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protein."},{"text":"A carbohydrate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbohydrates are assembled from sugar molecules rather than being directly encoded by genes. A gene contains the instructions for making a particular protein."},{"text":"A lipid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lipids are made through enzyme-controlled metabolic reactions, but they are not directly encoded by a DNA base sequence. A gene contains instructions for making a protein."},{"text":"An organelle.","correct":false,"explanation":"Organelles contain many different molecules and are not produced from the instructions in one gene. A gene provides the instructions for making a particular protein."}]},{"id":"964d286e-ddf1-46e7-955c-c936d70e0b18","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Insulin is a [ ] that helps control [ ].","back":"Insulin is a protein hormone that helps control blood glucose concentration.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Insulin is a protein hormone that helps control blood glucose concentration.","correct":true,"explanation":"Insulin is a protein hormone released by the pancreas. It regulates blood glucose concentration by promoting glucose uptake and its conversion to glycogen."},{"text":"Insulin is a protein hormone that helps control blood pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing insulin with hormones involved in circulation gives the wrong controlled variable. Insulin is a protein hormone that helps control blood glucose concentration."},{"text":"Insulin is a digestive enzyme that helps control blood glucose concentration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Insulin affects blood glucose, but it does not catalyse digestion like an enzyme. It is a protein hormone that helps control blood glucose concentration."},{"text":"Insulin is a lipid hormone that helps control body temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"Insulin is neither lipid-based nor responsible for thermoregulation. It is a protein hormone released by the pancreas to help control blood glucose concentration."}]},{"id":"d9863ee2-6e43-4b9e-9bed-5059c84cd39f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Genetic modification often inserts a [ ] into an organism's [ ].","back":"Genetic modification often inserts a useful gene into an organism's DNA.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Genetic modification often inserts a useful gene into an organism's DNA.","correct":true,"explanation":"Genetic modification changes an organism's genetic material by inserting a useful gene into its DNA, allowing the organism to express a desired characteristic."},{"text":"Genetic modification often inserts a useful protein into an organism's DNA.","correct":false,"explanation":"Proteins cannot be inserted into DNA as genetic instructions. Genetic modification inserts a useful gene, whose base sequence can then direct production of a protein."},{"text":"Genetic modification often inserts a useful gene into an organism's cell membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cell membrane controls movement into and out of the cell but does not store inherited instructions. A useful gene must be inserted into the organism's DNA."},{"text":"Genetic modification often inserts a complete chromosome into an organism's protein.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genetic engineering does not normally place whole chromosomes inside proteins. It inserts a selected useful gene into an organism's DNA so the gene can be expressed."}]},{"id":"f44db287-c677-4a98-8388-585bfcf50888","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which enzyme cuts DNA at a specific base sequence?","back":"A restriction enzyme.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A restriction enzyme.","correct":true,"explanation":"A restriction enzyme recognises a particular DNA base sequence and cuts the DNA at or near that sequence, often producing sticky ends."},{"text":"A ligase enzyme.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ligase joins DNA fragments by sealing their sugar-phosphate backbones rather than cutting them. A restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a specific base sequence."},{"text":"A polymerase enzyme.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA polymerase builds a new DNA strand by adding complementary nucleotides; it does not make sequence-specific cuts. That cutting is performed by a restriction enzyme."},{"text":"A helicase enzyme.","correct":false,"explanation":"Helicase separates DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds during replication, but it does not cut the DNA backbone at specific sequences. A restriction enzyme does this."}]},{"id":"9afeb349-7f6b-47ae-af92-894e55e3c09a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which enzyme joins DNA pieces by forming bonds in the DNA backbone?","back":"A ligase enzyme.