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dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrogen dioxide can also contribute to acid rain, making it a tempting choice, but the pollutant mainly linked to this process is sulfur dioxide from sulfur-containing fuels."},{"text":"Carbon monoxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon monoxide is produced by incomplete combustion and reduces oxygen transport by binding haemoglobin. It is not the main pollutant responsible for acid rain; sulfur dioxide is."},{"text":"Particulate matter.","correct":false,"explanation":"Particulate matter causes respiratory problems and reduces air quality, but it does not mainly form acid rain. Sulfur dioxide is the key pollutant associated with acid rain."}]},{"id":"4c69686a-ec54-4272-b749-049f5ea8d7f5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which air pollutant reduces oxygen transport by binding to haemoglobin?","back":"Carbon monoxide.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Carbon monoxide.","correct":true,"explanation":"Carbon monoxide binds strongly to haemoglobin, forming carboxyhaemoglobin and reducing the amount of haemoglobin available to transport oxygen around the body."},{"text":"Sulfur dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sulfur dioxide is mainly associated with acid rain and respiratory irritation, but it does not reduce oxygen transport by binding to haemoglobin. Carbon monoxide does."},{"text":"Nitrogen dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrogen dioxide can irritate the lungs and contribute to acid rain, but it does not bind haemoglobin to block oxygen transport. Carbon monoxide causes this effect."},{"text":"Carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas involved in global warming, but it does not bind haemoglobin in the way carbon monoxide does. Carbon monoxide reduces oxygen transport."}]},{"id":"2dc00142-ee1c-4213-a991-722099aac67e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Carbon monoxide is produced by [ ], when fuels burn without enough [ ].","back":"Carbon monoxide is produced by incomplete combustion, when fuels burn without enough oxygen.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Carbon monoxide is produced by incomplete combustion, when fuels burn without enough oxygen.","correct":true,"explanation":"Incomplete combustion occurs when a fuel burns with insufficient oxygen, producing carbon monoxide instead of fully oxidising the carbon to carbon dioxide."},{"text":"Carbon monoxide is produced by complete combustion, when fuels burn without enough oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Complete combustion requires enough oxygen and normally produces carbon dioxide. The correct process is incomplete combustion, which happens when fuel burns without enough oxygen."},{"text":"Carbon monoxide is produced by incomplete combustion, when fuels burn without enough carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is needed for combustion, so insufficient oxygen causes incomplete combustion and carbon monoxide production. Carbon dioxide is a product of complete combustion, not the required reactant."},{"text":"Carbon monoxide is produced by respiration, when fuels burn without enough oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration releases energy from glucose in living cells, whereas carbon monoxide is formed during incomplete combustion. Burning fuel without enough oxygen causes incomplete combustion."}]},{"id":"e7341cd1-309e-4b6f-bd0e-041e4e5aa036","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Sulfur dioxide dissolves in atmospheric water droplets to form [ ], which has a [ ] than normal rain.","back":"Sulfur dioxide dissolves in atmospheric water droplets to form acid rain, which has a lower pH than normal rain.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sulfur dioxide dissolves in atmospheric water droplets to form acid rain, which has a lower pH than normal rain.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sulfur dioxide reacts in atmospheric water droplets to produce acidic precipitation. Acid rain contains more acid than normal rain, so its pH is lower."},{"text":"Sulfur dioxide dissolves in atmospheric water droplets to form acid rain, which has a higher pH than normal rain.","correct":false,"explanation":"A higher pH means a solution is less acidic or more alkaline. Acid rain is more acidic than normal rain, so it has a lower pH."},{"text":"Sulfur dioxide dissolves in atmospheric water droplets to form alkaline rain, which has a lower pH than normal rain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sulfur dioxide produces acidic, not alkaline, precipitation. The correct product is acid rain, which has a lower pH than normal rain because it contains acids."},{"text":"Sulfur dioxide dissolves in atmospheric water droplets to form carbonic acid, which has a higher pH than normal rain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbonic acid forms when carbon dioxide dissolves in water, not mainly from sulfur dioxide. Acid rain caused by sulfur dioxide has a lower pH than normal rain."}]},{"id":"66402dd3-0b97-436e-8708-5c9045419cab","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How can acid rain affect plant leaves?","back":"It damages leaves, reducing photosynthesis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It damages leaves, reducing photosynthesis.","correct":true,"explanation":"Acid rain damages leaf tissues and can interfere with chlorophyll and photosynthetic surfaces, reducing the rate at which the plant carries out photosynthesis."},{"text":"It increases leaf growth, reducing photosynthesis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acid rain harms plant tissues rather than increasing leaf growth. It damages leaves, which can reduce the photosynthetic area and therefore lower photosynthesis."},{"text":"It damages roots, reducing photosynthesis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acid rain can damage roots, but this answer does not describe its direct effect on leaves. The correct effect is that it damages leaves, reducing photosynthesis."},{"text":"It thickens leaves, increasing photosynthesis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acid rain does not improve leaf structure or increase photosynthesis. It damages leaves, including photosynthetic tissues, so the rate of photosynthesis is reduced."}]},{"id":"bb120d60-cf05-45dc-a539-cb1268f2b646","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How can acid rain affect lakes and rivers?","back":"It acidifies water, killing fish and aquatic invertebrates.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It acidifies water, killing fish and aquatic invertebrates.","correct":true,"explanation":"Acid rain lowers the pH of lakes and rivers. Many fish and aquatic invertebrates cannot survive these acidic conditions, so their populations may fall or they may die."},{"text":"It alkalises water, killing fish and aquatic invertebrates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acid rain lowers pH rather than raising it. It acidifies water, and the resulting conditions can kill fish and aquatic invertebrates."},{"text":"It acidifies water, increasing fish and aquatic invertebrate populations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although acidification is the correct process, it makes conditions less suitable for many aquatic organisms. It can kill fish and aquatic invertebrates rather than increase their populations."},{"text":"It purifies water, killing fish and aquatic invertebrates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acid rain does not purify water. It acidifies lakes and rivers, and the low pH can kill fish and aquatic invertebrates."}]},{"id":"0376413b-dc87-416d-82e2-fa2536620134","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does carbon monoxide reduce oxygen delivery to tissues?","back":"

