31:I[196793,["/_next/static/chunks/04dz0xqjvyj1r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/176p1wltq5_f6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1f95q9c4h-8pl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2u46tugibrk1v.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/03q735zs9dbpu.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/330aj5rw-3o2w.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xa2z7fbv2riw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/381o-754ev9ia.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2th820ily21xq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3kom3ps_bn2q6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1x_yxljsdq0vl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1xkpwfqqdrdio.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3dcuhw7_p-nlv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2a4uxh-kqx1wo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2-3hvjs177r4z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1l2yee13s4kff.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1pp_uf_jx5j9r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2b6r02yb2zswo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/422ba61wql3d7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2opkuzmjw8cxb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/34ux0fo6f-rm8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0rt2_go1it43r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v5zhouho0zlq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1gtlwpzgzi12z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2zwoemojbdlmi.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jzaxe43n3e1e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xz_lj7nwz2k-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2tgvlfspjb-j8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0pdzmybpnr872.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1zt4k83kx3bkw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/200x0be4hbjpj.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/35bn8r0ao86_s.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/120-bka6zq5lp.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181"],"Gingerbread"] 33:I[647935,["/_next/static/chunks/04dz0xqjvyj1r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/176p1wltq5_f6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1f95q9c4h-8pl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2u46tugibrk1v.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/03q735zs9dbpu.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/330aj5rw-3o2w.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xa2z7fbv2riw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/381o-754ev9ia.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2th820ily21xq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3kom3ps_bn2q6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1x_yxljsdq0vl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1xkpwfqqdrdio.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3dcuhw7_p-nlv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2a4uxh-kqx1wo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2-3hvjs177r4z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1l2yee13s4kff.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1pp_uf_jx5j9r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2b6r02yb2zswo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/422ba61wql3d7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2opkuzmjw8cxb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/34ux0fo6f-rm8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0rt2_go1it43r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v5zhouho0zlq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1gtlwpzgzi12z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2zwoemojbdlmi.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jzaxe43n3e1e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xz_lj7nwz2k-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2tgvlfspjb-j8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0pdzmybpnr872.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1zt4k83kx3bkw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/200x0be4hbjpj.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/35bn8r0ao86_s.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/120-bka6zq5lp.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181"],"RecordResourceResume"] 34:I[830476,["/_next/static/chunks/04dz0xqjvyj1r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/176p1wltq5_f6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1f95q9c4h-8pl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2u46tugibrk1v.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/03q735zs9dbpu.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/330aj5rw-3o2w.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xa2z7fbv2riw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/381o-754ev9ia.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2th820ily21xq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3kom3ps_bn2q6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1x_yxljsdq0vl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1xkpwfqqdrdio.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3dcuhw7_p-nlv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2a4uxh-kqx1wo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2-3hvjs177r4z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1l2yee13s4kff.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1pp_uf_jx5j9r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2b6r02yb2zswo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/422ba61wql3d7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2opkuzmjw8cxb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/34ux0fo6f-rm8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0rt2_go1it43r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v5zhouho0zlq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1gtlwpzgzi12z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2zwoemojbdlmi.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jzaxe43n3e1e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xz_lj7nwz2k-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2tgvlfspjb-j8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0pdzmybpnr872.