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A ligase enzyme.","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA ligase joins DNA pieces by forming phosphodiester bonds in the sugar-phosphate backbone, sealing gaps after complementary ends have lined up."},{"text":"A restriction enzyme.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restriction enzymes cut DNA at particular recognition sequences rather than sealing fragments together. DNA ligase forms bonds in the backbone to join DNA pieces."},{"text":"A polymerase enzyme.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA polymerase adds nucleotides while copying DNA, which can be confused with joining. DNA ligase specifically seals separate DNA pieces by bonding their backbones."},{"text":"A helicase enzyme.","correct":false,"explanation":"Helicase unwinds DNA and separates its strands rather than joining fragments. DNA ligase forms bonds in the DNA backbone to connect separate DNA pieces."}]},{"id":"ae8571a8-e28d-450e-81d9-7577294b760c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What do sticky ends help DNA pieces do before ligase joins them?","back":"They help matching pieces line up.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They help matching pieces line up.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sticky ends contain exposed complementary bases. These bases pair by hydrogen bonding, helping matching DNA pieces line up correctly before ligase seals their backbones."},{"text":"They help matching pieces separate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sticky ends promote temporary attachment rather than separation because their complementary bases pair. They help matching DNA pieces line up before ligase joins the backbones."},{"text":"They help DNA strands unwind.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA strands are unwound by helicase during replication, not by sticky ends. Sticky ends base-pair with complementary ends so matching DNA pieces line up."},{"text":"They help plasmids copy themselves.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plasmid replication depends on cellular replication machinery, not on sticky ends. Sticky ends allow complementary DNA fragments to line up before ligase joins them."}]},{"id":"68b77f74-393c-4337-b1fe-33c7b8889911","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the same restriction enzyme usually used on a gene and a plasmid?","back":"It creates compatible cut ends, so the gene can fit.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It creates compatible cut ends, so the gene can fit.","correct":true,"explanation":"Using the same restriction enzyme produces complementary sticky ends on the gene and plasmid. These ends can pair, allowing ligase to join the gene into the plasmid."},{"text":"It creates incompatible cut ends, so the gene can fit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Incompatible ends would prevent the gene and plasmid from pairing. The same restriction enzyme is used because it creates compatible cut ends that fit together."},{"text":"It creates identical DNA copies, so the gene can fit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restriction enzymes cut DNA rather than copying it. Using the same enzyme creates compatible cut ends on the gene and plasmid, allowing them to fit together."},{"text":"It creates sealed DNA backbones, so the gene can fit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sealing DNA backbones is the role of ligase, not a restriction enzyme. The same restriction enzyme creates compatible cut ends on the gene and plasmid."}]},{"id":"249a8f86-56aa-4531-a0fe-5103327948b2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A plasmid is a [ ] piece of DNA found in [ ].","back":"A plasmid is a small circular piece of DNA found in bacteria.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A plasmid is a small circular piece of DNA found in bacteria.","correct":true,"explanation":"A plasmid is a small circular DNA molecule found separately from the main bacterial chromosome. It can replicate independently and is often used as a vector."},{"text":"A plasmid is a small circular piece of DNA found in animal nuclei.","correct":false,"explanation":"Animal nuclear DNA is organised into linear chromosomes rather than naturally occurring plasmids. A plasmid is a small circular piece of DNA found in bacteria."},{"text":"A plasmid is a long linear piece of DNA found in bacteria.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses plasmids with the usual shape of eukaryotic chromosomes. In the standard IGCSE model, a plasmid is a small circular piece of bacterial DNA."},{"text":"A plasmid is a protein-coated piece of DNA found in viruses.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes features associated with a viral particle rather than a plasmid. A plasmid is a small circular piece of DNA found in bacteria."}]},{"id":"93c78b8a-491a-4c33-be01-87b072c4eccb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Which two examples of vectors are important in IGCSE genetic engineering?","back":"