Binds haemoglobin, forming carboxyhaemoglobin.
Less oxygen is transported in blood.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Binds haemoglobin, forming carboxyhaemoglobin.
Less oxygen is transported in blood.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Carbon monoxide binds strongly to haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin. This leaves less haemoglobin available to carry oxygen, reducing oxygen transport in the blood."},{"text":"

Binds plasma proteins, forming carboxyhaemoglobin.
Less oxygen is transported in blood.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The reduction in oxygen transport is correctly identified, but carbon monoxide binds haemoglobin, not general plasma proteins. This forms carboxyhaemoglobin and reduces oxygen carriage."},{"text":"

Binds haemoglobin, forming oxyhaemoglobin.
More oxygen is transported in blood.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxyhaemoglobin forms when oxygen binds haemoglobin, whereas carbon monoxide forms carboxyhaemoglobin. This prevents oxygen binding effectively, so less oxygen is transported."},{"text":"

Breaks down haemoglobin, forming carboxyhaemoglobin.
Less oxygen is transported in blood.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon monoxide does not break down haemoglobin; it binds to it and forms carboxyhaemoglobin. That binding leaves less haemoglobin available for oxygen transport."}]},{"id":"5bf5789f-3917-4594-b476-4705604c90ce","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A greenhouse gas absorbs [ ] emitted from [ ].","back":"A greenhouse gas absorbs long-wave infrared radiation emitted from Earth's surface.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A greenhouse gas absorbs long-wave infrared radiation emitted from Earth's surface.","correct":true,"explanation":"Earth's surface emits long-wave infrared radiation after absorbing energy from the Sun. Greenhouse gases absorb some of this radiation, contributing to warming of the atmosphere."},{"text":"A greenhouse gas absorbs short-wave ultraviolet radiation emitted from Earth's surface.","correct":false,"explanation":"Earth's surface mainly emits long-wave infrared radiation, not short-wave ultraviolet radiation. Greenhouse gases absorb outgoing long-wave infrared radiation, producing the greenhouse effect."},{"text":"A greenhouse gas absorbs long-wave infrared radiation emitted from the Sun.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Sun mainly emits short-wave radiation, while Earth's warmed surface emits long-wave infrared radiation. Greenhouse gases absorb the radiation emitted from Earth's surface."},{"text":"A greenhouse gas absorbs short-wave infrared radiation emitted from the atmosphere.","correct":false,"explanation":"The key radiation is long-wave infrared radiation emitted by Earth's surface. Confusing short-wave radiation or the atmosphere with the surface gives the wrong description of the greenhouse effect."}]},{"id":"3634e5a6-5d29-4470-8507-092cfb05711f","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Name three greenhouse gases from the specification.","back":"Any three: water vapour, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, CFCs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Any three: water vapour, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, CFCs.","correct":true,"explanation":"These are all greenhouse gases named in the specification. Any three of them are acceptable because they absorb outgoing infrared radiation and contribute to the greenhouse effect."},{"text":"Any three: oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, helium, argon.","correct":false,"explanation":"These gases are not the specified greenhouse gases; most do not absorb infrared radiation significantly. The correct choices come from water vapour, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and CFCs."},{"text":"Any three: water vapour, oxygen, methane, nitrogen, ozone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water vapour and methane are greenhouse gases, but oxygen and nitrogen are not specified greenhouse gases here. Three valid choices must be selected only from the specification list."},{"text":"Any three: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, methane, ammonia.