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1zt4k83kx3bkw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/200x0be4hbjpj.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/35bn8r0ao86_s.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/120-bka6zq5lp.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181"],"FlashcardAccessBranch"] 35:I[315438,["/_next/static/chunks/04dz0xqjvyj1r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/176p1wltq5_f6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1f95q9c4h-8pl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2u46tugibrk1v.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/03q735zs9dbpu.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/330aj5rw-3o2w.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xa2z7fbv2riw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/381o-754ev9ia.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2th820ily21xq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3kom3ps_bn2q6.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1x_yxljsdq0vl.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1xkpwfqqdrdio.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3dcuhw7_p-nlv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2a4uxh-kqx1wo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2-3hvjs177r4z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1l2yee13s4kff.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1pp_uf_jx5j9r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2b6r02yb2zswo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/422ba61wql3d7.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2opkuzmjw8cxb.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/34ux0fo6f-rm8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0rt2_go1it43r.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0v5zhouho0zlq.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1gtlwpzgzi12z.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2zwoemojbdlmi.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3jzaxe43n3e1e.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3xz_lj7nwz2k-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/2tgvlfspjb-j8.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/0pdzmybpnr872.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/1zt4k83kx3bkw.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/200x0be4hbjpj.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/35bn8r0ao86_s.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/120-bka6zq5lp.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790430181"],"TopicFlashcardRunner"] 22:[["$","$L31",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L32",["$","$L33",null,{"href":"/igcse/biology/edexcel/characteristics-of-living-organisms/flashcards","label":"Characteristics of living organisms","subjectCode":"igcse_biology","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L34",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L35",null,{"decks":[{"id":"e6bc04b6-6f54-4602-9cad-a45c2186d325","title":"Characteristics of living organisms Flashcards","topicId":"c801a08b-54eb-58af-8f66-3be87ed89c58","topicSlug":"characteristics-of-living-organisms","cards":[{"id":"6eec3705-e220-4221-aae6-0c52b7638d11","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An organism is an individual [ ] made of one or more [ ].","back":"An organism is an individual living thing made of one or more cells.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An organism is an individual living thing made of one or more cells.","correct":true,"explanation":"An organism is an individual living thing, and all organisms consist of one or more cells. A single-celled organism has one cell, while multicellular organisms contain many cells."},{"text":"An organism is an individual non-living structure made of one or more tissues.","correct":false,"explanation":"Organisms must be living, and tissues are groups of specialised cells found in some multicellular organisms. The correct description is an individual living thing made of one or more cells."},{"text":"An organism is an individual living thing made of one or more organs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Not every organism has organs, because single-celled organisms have no organs at all. The basic unit present in every organism is a cell, so the answer ends with cells."},{"text":"An organism is an individual cell made of one or more organ systems.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cell can itself be an organism, but an organism is not defined as a cell, and many organisms have no organ systems. The correct definition uses living thing and cells."}]},{"id":"77a420cb-984a-4a7e-b1bb-6d5c4abf5487","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which life process obtains materials for energy, growth, repair and cell function?","back":"Nutrition.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Nutrition.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nutrition is the process of obtaining or making materials needed for energy, growth, repair and normal cell function. Animals obtain food, while plants make glucose and absorb minerals."},{"text":"Respiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration releases energy from glucose inside cells, but it does not obtain the materials needed by an organism. The correct life process is nutrition, which supplies or makes those materials."},{"text":"Excretion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Excretion removes toxic metabolic waste from the body rather than obtaining materials for growth and energy. Nutrition is the life process responsible for obtaining or making the required materials."},{"text":"Growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Growth is a permanent increase in size or dry mass, not the process of obtaining materials. Nutrition supplies materials that can then be used for growth, repair and cell function."}]},{"id":"bde57e9f-8610-420d-84bb-3c39ae712eb9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do green plants show nutrition even though they do not eat?","back":"They make glucose by photosynthesis using light energy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They make glucose by photosynthesis using light energy.