Plasmids
Viruses

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Plasmids
Viruses

","correct":true,"explanation":"Plasmids can carry inserted genes into bacteria, while modified viruses can deliver genetic material into host cells. Both therefore act as vectors in genetic engineering."},{"text":"

Restriction enzymes
Ligase

","correct":false,"explanation":"Restriction enzymes and ligase are enzymes used to cut and join DNA, not vectors that carry genes. The important vector examples are plasmids and viruses."},{"text":"

Chromosomes
Ribosomes

","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosomes store genetic information and ribosomes make proteins, but neither is normally used as a gene-transfer vector. The key examples are plasmids and viruses."},{"text":"

Antibodies
Hormones

","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies are immune proteins and hormones are chemical messengers, so they do not carry genes between cells. Plasmids and viruses are the relevant genetic-engineering vectors."}]},{"id":"5c9a7582-170d-4fcc-95fc-8c1c843cdfd5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In gene transfer, the vector is the [ ]; the useful gene is the [ ].","back":"In gene transfer, the vector is the carrier; the useful gene is the message being carried.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In gene transfer, the vector is the carrier; the useful gene is the message being carried.","correct":true,"explanation":"A vector, such as a plasmid or virus, transports a useful gene into a cell. It is therefore the carrier, while the gene represents the message being carried."},{"text":"In gene transfer, the vector is the message being carried; the useful gene is the carrier.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the analogy: the vector transports genetic material rather than being transported. The vector is the carrier, while the useful gene is the message being carried."},{"text":"In gene transfer, the vector is the cutting tool; the useful gene is the joining tool.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cutting and joining describe the roles of restriction enzymes and ligase, not the vector and gene. The vector is the carrier, and the useful gene is its message."},{"text":"In gene transfer, the vector is the receiving cell; the useful gene is the carrier.","correct":false,"explanation":"The vector is not the destination cell; it transports the gene into that cell. The correct analogy identifies the vector as the carrier and the useful gene as the message."}]},{"id":"07eb67c6-a114-4640-82d9-ed5b800c64fa","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can viruses act as vectors?","back":"They naturally insert genetic material into host cells.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They naturally insert genetic material into host cells.","correct":true,"explanation":"Viruses naturally transfer their genetic material into host cells during infection. Scientists can modify them to carry a chosen gene instead, making them effective vectors."},{"text":"They naturally produce circular plasmids inside host cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Viruses do not naturally manufacture plasmids in infected cells. They can act as vectors because they naturally insert genetic material into host cells."},{"text":"They naturally divide very rapidly inside host cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rapid cell division is a useful characteristic of bacteria, whereas viruses cannot divide independently. Viruses are vectors because they naturally insert genetic material into host cells."},{"text":"They naturally synthesise useful proteins inside host cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protein synthesis is performed by host-cell ribosomes, not naturally by viruses themselves. Viruses serve as vectors because they insert genetic material into host cells."}]},{"id":"cb313266-49d0-4e2a-b835-360d635f4be6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is a plasmid containing the human insulin gene called recombinant DNA?","back":"It contains DNA from different sources.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It contains DNA from different sources.","correct":true,"explanation":"The recombinant plasmid combines bacterial plasmid DNA with the inserted human insulin gene. Because these DNA sections originated from different sources, the resulting molecule is recombinant DNA."},{"text":"It contains DNA from the same source.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA originating from one source alone is not recombinant. The plasmid is recombinant because it combines bacterial plasmid DNA with a human gene from a different source."},{"text":"It contains DNA in many identical copies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being copied many times does not make DNA recombinant. Recombinant DNA is formed by joining DNA from different sources, such as human and bacterial DNA."},{"text":"It contains DNA in a circular shape.","correct":false,"explanation":"A plasmid's circular shape does not determine whether it is recombinant. It becomes recombinant when DNA from a different source is inserted into it."}]},{"id":"86582f5d-e982-4c20-9f23-350f96a13e48","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which feature of bacteria helps insulin-producing cells increase rapidly?","back":"They reproduce quickly by cell division.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They reproduce quickly by cell division.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bacteria can divide at short intervals under suitable conditions, rapidly increasing the population. Each genetically modified daughter cell can carry the insulin gene and produce insulin."},{"text":"They contain plasmids inside their cytoplasm.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plasmids help bacteria carry and replicate inserted genes, but their presence does not directly increase cell numbers. Rapid reproduction by cell division produces many insulin-making cells."},{"text":"They absorb nutrients quickly by diffusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion moves substances across membranes but does not create additional bacterial cells. Their numbers increase rapidly because they reproduce quickly through cell division."},{"text":"They grow much larger by cell division.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cell division increases the number of bacteria rather than making each bacterium much larger. Rapid reproduction by cell division produces a large population of insulin-producing cells."}]},{"id":"d7bae7b9-3b06-47fd-8b87-2f5b0841454b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How is the human insulin gene removed from human DNA?","back":"It is cut out using a restriction enzyme.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is cut out using a restriction enzyme.","correct":true,"explanation":"Restriction enzymes recognise specific base sequences and cut the DNA at those sites. A suitable restriction enzyme can therefore remove the human insulin gene from surrounding DNA."},{"text":"It is cut out using a ligase enzyme.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ligase joins DNA fragments by forming bonds in the sugar-phosphate backbone; it does not cut out genes. A restriction enzyme is used to remove the insulin gene."},{"text":"It is cut out using a DNA polymerase.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA polymerase builds new DNA strands during replication and related processes rather than cutting at specific sequences. The insulin gene is removed using a restriction enzyme."