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide and methane are valid, but carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and ammonia are not the specified answers. The response must contain three gases from the recognised greenhouse-gas list."}]},{"id":"a12c15f5-6d7c-4b38-9e98-e5d03e7d2d6e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does burning fossil fuels increase the enhanced greenhouse effect?","back":"It releases carbon dioxide, increasing greenhouse gas concentration.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It releases carbon dioxide, increasing greenhouse gas concentration.","correct":true,"explanation":"Burning fossil fuels oxidises carbon in the fuel to carbon dioxide. This increases the concentration of greenhouse gases, so more outgoing infrared radiation is absorbed and the enhanced greenhouse effect increases."},{"text":"It releases oxygen, decreasing greenhouse gas concentration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Combustion uses oxygen rather than releasing it as the relevant greenhouse gas. The correct explanation is that burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, increasing greenhouse-gas concentration."},{"text":"It removes carbon dioxide, decreasing greenhouse gas concentration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Burning fossil fuels does not remove carbon dioxide; it produces it from carbon in the fuel. The resulting increase in concentration strengthens the enhanced greenhouse effect."},{"text":"It releases water vapour, preventing infrared absorption.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water vapour can act as a greenhouse gas, but fossil-fuel combustion mainly matters here because it adds carbon dioxide. Greenhouse gases increase infrared absorption rather than prevent it."}]},{"id":"b040204a-8eab-4c8b-86e5-9819cdcda7b1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Name one human source of methane from the notes.","back":"Cattle farming, rice fields or landfill sites.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cattle farming, rice fields or landfill sites.","correct":true,"explanation":"Methane is produced by anaerobic microorganisms in the digestive systems of cattle, waterlogged rice fields and oxygen-poor landfill conditions. Each is an accepted human source."},{"text":"Solar panels, wind turbines or hydroelectric dams.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are renewable energy technologies and are not the methane sources required here. Accepted examples include cattle farming, rice fields and landfill sites."},{"text":"Forest growth, ocean waves or glacier melting.","correct":false,"explanation":"These processes are not recognised human sources of methane in the notes. Methane sources include anaerobic decomposition or digestion associated with cattle, rice fields and landfill."},{"text":"Car exhausts, coal mines or volcanic eruptions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Coal mining can release methane, but car exhausts and volcanic eruptions are not the specified answer set here. The expected examples are cattle farming, rice fields or landfill sites."}]},{"id":"cd9ae293-892f-4e04-95cc-2e26ff1c2b4e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do extra greenhouse gases raise global temperature?","back":"

Absorb more infrared radiation.
Re-radiate some back towards Earth.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Absorb more infrared radiation.
Re-radiate some back towards Earth.

","correct":true,"explanation":"A higher greenhouse-gas concentration means more outgoing infrared radiation is absorbed. Some of this energy is then re-radiated towards Earth, reducing heat loss and raising temperature."},{"text":"

Reflect more visible radiation.
Re-radiate some away from Earth.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The key radiation is infrared, not visible, and re-radiation towards Earth increases warming. Extra greenhouse gases therefore absorb more infrared and send some back towards Earth."},{"text":"

Absorb more ultraviolet radiation.
Re-radiate all back towards Earth.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Greenhouse gases mainly absorb infrared rather than ultraviolet radiation, and they re-radiate only some energy back. The correct mechanism involves more infrared absorption followed by partial return radiation."},{"text":"