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nutrition includes making useful substances as well as taking them in. Green plants make glucose from carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis, using light energy."},{"text":"They absorb glucose from the soil using light energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plants do not normally obtain glucose from soil; they manufacture it in their leaves. Photosynthesis uses light energy to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water."},{"text":"They take in food through their roots using light energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Roots absorb water and mineral ions, not food, and light energy is used in leaves for photosynthesis. Green plants show nutrition by making glucose themselves."},{"text":"They release glucose by respiration using light energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration breaks down glucose and releases energy, whereas photosynthesis makes glucose using light energy. The nutritional process in green plants is glucose production by photosynthesis."}]},{"id":"55a5d85c-89c0-4658-833c-56d6e021f903","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Respiration happens inside [ ] and releases energy from [ ].","back":"Respiration happens inside cells and releases energy from glucose.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Respiration happens inside cells and releases energy from glucose.","correct":true,"explanation":"Respiration is a chemical process occurring inside cells. It breaks down glucose and releases energy that can power life processes such as movement, growth and active transport."},{"text":"Respiration happens inside lungs and releases energy from oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lungs are involved in breathing and gas exchange, not the site of respiration itself. Respiration occurs in cells and releases energy by breaking down glucose."},{"text":"Respiration happens inside cells and releases energy from carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is a product of aerobic respiration, not the main fuel broken down to release energy. Respiration occurs in cells and uses glucose as its energy source."},{"text":"Respiration happens inside chloroplasts and releases energy from water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis, while respiration occurs in cells and releases energy from glucose. Water is a reactant in photosynthesis, not the usual respiratory fuel."}]},{"id":"4e5ac05e-fd63-4294-b8ce-9c845e386632","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When do plants respire?","back":"In the light and in the dark.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the light and in the dark.","correct":true,"explanation":"Respiration is needed continuously, so plants respire during both daylight and darkness. Photosynthesis needs light, but respiration does not depend on light being present."},{"text":"Only in the light.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses respiration with photosynthesis, which requires light. Plants respire continuously, including during the night, because their cells need a steady supply of released energy."},{"text":"Only in the dark.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plants do not wait until darkness to respire. Respiration occurs in both light and darkness, while photosynthesis is the process restricted to suitable light conditions."},{"text":"Only when photosynthesis stops.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration and photosynthesis can occur at the same time in a plant during daylight. Respiration occurs in both light and darkness because it supplies energy for cell processes."}]},{"id":"f2cfc243-b52e-4af1-aca3-2a92f4ddd78f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is respiration needed for life processes?","back":"Energy released powers processes such as movement and growth.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Energy released powers processes such as movement and growth.","correct":true,"explanation":"Respiration releases energy from glucose, and cells use this energy to power life processes including movement, growth, active transport, synthesis and repair."},{"text":"Glucose produced powers processes such as movement and growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose is the fuel broken down during respiration, but it is not itself the immediately usable energy released. Respiration releases energy that powers movement and growth."},{"text":"Oxygen absorbed powers processes such as movement and growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen supports aerobic respiration but does not directly power life processes. The energy released when glucose is broken down provides the usable energy for movement and growth."},{"text":"Waste removed powers processes such as movement and growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing metabolic waste prevents harmful accumulation but does not provide energy. Respiration releases the energy required to power processes such as movement and growth."}]},{"id":"63acf113-a7bd-4745-8c87-37a558b88234","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How is respiration different from breathing?","back":"

Respiration: chemical reactions in cells releasing energy.
Breathing: moving air in and out of lungs.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Respiration: chemical reactions in cells releasing energy.
Breathing: moving air in and out of lungs.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Respiration is a chemical process inside cells that releases energy, whereas breathing is the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs for gas exchange."},{"text":"

Respiration: moving air in and out of lungs.
Breathing: chemical reactions in cells releasing energy.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These definitions have been reversed. Breathing moves air in and out of the lungs, while respiration consists of chemical reactions in cells that release energy."},{"text":"

Respiration: taking oxygen into the bloodstream.
Breathing: releasing energy from glucose.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Taking oxygen into the bloodstream is part of gas exchange, not the full definition of breathing, and releasing energy from glucose describes respiration. The two processes must not be confused."},{"text":"

Respiration: moving food through the digestive system.