},{"text":"It is cut out using an amylase enzyme.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amylase digests starch and has no role in cutting DNA. A restriction enzyme recognises particular DNA sequences and cuts out the required insulin gene."}]},{"id":"d9f49b45-8598-4b73-b23e-e0db8d60c521","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"After the insulin gene is inserted into a plasmid, what enzyme forms the recombinant plasmid?","back":"Ligase joins the insulin gene into the plasmid.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ligase joins the insulin gene into the plasmid.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ligase seals breaks in the DNA sugar-phosphate backbone, joining the insulin gene to the cut plasmid. This produces the recombinant plasmid."},{"text":"Restriction enzyme joins the insulin gene into the plasmid.","correct":false,"explanation":"A restriction enzyme cuts DNA at particular recognition sequences; it does not seal the inserted gene into the plasmid. Ligase joins the DNA fragments to form recombinant DNA."},{"text":"DNA polymerase joins the insulin gene into the plasmid.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA polymerase synthesises DNA strands rather than sealing an inserted gene into a plasmid. Ligase forms bonds that join the insulin gene and plasmid DNA."},{"text":"Helicase joins the insulin gene into the plasmid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Helicase separates DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds during DNA replication; it does not join DNA fragments. Ligase joins the insulin gene into the plasmid."}]},{"id":"3a852198-3ca0-4d8e-ae2f-5e695e86a656","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can genetically modified bacteria produce human insulin?","back":"The inserted human insulin gene gives insulin-making instructions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The inserted human insulin gene gives insulin-making instructions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Genes provide instructions for making proteins. Once bacteria receive the human insulin gene, their protein-synthesis machinery can follow its base sequence to produce human insulin."},{"text":"The inserted human growth hormone gene gives insulin-making instructions.","correct":false,"explanation":"A human growth hormone gene contains instructions for growth hormone, not insulin. Bacteria produce insulin because the inserted human insulin gene carries the required instructions."},{"text":"The inserted DNA ligase enzyme gives insulin-making instructions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ligase is an enzyme used to join DNA and is not a gene containing protein-making instructions. The inserted human insulin gene provides the code for insulin."},{"text":"The inserted bacterial insulin gene gives insulin-making instructions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bacteria do not naturally possess a bacterial insulin gene because they do not make insulin. Production becomes possible after insertion of the human insulin gene."}]},{"id":"5560ebfb-5b78-4758-b25f-50e18bc1ce81","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A fermenter grows microorganisms on a [ ] under [ ].","back":"A fermenter grows microorganisms on a large scale under controlled conditions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A fermenter grows microorganisms on a large scale under controlled conditions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fermenters are designed to culture large populations of microorganisms while factors such as temperature, pH, oxygen and nutrient availability are carefully controlled."},{"text":"A fermenter grows microorganisms on a small scale under controlled conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Industrial fermenters are used for large-scale production, not small-scale culture. Controlled conditions maximise microorganism growth and the yield of the desired product."},{"text":"A fermenter grows microorganisms on a large scale under uncontrolled conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Uncontrolled conditions would allow temperature, pH or oxygen levels to become unsuitable. Fermenters grow microorganisms on a large scale under controlled conditions."},{"text":"A fermenter grows microorganisms on a small scale under uncontrolled conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both defining features of industrial fermentation. Microorganisms are grown on a large scale, with environmental conditions monitored and controlled."}]},{"id":"65a6f2f9-e0ec-4131-910a-293157a34119","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why are sterile conditions used in a fermenter?","back":"To prevent contamination.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To prevent contamination.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sterile conditions stop unwanted microorganisms entering the fermenter, where they could compete for nutrients, spoil the product or produce harmful substances."},{"text":"To increase oxygen supply.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is supplied by aeration rather than sterilisation. Sterile conditions prevent contaminating microorganisms from competing with the desired culture or spoiling its product."},{"text":"To control the temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperature is maintained using heating or cooling systems, not sterile technique. Sterile conditions are used to prevent unwanted microorganisms contaminating the culture."},{"text":"To provide extra nutrients.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nutrients are provided in the culture medium rather than by sterilisation. Sterile conditions prevent other microorganisms from entering and competing for those nutrients."}]},{"id":"ff874f33-f4f2-447c-8064-2163e2faadd0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An organism is transgenic if genetic material moves from one [ ] to a [ ].","back":"An organism is transgenic if genetic material moves from one species to a different species.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An organism is transgenic if genetic material moves from one species to a different species.","correct":true,"explanation":"A transgenic organism contains genetic material transferred from another species, such as a bacterium carrying a human gene or a crop carrying a bacterial gene."},{"text":"An organism is transgenic if genetic material moves from one species to a same species.","correct":false,"explanation":"Movement of genetic material within the same species occurs during ordinary reproduction and does not make an organism transgenic. The material must come from a different species."},{"text":"An organism is transgenic if genetic material moves from one organism to a different organism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genes naturally pass between individual organisms during reproduction, including individuals of the same species. Transgenic specifically describes transfer of genetic material between different species."},{"text":"An organism is transgenic if genetic material moves from one chromosome to a different chromosome.","correct":false,"explanation":"Movement between chromosomes can occur through processes such as crossing over or mutation without creating a transgenic organism. Transgenic transfer occurs between different species."}]},{"id":"ac35ea3e-f0e5-412b-9c9d-c10db8d93906","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can insect pest resistance increase crop yield?","back":"