Transmit more infrared radiation.
Store none back towards Earth.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Allowing more infrared radiation to escape would reduce warming. Extra greenhouse gases absorb more infrared and re-radiate some of it back towards Earth, trapping additional energy."}]},{"id":"46e53ba2-333b-4a7a-bfb0-4b51bc74592f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Global warming is an increase in the [ ] of Earth's [ ].","back":"Global warming is an increase in the mean temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Global warming is an increase in the mean temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans.","correct":true,"explanation":"Global warming refers to a long-term increase in the mean temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans. Both the average temperature and the two specified parts of Earth are required."},{"text":"Global warming is an increase in the maximum temperature of Earth's land surfaces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using the maximum temperature focuses on extremes rather than the overall average, and land surfaces alone are incomplete. The correct definition uses mean temperature of the atmosphere and oceans."},{"text":"Global warming is an increase in the mean temperature of Earth's lithosphere and atmosphere.","correct":false,"explanation":"The lithosphere is not the second part named in this definition. Global warming is an increase in the mean temperature of the atmosphere and oceans."},{"text":"Global warming is an increase in the mean rainfall of Earth's atmosphere and oceans.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rainfall is a measure of precipitation, not temperature, so it cannot define global warming. The correct term is mean temperature, referring to Earth's atmosphere and oceans."}]},{"id":"a8c5e416-4e3c-438c-88e9-67b78d00034b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How can global warming affect species distribution?","back":"Species move to areas with suitable temperatures.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Species move to areas with suitable temperatures.","correct":true,"explanation":"As temperatures change, conditions may become unsuitable in a species’ original range. If possible, individuals move to areas where temperatures remain within their tolerance range."},{"text":"Species remain in all areas despite unsuitable temperatures.","correct":false,"explanation":"Species cannot necessarily survive everywhere when temperatures become unsuitable. The expected effect is movement to areas with suitable temperatures, although some species may fail to migrate."},{"text":"Species move to areas with lower oxygen concentrations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperature suitability, not oxygen concentration, is the key factor described here. Species may shift their distribution towards areas where temperatures are suitable for survival and reproduction."},{"text":"Species become restricted to areas with no temperature variation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Species are not expected to require areas with no temperature variation. Global warming can shift their ranges towards locations that provide suitable temperatures, often towards cooler regions."}]},{"id":"a92ab879-6185-4e50-8792-cbb369351082","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Why can sewage pollution kill aquatic animals?","back":"

Organic matter feeds decomposer microorganisms.
Aerobic respiration uses dissolved oxygen.
Low oxygen kills aquatic animals.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Organic matter feeds decomposer microorganisms.
Aerobic respiration uses dissolved oxygen.
Low oxygen kills aquatic animals.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Sewage contains organic matter that supports decomposers. Their aerobic respiration removes dissolved oxygen from the water, and the resulting low oxygen concentration can kill aquatic animals."},{"text":"

Organic matter kills decomposer microorganisms.
Anaerobic respiration produces dissolved oxygen.
High oxygen kills aquatic animals.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Decomposers use sewage as a food source, while aerobic respiration consumes dissolved oxygen. Aquatic animals are threatened by low oxygen, not high oxygen, so the correct chain uses those terms."},{"text":"

Mineral ions feed decomposer microorganisms.
Photosynthesis uses dissolved oxygen.
Low oxygen kills aquatic animals.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The main food source for decomposers in sewage is organic matter, and aerobic respiration consumes oxygen. Photosynthesis generally produces oxygen rather than using it in this process."},{"text":"

