seed. It activates enzymes that digest those reserves and enables chemical reactions."}]},{"id":"aa286031-32dd-4155-bed0-f0a6fc0b011e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is oxygen needed for seed germination?","back":"It is needed for aerobic respiration.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is needed for aerobic respiration.","correct":true,"explanation":"The embryo needs energy for cell division and growth. Oxygen permits aerobic respiration, which releases usable energy from the seed’s stored food reserves."},{"text":"It is needed for photosynthesis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis requires light, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide and water, not oxygen as a raw material. Germinating seeds need oxygen primarily for aerobic respiration."},{"text":"It is needed for enzyme activation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Enzyme activation during germination depends mainly on water. Oxygen has a different role: it enables aerobic respiration to release energy for the embryo’s growth."},{"text":"It is needed for seed coat softening.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water softens and helps split the seed coat as the embryo expands. Oxygen is instead required for aerobic respiration, which supplies energy for germination."}]},{"id":"b2d9992e-8446-45ec-9b3b-738bb5b1db59","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is a suitable temperature needed for germination?","back":"So enzymes work effectively.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"So enzymes work effectively.","correct":true,"explanation":"Germination depends on enzyme-controlled reactions that mobilise stored food and support growth. A suitable temperature allows these enzymes to function effectively without becoming denatured."},{"text":"So chlorophyll absorbs light effectively.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chlorophyll absorbs light rather than being the main reason germination needs a suitable temperature. Temperature must suit the enzymes controlling the seed’s metabolic reactions."},{"text":"So photosynthesis can begin immediately.","correct":false,"explanation":"Germination begins using stored food before photosynthesis is established. A suitable temperature is needed so the enzymes controlling respiration and reserve breakdown work effectively."},{"text":"So the seed coat becomes waterproof.","correct":false,"explanation":"A suitable temperature does not make the seed coat waterproof, which would hinder water uptake. It allows the enzymes needed for germination to work effectively."}]},{"id":"73091130-4404-499e-996a-c772446b152b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is light usually not needed at the start of germination?","back":"The seedling has no leaves for photosynthesis yet.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The seedling has no leaves for photosynthesis yet.","correct":true,"explanation":"At the start of germination, the embryo obtains energy by respiring stored food rather than by photosynthesis. Functional leaves have not yet developed to capture light."},{"text":"The seedling has no roots for water uptake yet.","correct":false,"explanation":"The absence of developed roots concerns water and mineral uptake, not whether light is required. Light is initially unnecessary because there are no leaves for photosynthesis."},{"text":"The seedling has no stomata for gas exchange yet.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stomata regulate gas exchange, but their absence is not the reason light is unnecessary. The germinating seed uses stored food before leaves develop for photosynthesis."},{"text":"The seedling has no chlorophyll for respiration yet.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chlorophyll is required for photosynthesis, not respiration. Light is initially unnecessary because the seedling has not developed leaves and instead respires stored food reserves."}]},{"id":"59bc054e-5d02-4937-8757-f85247f74e57","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Percentage germination = [ ] ÷ [ ] × 100.","back":"Percentage germination = number germinated ÷ total number of seeds × 100.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Percentage germination = number germinated ÷ total number of seeds × 100.","correct":true,"explanation":"The fraction that germinated is found by dividing the number of germinated seeds by the total number tested. Multiplying this fraction by 100 converts it to a percentage."},{"text":"Percentage germination = total number of seeds ÷ number germinated × 100.","correct":false,"explanation":"The division has been reversed, producing values of at least 100% whenever any seeds fail to germinate. Divide the number germinated by the total number of seeds instead."},{"text":"Percentage germination = number germinated ÷ number not germinated × 100.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using only the seeds that failed as the denominator compares two subgroups rather than finding a percentage of the whole sample. The denominator must be the total number of seeds."},{"text":"Percentage germination = total number of seeds ÷ number not germinated × 100.","correct":false,"explanation":"This calculates the total relative to the failed seeds and can exceed 100%. Percentage germination uses the number germinated divided by the total number of seeds."}]},{"id":"1c7b8757-f514-4202-b66b-83b686e01587","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a germination practical, the condition being tested is the [ ], and the number or percentage germinated is the [ ].","back":"In a germination practical, the condition being tested is the independent variable, and the number or percentage germinated is the dependent variable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In a germination practical, the condition being tested is the independent variable, and the number or percentage germinated is the dependent variable.","correct":true,"explanation":"The independent variable is deliberately changed by the investigator. The dependent variable is the measured outcome, which here is the number or percentage of seeds germinating."