Less leaf damage, so more photosynthesis occurs.
More glucose makes biomass for harvest.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Less leaf damage, so more photosynthesis occurs.
More glucose makes biomass for harvest.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Resistance reduces feeding damage to leaves, preserving the surface area available for photosynthesis. The additional glucose produced can be converted into harvestable biomass."},{"text":"

Herbicide kills weeds, so more photosynthesis occurs.
Less competition makes biomass for harvest.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Herbicides target weeds, whereas insect pest resistance protects crops from insect feeding. The correct mechanism is reduced leaf damage, allowing more photosynthesis and biomass production."},{"text":"

More leaf damage, so more photosynthesis occurs.
More glucose is lost from the harvest.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater leaf damage reduces photosynthetic surface area rather than increasing photosynthesis. Pest resistance causes less damage, so more glucose is available to make harvestable biomass."},{"text":"

Fewer plant diseases, so more respiration occurs.
More oxygen makes biomass for harvest.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Insect pest resistance prevents damage by insects rather than directly preventing plant diseases. Biomass is built mainly from glucose produced by photosynthesis, not from oxygen."}]},{"id":"302f6aa0-3f74-4ec1-abfa-3af8f24a1483","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does herbicide tolerance improve food production?","back":"

Herbicide kills weeds while the crop survives.
Less competition for light, water, minerals and space.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Herbicide kills weeds while the crop survives.
Less competition for light, water, minerals and space.

","correct":true,"explanation":"A tolerant crop survives application of a herbicide that kills surrounding weeds. This reduces competition and leaves more resources available for crop growth."},{"text":"

Herbicide kills crops while the weeds survive.
More competition for light, water, minerals and space.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the effect of herbicide tolerance. The modified crop survives while weeds are killed, reducing competition for light, water, minerals and space."},{"text":"

Insecticide kills pests while the crop survives.
Less leaf damage for light, water, minerals and space.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Insecticides control insect pests, not weeds, and this does not describe herbicide tolerance. Tolerant crops survive herbicide treatment while competing weeds are killed."},{"text":"

Herbicide feeds crops while the weeds survive.
More minerals for light, water, minerals and space.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Herbicides kill susceptible plants rather than acting as fertilisers. Herbicide-tolerant crops survive treatment, while killed weeds no longer compete with them for resources."}]},{"id":"0d6e881a-361c-43fd-86fb-70ca7f0fa70d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"By what process can GM crop genes spread to wild plants?","back":"Pollination.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Pollination.","correct":true,"explanation":"Pollen carrying a GM allele can fertilise a sexually compatible wild relative. The resulting offspring may inherit the modified gene and spread it further."},{"text":"Mitosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitosis produces genetically identical cells within an existing organism and does not transfer genes between separate plants. GM genes can reach wild relatives through pollination."},{"text":"Germination.","correct":false,"explanation":"Germination is the growth of an embryo into a seedling, not the transfer of genes between plants. Such gene flow occurs when pollen reaches wild relatives."},{"text":"Transpiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from leaves and cannot transfer genetic material. GM genes may spread to wild plants through pollination."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Genetic modification (genetic engineering)","title":"Genetic modification (genetic engineering) Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/biology/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"412fa1c6-fdc3-5e1f-9fbf-20edcd0b3bdb","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]