Organic matter feeds decomposer microorganisms.
Aerobic respiration produces dissolved oxygen.
High oxygen kills aquatic animals.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Aerobic respiration uses dissolved oxygen rather than producing it. The resulting low oxygen concentration, not high oxygen, is what can cause aquatic animals to die."}]},{"id":"949866f1-9012-4549-b236-4507212b0714","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Biological oxygen demand is the amount of [ ] needed by microorganisms to break down [ ].","back":"Biological oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen needed by microorganisms to break down organic matter.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Biological oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen needed by microorganisms to break down organic matter.","correct":true,"explanation":"Biological oxygen demand measures the amount of dissolved oxygen microorganisms require to decompose organic matter. A higher demand indicates greater potential oxygen depletion and pollution."},{"text":"Biological oxygen demand is the amount of carbon dioxide needed by microorganisms to break down organic matter.","correct":false,"explanation":"Microorganisms use oxygen during aerobic decomposition, not carbon dioxide. The correct definition measures oxygen needed to break down organic matter."},{"text":"Biological oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen needed by microorganisms to produce mineral ions.","correct":false,"explanation":"The measurement concerns decomposition of organic matter, not the production of mineral ions. Oxygen is the correct first term, but the material being broken down is organic matter."},{"text":"Biological oxygen demand is the amount of nitrate ions needed by microorganisms to break down inorganic salts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biological oxygen demand is specifically based on oxygen consumption during decomposition of organic matter. Nitrate ions and inorganic salts do not describe the definition."}]},{"id":"ad8e19c7-e1d6-43a5-aba7-c6cab0a43299","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do fertiliser mineral ions reach rivers and lakes?","back":"They are leached: dissolved in rainwater and washed from soil.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are leached: dissolved in rainwater and washed from soil.","correct":true,"explanation":"Soluble fertiliser ions dissolve in rainwater and are carried down through the soil into drainage water, which eventually enters rivers and lakes. This process is called leaching."},{"text":"They are evaporated: converted into vapour and carried from soil.","correct":false,"explanation":"Evaporation removes water as vapour but leaves dissolved mineral ions behind. The ions reach rivers and lakes through leaching, when rainwater dissolves and washes them from the soil."},{"text":"They are transpired: absorbed by roots and released from leaves.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transpiration moves water through plants and releases water vapour from leaves; it does not transport fertiliser ions to lakes. The ions are leached from soil by rainwater."},{"text":"They are condensed: changed into droplets and deposited on soil.","correct":false,"explanation":"Condensation changes water vapour into liquid water and does not remove ions from soil. Fertiliser ions are dissolved by rainwater and leached into waterways."}]},{"id":"f5f2bd15-c6ae-4605-b411-1146c006bae5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Eutrophication is enrichment of water with [ ], causing excessive growth of [ ].","back":"Eutrophication is enrichment of water with mineral ions, causing excessive growth of algae and aquatic plants.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Eutrophication is enrichment of water with mineral ions, causing excessive growth of algae and aquatic plants.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fertiliser-derived mineral ions, particularly nitrates and phosphates, enrich the water. These nutrients stimulate rapid growth of algae and aquatic plants, producing a bloom."},{"text":"Eutrophication is enrichment of water with oxygen, causing excessive growth of fish and amphibians.","correct":false,"explanation":"Eutrophication does not begin with oxygen enrichment or excessive fish growth. It begins when mineral ions enter water and stimulate excessive growth of algae and aquatic plants."},{"text":"Eutrophication is enrichment of water with organic matter, causing excessive growth of decomposers and detritivores.","correct":false,"explanation":"Organic matter can increase decomposition, but this does not define eutrophication. Eutrophication is mineral-ion enrichment that causes algae and aquatic plants to grow excessively."},{"text":"Eutrophication is enrichment of water with mineral ions, causing excessive growth of bacteria and fungi.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mineral ions initially promote producers, not decomposers. Algae and aquatic plants grow excessively first; decomposer populations rise later as this plant material dies."}]},{"id":"8437c019-9bc1-44b0-bbcd-03b25f3da1e9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In eutrophication, why do submerged plants die after an algal bloom?","back":"The bloom blocks light, so photosynthesis is insufficient.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The bloom blocks light, so photosynthesis is insufficient.","correct":true,"explanation":"A dense algal bloom prevents enough light from reaching submerged plants. Their photosynthesis rate becomes too low to maintain their cells, so they eventually die."},{"text":"The bloom reflects heat, so respiration is insufficient.","correct":false,"explanation":"An algal bloom reduces rather than increases light penetration through the water. Submerged plants die because blocked light makes their rate of photosynthesis insufficient."},{"text":"The bloom removes chlorophyll, so photosynthesis is impossible.","correct":false,"explanation":"Submerged plants do not die because their chlorophyll is removed. The algal layer blocks incoming light, preventing them from photosynthesising quickly enough to survive."},{"text":"The bloom removes minerals, so nutrient uptake is insufficient.","correct":false,"explanation":"Excess mineral ions cause the bloom and are not removed by it quickly enough to explain plant death. The bloom blocks light, making submerged plants photosynthesise insufficiently."}]},{"id":"43d2cdaf-63fa-4e51-a8ad-02db9fc820f2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In eutrophication, why does dissolved oxygen fall?","back":"Decomposers break down dead plants and algae aerobically.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Decomposers break down dead plants and algae aerobically.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bacteria and fungi decompose the large quantity of dead organic material. Their aerobic respiration uses dissolved oxygen, so the oxygen concentration in the water falls."},{"text":"Producers break down dead plants and algae aerobically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Producers make organic material rather than decomposing dead organisms. Bacterial and fungal decomposers break down the dead biomass and consume dissolved oxygen through aerobic respiration."},{"text":"Decomposers break down dead plants and algae anaerobically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Decomposition does occur, but anaerobic respiration does not consume dissolved oxygen. The oxygen decrease results mainly from decomposers breaking down dead biomass aerobically."},{"text":"Decomposers break down dead plants and algae photosynthetically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis releases oxygen rather than lowering its concentration, and decomposers do not photosynthesise. Their aerobic respiration while breaking down dead biomass consumes the dissolved oxygen."}]},{"id":"13323eaf-5b2b-4330-8c96-60da2f20625e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does deforestation increase soil erosion?","back":"