},{"text":"In a germination practical, the condition being tested is the dependent variable, and the number or percentage germinated is the independent variable.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the variables. The tested condition is deliberately changed, making it independent, while germination is measured in response and is therefore dependent."},{"text":"In a germination practical, the condition being tested is the control variable, and the number or percentage germinated is the dependent variable.","correct":false,"explanation":"A control variable is kept constant, so it cannot be the condition deliberately tested. The tested condition is independent, while the measured germination result is dependent."},{"text":"In a germination practical, the condition being tested is the independent variable, and the number or percentage germinated is the control variable.","correct":false,"explanation":"The percentage germinated is measured rather than held constant, so it is not a control variable. It is dependent, while the tested condition is the independent variable."}]},{"id":"2a347958-646c-4da5-a122-6c07864a4069","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why must a germination practical change only one condition at a time?","back":"So the cause of any difference can be identified.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"So the cause of any difference can be identified.","correct":true,"explanation":"Changing only one condition prevents other factors from confounding the result. Any difference in germination can therefore be attributed to the condition being investigated."},{"text":"So the results can be made more reliable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing one condition improves validity, not reliability. Reliability is improved by repeating the investigation, while controlling other conditions identifies the cause of differences."},{"text":"So the seeds all receive identical treatment.","correct":false,"explanation":"The seeds cannot receive completely identical treatment because the independent variable must differ between groups. Other conditions are controlled so the tested condition’s effect can be identified."},{"text":"So the percentage germination is always increased.","correct":false,"explanation":"Controlling variables does not guarantee a higher germination percentage; the tested condition might reduce it. It ensures that the cause of any observed difference can be identified."}]},{"id":"6710ffcc-4495-42ed-8674-0d5f45fe0d3e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do stored food reserves support growth before leaves develop?","back":"Enzymes break starch into sugars for respiration, releasing energy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Enzymes break starch into sugars for respiration, releasing energy.","correct":true,"explanation":"Stored starch is insoluble, so enzymes digest it into soluble sugars. These sugars are respired to release the energy needed for cell division and growth before photosynthesis begins."},{"text":"Chlorophyll absorbs light for photosynthesis, releasing energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chlorophyll captures light energy rather than releasing energy from stored food, and leaves have not yet developed. Enzymes digest stored starch into sugars that can be respired."},{"text":"Hormones break starch into sugars for photosynthesis, storing energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration releases energy, whereas photosynthesis stores light energy in sugars. Enzymes make the reserve usable by breaking starch into sugars for respiration."},{"text":"Enzymes convert sugars into starch for respiration, releasing energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the storage process: converting sugar into starch would make the reserve less immediately available. Enzymes instead break starch into sugars, which are used in respiration."}]},{"id":"1158441b-28d9-4e9d-b44c-75ccd422ae9a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are new plants from runners or cuttings clones?","back":"They form by asexual reproduction, with no gamete fusion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They form by asexual reproduction, with no gamete fusion.","correct":true,"explanation":"Runners and cuttings grow through mitotic cell division from one parent, without fertilisation. They therefore inherit the same genetic information and are clones of the parent."},{"text":"They form by sexual reproduction, following gamete fusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes and normally creates genetic variation. Runners and cuttings arise asexually, without any gamete fusion."},{"text":"They form by self-fertilisation, using gametes from one parent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Self-fertilisation still involves gamete fusion and can produce genetically different offspring through meiosis. Runners and cuttings are clones because they form by asexual reproduction."},{"text":"They form by pollination, with pollen from the parent plant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pollination only transfers pollen to a stigma and does not itself produce a new plant. Runners and cuttings form by asexual reproduction without gamete fusion."}]},{"id":"ad8d4963-24db-4a37-8cbd-d0f10e10580b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where does human fertilisation usually occur?","back":"In the oviducts.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the oviducts.","correct":true,"explanation":"An egg released from an ovary enters an oviduct, where it may meet sperm. Fertilisation normally occurs there before the resulting zygote travels to the uterus."