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for building and repairing tissues, while its chemical energy is released through respiration to power life processes."},{"text":"Food provides chemical energy for growth and repair, and substances for life processes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical energy is not incorporated directly as material for growth and repair, while substances do not describe what powers life processes. Food provides substances for growth and chemical energy for processes."},{"text":"Food provides oxygen for growth and repair, and heat energy for life processes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is required for aerobic respiration but is not supplied as the main building material by food. Food provides substances for growth and repair and chemical energy for life processes."},{"text":"Food provides cells for growth and repair, and electrical energy for life processes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Food does not provide cells for direct incorporation into the body, and electrical energy is not its stored energy form. It supplies substances and chemical energy."}]},{"id":"5db383b2-03ef-4d31-9c8a-bd4e233c1640","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A producer makes its own food, usually by [ ], and is always [ ].","back":"A producer makes its own food, usually by photosynthesis, and is always trophic level 1.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A producer makes its own food, usually by photosynthesis, and is always trophic level 1.","correct":true,"explanation":"Producers usually manufacture glucose using light energy in photosynthesis. Because they form the base of a food chain, producers occupy trophic level 1."},{"text":"A producer makes its own food, usually by respiration, and is always trophic level 2.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration releases energy from food rather than making food, and trophic level 2 contains primary consumers. Producers usually photosynthesise and always occupy trophic level 1."},{"text":"A producer makes its own food, usually by photosynthesis, and is always trophic level 2.","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis correctly describes how most producers make food, but trophic level 2 is occupied by primary consumers. Producers form the first trophic level."},{"text":"A producer makes its own food, usually by respiration, and is always trophic level 1.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration breaks down organic molecules to release energy, so it does not normally manufacture a producer’s food. Producers usually use photosynthesis and occupy trophic level 1."}]},{"id":"6b4d9f99-f0f8-49d5-be35-c500bb57dbd0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which consumer type eats producers?","back":"A primary consumer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A primary consumer.","correct":true,"explanation":"A primary consumer feeds directly on a producer, such as when a herbivore eats a plant. It therefore occupies the trophic level immediately above producers."},{"text":"A secondary consumer.","correct":false,"explanation":"A secondary consumer eats primary consumers rather than producers directly. The consumer feeding directly on a producer is called a primary consumer."},{"text":"A tertiary consumer.","correct":false,"explanation":"A tertiary consumer feeds on secondary consumers and occurs further along a food chain. An organism that eats producers is a primary consumer."},{"text":"A quaternary consumer.","correct":false,"explanation":"A quaternary consumer feeds at a much higher trophic level rather than directly on producers. The correct term for a producer-eater is primary consumer."}]},{"id":"ced0d258-4a5b-44b2-8e53-b556afb14720","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In grass → grasshopper → frog → snake, which organism is the secondary consumer?","back":"The frog.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The frog.","correct":true,"explanation":"The grasshopper is the primary consumer because it eats the producer. The frog eats that primary consumer, making the frog the secondary consumer."},{"text":"The grasshopper.","correct":false,"explanation":"The grasshopper eats the producer directly, so it is the primary consumer rather than the secondary consumer. The frog is secondary because it eats the grasshopper."},{"text":"The snake.","correct":false,"explanation":"The snake eats the secondary consumer, the frog, so it is the tertiary consumer. The frog is the secondary consumer in this chain."},{"text":"The grass.","correct":false,"explanation":"Grass makes its own food and is therefore the producer at trophic level 1, not a consumer. The frog is the chain’s secondary consumer."}]},{"id":"72ffff21-1b78-49d8-8d98-8eca44c97147","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Decomposers act on dead material and waste from which trophic levels?","back":"All trophic levels.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"All trophic levels.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dead organisms and waste originate from producers and every level of consumers. Decomposers therefore act on material from all trophic levels in an ecosystem."},{"text":"Only trophic level 1.","correct":false,"explanation":"Decomposers do act on dead producers, but they also break down dead consumers and their waste. Their material therefore comes from all trophic levels."