More rain hits soil directly.
Fewer roots hold topsoil together.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

More rain hits soil directly.
Fewer roots hold topsoil together.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The canopy normally intercepts rainfall, while roots bind soil particles together. Removing trees exposes the ground to direct rain and leaves fewer roots to stabilise topsoil."},{"text":"

Less rain hits soil directly.
More roots hold topsoil together.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Deforestation exposes rather than shelters the soil, and it reduces the number of roots. More rain hits bare ground directly, while fewer roots hold the topsoil together."},{"text":"

Less rain hits soil directly.
Fewer roots loosen deeper bedrock.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing the tree canopy increases the impact of rainfall on soil rather than reducing it. Root loss also weakens the soil, allowing topsoil to be washed away more easily."},{"text":"

More shade dries soil rapidly.
More roots loosen topsoil particles.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Root networks generally stabilise soil rather than loosening it, and deforestation removes those roots. Erosion rises because direct rainfall strikes exposed soil and fewer roots bind it."}]},{"id":"022f79a5-e5fd-4981-aa27-784a4a9b1deb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can deforestation make the local climate drier?","back":"Less transpiration reduces cloud formation and rainfall.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Less transpiration reduces cloud formation and rainfall.","correct":true,"explanation":"Trees release water vapour through transpiration. With fewer trees, less water enters the atmosphere, reducing cloud formation and therefore decreasing local rainfall."},{"text":"More transpiration reduces cloud formation and rainfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deforestation causes less, not more, transpiration because fewer leaves remain. This reduces atmospheric water vapour, cloud formation and local rainfall, making conditions drier."},{"text":"More respiration reduces cloud formation and rainfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration releases some water, so increased respiration would not directly explain reduced cloud formation. Deforestation lowers transpiration, meaning less water vapour is available for clouds and rain."},{"text":"More condensation reduces cloud formation and rainfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"Condensation forms clouds rather than reducing them, and deforestation does not dry the climate by increasing condensation. Fewer trees means less transpiration, cloud formation and rainfall."}]},{"id":"982e8890-808a-45bd-84c5-8cb725d08f14","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can deforestation increase atmospheric carbon dioxide?","back":"

Less photosynthesis removes less carbon dioxide.
Burning or decomposition releases carbon dioxide.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Less photosynthesis removes less carbon dioxide.
Burning or decomposition releases carbon dioxide.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Removing trees reduces carbon dioxide uptake by photosynthesis. Carbon stored in felled trees is also released when wood is burned or decomposed by microorganisms."},{"text":"

More photosynthesis removes more carbon dioxide.
Burning or decomposition absorbs carbon dioxide.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Deforestation causes less photosynthesis, not more, and combustion releases rather than absorbs carbon dioxide. Both reduced uptake and release from wood increase atmospheric carbon dioxide."},{"text":"

Less respiration removes less carbon dioxide.
Burning or decomposition stores carbon dioxide.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration releases carbon dioxide rather than removing it, while photosynthesis is the process that absorbs it. Burning or decomposition of felled wood also releases stored carbon dioxide."},{"text":"

Less transpiration removes less carbon dioxide.
Evaporation or condensation releases carbon dioxide.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Transpiration concerns water movement and does not remove atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation increases carbon dioxide through reduced photosynthesis and its release during burning or decomposition."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Human influences on the environment","title":"Human influences on the environment Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/biology/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"7098ff89-e181-52df-91b0-e69a0626e649","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]