},{"text":"In the uterus.","correct":false,"explanation":"The uterus is normally where the embryo implants and develops, not where sperm first fuses with the egg. Human fertilisation usually occurs in an oviduct."},{"text":"In the ovaries.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ovaries produce and release eggs, but sperm do not normally reach an egg inside an ovary. Fertilisation usually takes place after ovulation in an oviduct."},{"text":"In the cervix.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cervix is the opening between the vagina and uterus, through which sperm may pass. Fertilisation usually occurs farther along the reproductive tract in an oviduct."}]},{"id":"5bea418c-ec3d-4e20-98f0-901d07664c55","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] produce sperm and testosterone; the [ ] produce eggs, oestrogen and progesterone.","back":"The testes produce sperm and testosterone; the ovaries produce eggs, oestrogen and progesterone.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The testes produce sperm and testosterone; the ovaries produce eggs, oestrogen and progesterone.","correct":true,"explanation":"The testes are the male gonads, producing sperm and testosterone. The ovaries are the female gonads, producing eggs and the hormones oestrogen and progesterone."},{"text":"The ovaries produce sperm and testosterone; the testes produce eggs, oestrogen and progesterone.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the functions of the male and female gonads. Testes produce sperm and testosterone, while ovaries produce eggs, oestrogen and progesterone."},{"text":"The prostate gland produce sperm and testosterone; the ovaries produce eggs, oestrogen and progesterone.","correct":false,"explanation":"The prostate gland contributes fluid to semen but does not produce sperm or testosterone. These are produced by the testes, while the ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones."},{"text":"The testes produce sperm and testosterone; the uterus produce eggs, oestrogen and progesterone.","correct":false,"explanation":"The uterus is where an embryo develops; it does not produce eggs or the main female sex hormones. Ovaries produce eggs, oestrogen and progesterone."}]},{"id":"84ba555a-55bb-41da-b4d6-61d95c470d20","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does LH trigger in the menstrual cycle?","back":"Ovulation: release of an egg from an ovary.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ovulation: release of an egg from an ovary.","correct":true,"explanation":"A surge in luteinising hormone causes a mature follicle to release its egg from the ovary. This event is called ovulation."},{"text":"Follicle maturation: development of an egg inside an ovary.","correct":false,"explanation":"Follicle maturation is mainly stimulated by FSH rather than triggered by LH. The LH surge triggers ovulation, when a mature egg is released from an ovary."},{"text":"Menstruation: shedding of the uterus lining from the body.","correct":false,"explanation":"Menstruation results from falling oestrogen and progesterone concentrations when pregnancy does not occur. LH instead triggers ovulation, the release of an egg from an ovary."},{"text":"Implantation: embedding of an embryo in the uterus lining.","correct":false,"explanation":"Implantation occurs when an early embryo reaches and embeds in the uterus lining; it is not triggered by LH. LH triggers the release of an egg during ovulation."}]},{"id":"516dc5d2-c25f-46da-a189-7f7ce04e39c0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the menstrual cycle, [ ] helps repair and thicken the uterus lining; [ ] maintains it after ovulation.","back":"In the menstrual cycle, oestrogen helps repair and thicken the uterus lining; progesterone maintains it after ovulation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the menstrual cycle, oestrogen helps repair and thicken the uterus lining; progesterone maintains it after ovulation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Oestrogen rebuilds and thickens the uterus lining after menstruation. Following ovulation, progesterone from the corpus luteum maintains that lining in readiness for possible implantation."},{"text":"In the menstrual cycle, progesterone helps repair and thicken the uterus lining; oestrogen maintains it after ovulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the hormones’ principal roles in the cycle. Oestrogen repairs and thickens the lining before ovulation, while progesterone maintains it after ovulation."},{"text":"In the menstrual cycle, FSH helps repair and thicken the uterus lining; progesterone maintains it after ovulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"FSH primarily stimulates the development of an ovarian follicle rather than directly repairing the uterus lining. Oestrogen thickens the lining, and progesterone maintains it after ovulation."},{"text":"In the menstrual cycle, oestrogen helps repair and thicken the uterus lining; LH maintains it after ovulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"LH triggers ovulation and supports formation of the corpus luteum, but progesterone is the hormone that directly maintains the uterus lining after ovulation."}]},{"id":"bbef133a-ca6d-42e4-865a-c5077a098745","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens if oestrogen and progesterone fall with no pregnancy?","back":"The uterus lining breaks down, causing menstruation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The uterus lining breaks down, causing menstruation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Without pregnancy, the corpus luteum degenerates and oestrogen and progesterone concentrations fall. The uterus lining is no longer maintained, so it breaks down and is shed."