},{"text":"Only trophic level 2.","correct":false,"explanation":"Primary consumers provide dead material and waste, but they are not the only source. Decomposers process material originating from every trophic level."},{"text":"Only consumer trophic levels.","correct":false,"explanation":"Consumers at multiple levels produce waste and eventually die, but producers also supply dead material. Decomposers consequently act on material from all trophic levels."}]},{"id":"937c87f1-1021-42ed-9fe5-edb658ce81c6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In saprotrophic nutrition, decomposers secrete [ ] onto dead material and absorb [ ].","back":"In saprotrophic nutrition, decomposers secrete enzymes onto dead material and absorb soluble products.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In saprotrophic nutrition, decomposers secrete enzymes onto dead material and absorb soluble products.","correct":true,"explanation":"Saprotrophic decomposers release digestive enzymes outside their cells. These enzymes break large insoluble molecules into small soluble products, which can then be absorbed."},{"text":"In saprotrophic nutrition, decomposers secrete acids onto dead material and absorb insoluble products.","correct":false,"explanation":"Decomposers perform extracellular digestion using enzymes, not acids, and cannot absorb large insoluble products. Digestion produces small soluble products that cross cell membranes."},{"text":"In saprotrophic nutrition, decomposers secrete enzymes onto dead material and absorb insoluble products.","correct":false,"explanation":"Enzymes are correctly secreted for external digestion, but insoluble products cannot pass through cell membranes. Decomposers absorb the soluble products formed by digestion."},{"text":"In saprotrophic nutrition, decomposers secrete nutrients onto dead material and absorb soluble products.","correct":false,"explanation":"The absorbed material consists of soluble products, but decomposers first secrete enzymes rather than nutrients. Those enzymes digest dead material outside the organism."}]},{"id":"1d34887f-8b5f-47aa-ab97-2f69d79e7942","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What do decomposers return to the soil when recycling substances?","back":"Mineral ions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mineral ions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Decomposition converts organic material in dead organisms and waste into mineral ions. These ions return to the soil and can be absorbed by plant roots."},{"text":"Glucose molecules.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose is an organic molecule used or broken down by decomposers rather than returned to soil as the main recycled substance. Decomposition releases mineral ions."},{"text":"Protein molecules.","correct":false,"explanation":"Proteins are digested during decomposition rather than deposited intact into the soil. Their elements are ultimately released in forms including mineral ions."},{"text":"Oxygen molecules.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen may diffuse through soil but is not the recycled soil nutrient produced by decomposition. Decomposers return mineral ions that plants can absorb."}]},{"id":"c24c5e09-4514-4a60-a7ea-b6b68a0b3175","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In food chains and food webs, what direction do arrows show?","back":"Energy transfer from food to feeder.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Energy transfer from food to feeder.","correct":true,"explanation":"An arrow points from the organism being eaten to the organism that eats it, showing the direction in which chemical energy is transferred."},{"text":"Energy transfer from feeder to food.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the conventional arrow direction. Energy passes from the eaten organism, the food, to the consumer that feeds on it."},{"text":"Organism size from food to feeder.","correct":false,"explanation":"Food-chain arrows do not represent increasing organism size, because predators are not always larger than their prey. They show energy transfer from food to feeder."},{"text":"Population increase from food to feeder.","correct":false,"explanation":"Population size does not necessarily increase along a food chain and is not represented by its arrows. Arrows show energy moving from food to feeder."}]},{"id":"e1377fa3-1bbb-4932-9df9-d3b0f7d64902","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is a food web more realistic than a food chain?","back":"

Organisms may eat more than one food.
Organisms may have more than one predator.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Organisms may eat more than one food.
Organisms may have more than one predator.

","correct":true,"explanation":"A food web shows several interconnected food chains, reflecting that organisms can feed on multiple foods and be eaten by multiple predators."},{"text":"

Organisms always eat only one food.
Organisms always have only one predator.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the reason food webs are realistic: organisms often have several food sources and predators. The correct answer is that they may eat more than one food and have more than one predator."},{"text":"

Organisms may eat more than one food.
Organisms may have only one predator.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Having only one predator describes a simplified chain rather than a realistic web. The correct answer includes organisms having more than one predator as well as eating more than one food."},{"text":"

Organisms may eat only one food.