},{"text":"The uterus lining thickens further, causing implantation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Further thickening would require continued hormonal support and would prepare for implantation. When oestrogen and progesterone fall, the uterus lining instead breaks down, causing menstruation."},{"text":"The uterus lining remains intact, preventing menstruation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Progesterone helps keep the uterus lining intact, so falling progesterone removes this support. The lining consequently breaks down and is shed during menstruation."},{"text":"The ovary lining breaks down, causing ovulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ovulation is the release of an egg and is triggered earlier by an LH surge; it is not caused by an ovary lining breaking down. Falling hormones cause the uterus lining to break down."}]},{"id":"a0be4f0c-7d7c-457a-95c9-d3e270a933cb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do useful substances pass from mother to embryo?","back":"They exchange across the placenta, without blood mixing directly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They exchange across the placenta, without blood mixing directly.","correct":true,"explanation":"The placenta provides a thin, extensive exchange surface between maternal and fetal circulations. Useful substances diffuse or are transported across it while the two blood supplies remain separate."},{"text":"They exchange across the amniotic sac, without blood mixing directly.","correct":false,"explanation":"The amniotic sac surrounds and protects the developing embryo but is not the main exchange organ. Useful substances cross the placenta without direct mixing of maternal and fetal blood."},{"text":"They exchange across the placenta, by blood mixing directly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Maternal and fetal blood flow close together in the placenta but are normally kept separate. Substances cross the placental barrier rather than being transferred by direct blood mixing."},{"text":"They exchange across the umbilical cord, without blood mixing directly.","correct":false,"explanation":"The umbilical cord carries fetal blood between the embryo and placenta, but exchange with the mother occurs across the placenta, without the two blood supplies mixing directly."}]},{"id":"e930bcc4-16a3-4627-8a8d-553d1c57d892","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What protective role does amniotic fluid have?","back":"It cushions the embryo against knocks and sudden movements.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It cushions the embryo against knocks and sudden movements.","correct":true,"explanation":"Amniotic fluid absorbs mechanical shocks and allows the embryo to move safely, reducing the risk of injury from knocks or sudden movements."},{"text":"It supplies the embryo with nutrients and oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nutrients are transferred from the mother through the placenta, not by amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid protects by cushioning the embryo against knocks and sudden movements."},{"text":"It removes waste products from the embryo’s blood.","correct":false,"explanation":"Urea passes from the fetal blood into the mother’s blood through the placenta. Amniotic fluid instead cushions the embryo against knocks and sudden movements."},{"text":"It anchors the embryo firmly against the uterus wall.","correct":false,"explanation":"The uterus and placenta help support development, but amniotic fluid does not anchor the embryo. It cushions the embryo against knocks and sudden movements."}]},{"id":"0cc3c181-ce5e-40fd-b747-c040bba9e903","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"At puberty, [ ] is involved in female secondary sexual characteristics, while [ ] is involved in male secondary sexual characteristics.","back":"At puberty, oestrogen is involved in female secondary sexual characteristics, while testosterone is involved in male secondary sexual characteristics.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"At puberty, oestrogen is involved in female secondary sexual characteristics, while testosterone is involved in male secondary sexual characteristics.","correct":true,"explanation":"Oestrogen promotes female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty, while testosterone promotes male secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair growth and a deeper voice."},{"text":"At puberty, progesterone is involved in female secondary sexual characteristics, while testosterone is involved in male secondary sexual characteristics.","correct":false,"explanation":"Progesterone mainly maintains the uterine lining and supports pregnancy rather than causing female secondary sexual characteristics. Oestrogen is responsible for these characteristics, while testosterone produces male ones."},{"text":"At puberty, oestrogen is involved in female secondary sexual characteristics, while progesterone is involved in male secondary sexual characteristics.","correct":false,"explanation":"Progesterone helps regulate the menstrual cycle and maintain the uterine lining; it does not produce male secondary sexual characteristics. Testosterone has that role, while oestrogen produces female characteristics."},{"text":"At puberty, testosterone is involved in female secondary sexual characteristics, while oestrogen is involved in male secondary sexual characteristics.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two hormones’ principal roles at puberty. Oestrogen produces female secondary sexual characteristics, whereas testosterone produces male secondary sexual characteristics."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Reproduction","title":"Reproduction Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/biology/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"b33c3ba0-1d93-57c6-a955-21ec78176933","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]