Organisms may have more than one predator.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A food web is more realistic because feeding relationships branch in both directions. Organisms may eat more than one food, not just one, and may also have more than one predator."}]},{"id":"d3b4290a-9742-4493-8b3a-74a95d750e6c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A population is all organisms of one [ ] living in a particular [ ].","back":"A population is all organisms of one species living in a particular area.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A population is all organisms of one species living in a particular area.","correct":true,"explanation":"A population consists of organisms belonging to the same species that live in the same defined area. Both the species and location are needed for the definition."},{"text":"A population is all organisms of one community living in a particular area.","correct":false,"explanation":"A community contains populations of different species, so it cannot describe the organisms in this definition. The correct term is species, meaning one type of organism living in a particular area."},{"text":"A population is all organisms of one species living in a particular habitat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Habitat means the place where an organism lives, but the definition specifically uses area for the location containing the population. The correct completed sentence uses species and area."},{"text":"A population is all organisms of one ecosystem living in a particular habitat.","correct":false,"explanation":"An ecosystem includes living organisms and non-living factors, while a habitat is the place where an organism lives. The correct definition is one species living in a particular area."}]},{"id":"09e28489-eb1c-4dac-a304-28feae3f20a4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"If foxes decrease, what may happen to rabbits they eat?","back":"Rabbits may increase due to less predation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Rabbits may increase due to less predation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fewer foxes means less predation on rabbits, so fewer rabbits are eaten. Their population may therefore increase, although other factors could also affect its size."},{"text":"Rabbits may decrease due to less predation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Less predation would not directly cause rabbit numbers to decrease; it allows more rabbits to survive. The correct answer is that rabbits may increase due to less predation."},{"text":"Rabbits may increase due to more predation.","correct":false,"explanation":"An increase in rabbits could follow reduced predation, but the stated cause is reversed here. The correct explanation is that fewer foxes mean less predation on rabbits."},{"text":"Rabbits may stay the same due to less predation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduced predation is expected to allow rabbit numbers to rise, rather than necessarily remain unchanged. The correct answer is that rabbits may increase due to less predation."}]},{"id":"c8667b5d-acbc-437a-a81e-36412abad12e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In an ecological pyramid, each bar represents a [ ] and bar width shows the [ ].","back":"In an ecological pyramid, each bar represents a trophic level and bar width shows the quantity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In an ecological pyramid, each bar represents a trophic level and bar width shows the quantity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each bar represents a feeding position, or trophic level, in the ecosystem. Its width shows the quantity being measured, such as numbers, biomass, or energy."},{"text":"In an ecological pyramid, each bar represents a species and bar width shows the quantity.","correct":false,"explanation":"A bar represents a trophic level, not one species, because it can include many organisms at the same feeding position. Bar width does show the quantity being measured."},{"text":"In an ecological pyramid, each bar represents a trophic level and bar width shows the energy loss.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bar width represents the quantity of the chosen measure, not specifically energy loss. The correct terms are trophic level and quantity, while energy loss may be one quantity shown."},{"text":"In an ecological pyramid, each bar represents a food chain and bar width shows the number of species.","correct":false,"explanation":"A pyramid displays trophic levels, and its width shows the relevant quantity, not necessarily the number of species. The correct completion is trophic level and quantity."}]},{"id":"6fe8ba4f-1c20-4fc8-919f-4a3401d85204","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a pyramid of number be misleading?","back":"It counts individuals, not their size.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It counts individuals, not their size.","correct":true,"explanation":"A pyramid of numbers treats every organism as one individual, regardless of its physical size. This can make the pyramid misleading when a few large organisms support many small ones."},{"text":"It counts species, not their number.","correct":false,"explanation":"A pyramid of numbers counts individual organisms, not species. The correct answer is that it ignores their size, so large and small organisms may appear equally important."},{"text":"It counts individuals, not their energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although energy is another possible pyramid measurement, the key limitation is that counting individuals ignores organism size. The correct answer contrasts individuals with their size."},{"text":"It counts biomass, not their size.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biomass measures the mass of living material, whereas a pyramid of numbers counts individual organisms. The correct answer is that individuals are counted rather than their size."}]},{"id":"c6d52ce7-bab9-456a-87a5-34bc855aaff1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Biomass is often measured as [ ] because [ ] varies.","back":"Biomass is often measured as dry mass because water content varies.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Biomass is often measured as dry mass because water content varies.","correct":true,"explanation":"Water content can differ greatly between organisms and samples, so it would make comparisons unreliable. Drying removes this variable and gives a more consistent measure of biomass."},{"text":"Biomass is often measured as wet mass because water content varies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wet mass includes variable amounts of water, making comparisons less reliable. The correct answer is dry mass because drying removes the effect of changing water content."},{"text":"Biomass is often measured as dry mass because energy content varies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dry mass is used to avoid variation in water content, not because energy content varies. The correct completed statement links dry mass with variable water content."},{"text":"Biomass is often measured as wet mass because energy content varies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both terms are unsuitable here: wet mass is affected by water, and energy content is not the reason for choosing the measurement. The correct answer is dry mass because water content varies."}]},{"id":"89fb14bc-b8f6-4a55-ad81-2aa6b36af9ec","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are pyramids of biomass usually pyramid-shaped?","back":"Biomass is lost at each trophic level.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Biomass is lost at each trophic level.","correct":true,"explanation":"Not all material is transferred when organisms feed: some is uneaten, undigested, or lost in waste, and some is used in respiration. Biomass therefore decreases between trophic levels."},{"text":"Energy is created at each trophic level.","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy cannot be created at trophic levels, and this does not explain biomass pyramids. Biomass is lost at each trophic level through uneaten material, waste, and respiration."},{"text":"Numbers are increased at each trophic level.","correct":false,"explanation":"The number of organisms does not necessarily increase, and numbers are not the measure in a biomass pyramid. The correct reason is that biomass is lost at each trophic level."},{"text":"Biomass is transferred completely at each trophic level.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biomass is not transferred completely because organisms leave material uneaten, excrete waste, and respire. The correct answer is that biomass is lost at each trophic level."}]},{"id":"9a61341e-5bb9-43c0-94ca-bf36f7928fca","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is a pyramid of energy transfer always upright?","back":"Energy is lost at every stage.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Energy is lost at every stage.","correct":true,"explanation":"Energy is lost at every stage, mainly through respiration as heat, as well as in waste and uneaten material. Less energy remains available at higher trophic levels, so the pyramid is upright."},{"text":"Energy is created at every stage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy cannot be created at each feeding stage; transfers are inefficient and some energy is lost. The correct answer is that energy is lost at every stage."},{"text":"Energy is gained at every stage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Organisms do not gain all the energy from the previous trophic level because energy is lost through respiration, waste, and uneaten parts. The correct answer is that energy is lost at every stage."},{"text":"Biomass is lost at every stage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biomass can be lost, but the defining reason an energy-transfer pyramid is always upright is that energy is lost at every stage. Energy decreases progressively between trophic levels."}]},{"id":"665ada99-7f9d-465b-a90f-63cc5401f483","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does respiration reduce energy transfer to the next trophic level?","back":"Respired energy is transferred as heat to the surroundings.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Respired energy is transferred as heat to the surroundings.","correct":true,"explanation":"Respiration releases energy from food, and much of this energy eventually dissipates as heat. It is therefore unavailable for building biomass at the next trophic level."},{"text":"Respired energy is stored as glucose in the organism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration breaks down glucose rather than storing energy as glucose. Respired energy is transferred as heat to the surroundings, reducing the energy available to the next trophic level."},{"text":"Respired energy is transferred as biomass to the next trophic level.","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy in biomass can pass to the next trophic level, but energy used in respiration cannot. Respired energy is transferred as heat to the surroundings."},{"text":"Respired energy is removed as faeces from the organism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Faeces contain energy lost through egestion, not respiration. Respiration reduces energy transfer because respired energy is released as heat to the surroundings."}]},{"id":"78c5cc7a-b311-4086-83d1-f230c831ef72","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does egestion reduce energy transfer to the next trophic level?","back":"Undigested food leaves as faeces.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Undigested food leaves as faeces.","correct":true,"explanation":"Egestion removes food that was not digested or absorbed, so its chemical energy remains in the faeces instead of entering the consumer’s biomass."},{"text":"Digested food leaves as faeces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Digested food is absorbed into the body rather than egested. It is undigested food that leaves as faeces, carrying energy away from the food chain."},{"text":"Undigested food leaves as urine.","correct":false,"explanation":"Urine contains metabolic waste removed by excretion, not undigested food removed by egestion. Undigested food leaves the digestive system as faeces."},{"text":"Undigested food leaves as carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration and removed through gas exchange. Undigested food is instead egested from the digestive system as faeces."}]},{"id":"d7abfe95-b753-455a-8516-12e5e827e148","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the formula for percentage energy transfer?","back":"$$$\\text{percentage transfer}=\\frac{\\text{energy in next trophic level}}{\\text{energy in previous trophic level}}\\times100$$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$$\\text{percentage transfer}=\\frac{\\text{energy in next trophic level}}{\\text{energy in previous trophic level}}\\times100$$","correct":true,"explanation":"Energy transfer efficiency compares the energy stored at the next trophic level with that stored at the previous level. Multiplying the resulting ratio by 100 converts it to a percentage."},{"text":"$$$\\text{percentage transfer}=\\frac{\\text{energy in previous trophic level}}{\\text{energy in next trophic level}}\\times100$$","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the fraction, producing an inflated value that can exceed 100%. Energy in the next trophic level must be divided by energy in the previous trophic level."},{"text":"$$$\\text{percentage transfer}=\\frac{\\text{energy in next trophic level}}{\\text{energy in previous trophic level}}\\times10$$","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying the energy ratio by 10 does not convert it into a percentage and makes the result ten times too small. A percentage requires multiplication by 100."},{"text":"$$$\\text{percentage transfer}=\\frac{\\text{energy in next trophic level}}{\\text{energy lost between trophic levels}}\\times100$$","correct":false,"explanation":"The denominator must be the total energy available at the previous trophic level, not merely the energy lost. Percentage transfer measures the fraction passed onwards."}]},{"id":"b78014df-11c2-401e-842b-076b97d37f3d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Producers store 24 000 kJ m^-2 year^-1; primary consumers store 2400 kJ m^-2 year^-1. What is the percentage transfer?","back":"10%.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"10%.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dividing 2400 by 24 000 gives 0.1. Multiplying this energy ratio by 100 converts it to a percentage transfer of 10%."},{"text":"1%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This results from misplacing the decimal point after calculating the percentage. Since $2400\\div24000=0.1$, multiplication by 100 gives 10%, not 1%."},{"text":"0.1%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats the decimal ratio 0.1 as though it were already 0.1%. The ratio must be multiplied by 100, giving a transfer of 10%."},{"text":"100%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This would mean all the producers’ energy reached the primary consumers. Only $2400\\div24000=0.1$ of it is transferred, which equals 10%."}]},{"id":"b6104f1f-7ba9-4830-b409-22b5274d40bb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do food chains rarely have more than four or five trophic levels?","back":"Too much energy is lost to support many top predators.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Too much energy is lost to support many top predators.","correct":true,"explanation":"Energy is lost at every trophic transfer through respiration, movement, excretion and egestion. Eventually too little remains to maintain viable populations of additional top predators."},{"text":"Too much energy is created to support many top predators.","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy cannot be created by organisms; it enters most food chains through sunlight captured by producers. Chains remain short because energy is lost at each transfer."},{"text":"Too little energy is lost to support many top predators.","correct":false,"explanation":"If little energy were lost, more energy would remain available and longer food chains could be supported. Food chains are limited because too much energy is lost."},{"text":"Too much energy is recycled to support many top predators.","correct":false,"explanation":"Matter can be recycled through ecosystems, but energy flows through them and is ultimately dissipated as heat. Food chains remain short because too much energy is lost."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Feeding relationships","title":"Feeding relationships Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/biology/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"5db94532-160c-5837-b354-7afa44d83273","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]