Breathing: removing carbon dioxide in cells.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Food movement is digestion-related, and carbon dioxide removal is associated with gas exchange. Respiration is energy-releasing chemistry in cells, while breathing moves air through the lungs."}]},{"id":"e40d324b-0a02-46d8-8dbb-715da85fe206","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Metabolism means all [ ] in cells; excretion removes [ ].","back":"Metabolism means all chemical reactions in cells; excretion removes metabolic waste.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Metabolism means all chemical reactions in cells; excretion removes metabolic waste.","correct":true,"explanation":"Metabolism is the complete set of chemical reactions taking place in cells. Excretion removes waste products made by these reactions, such as carbon dioxide and urea."},{"text":"Metabolism means all physical movements in cells; excretion removes undigested food.","correct":false,"explanation":"Metabolism concerns chemical reactions, not physical movements, and excretion removes metabolic waste rather than undigested food. Undigested food leaves the body by egestion."},{"text":"Metabolism means all chemical reactions in cells; excretion removes useful nutrients.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first part correctly identifies metabolism, but excretion removes harmful waste products, not useful nutrients. Nutrients are absorbed and used by cells rather than excreted."},{"text":"Metabolism means all life processes in cells; excretion removes faeces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Life processes are broader than the chemical reactions that make up metabolism, and faeces are undigested food removed by egestion. Excretion specifically removes metabolic waste."}]},{"id":"da5d2558-c7ce-4fb3-a197-b369d22c072d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why must metabolic waste be removed from the body?","back":"It can become toxic or disturb cell conditions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can become toxic or disturb cell conditions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Metabolic waste can build up and poison cells or alter the conditions needed for enzymes and other cell reactions to work properly, so it must be removed."},{"text":"It can become useful or disturb cell conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Waste products are not generally useful to the body; the key danger is that they may become toxic or disturb cell conditions, so they must be removed."},{"text":"It can provide energy or disturb cell conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Metabolic waste is produced after useful substances are broken down and does not provide energy. It must be removed because it can become toxic or disrupt cell conditions."},{"text":"It can become stored or disturb cell conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Storing metabolic waste would allow it to accumulate and harm cells. The correct reason for removal is that waste can become toxic or disturb cell conditions."}]},{"id":"eaeb61f5-95b7-4531-a79c-b3ff1d512848","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are faeces removed by egestion, not excretion?","back":"Faeces are undigested food, not metabolic waste.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Faeces are undigested food, not metabolic waste.","correct":true,"explanation":"Faeces contain undigested food and other material that was never absorbed, so removing them is egestion. Excretion removes waste made by metabolic reactions."},{"text":"Faeces are metabolic waste, not undigested food.","correct":false,"explanation":"Faeces are not metabolic waste produced by cells; they mainly contain undigested food. Therefore, their removal is egestion rather than excretion."},{"text":"Faeces are absorbed nutrients, not metabolic waste.","correct":false,"explanation":"Absorbed nutrients enter the body and are used or stored, whereas faeces contain material that was not digested and absorbed. Removing faeces is egestion."},{"text":"Faeces are useful enzymes, not metabolic waste.","correct":false,"explanation":"Faeces do not consist of useful digestive enzymes. They contain undigested food and are removed by egestion, while excretion removes metabolic waste made in cells."}]},{"id":"ccaa045a-460d-43b9-8bc2-e3e88f8dca27","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] is a change in surroundings; a [ ] is what an organism does because of it.","back":"A stimulus is a change in surroundings; a response is what an organism does because of it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A stimulus is a change in surroundings; a response is what an organism does because of it.","correct":true,"explanation":"A stimulus is a detectable change in the surroundings, while a response is the action or change shown by an organism as a result."},{"text":"A response is a change in surroundings; a stimulus is what an organism does because of it.","correct":false,"explanation":"The terms have been reversed. A stimulus is the change in surroundings, and the organism’s resulting action or change is called the response."},{"text":"A receptor is a change in surroundings; a response is what an organism does because of it.","correct":false,"explanation":"A receptor is a cell or organ that detects a stimulus, not the change itself. The change is the stimulus, and the resulting action is the response."},{"text":"A stimulus is a change in surroundings; a receptor is what an organism does because of it.","correct":false,"explanation":"A receptor detects a stimulus; it is not the action produced by the organism. The change is the stimulus, while what the organism does is its response."}]},{"id":"58defa22-6068-4073-8bfa-023f01ffde42","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How may a plant shoot respond to light?","back":"It may grow towards light.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It may grow towards light.","correct":true,"explanation":"A plant shoot can respond to light by growing towards it. This directional growth is a response that helps the shoot receive light for photosynthesis."},{"text":"It may grow away from light.","correct":false,"explanation":"A shoot commonly shows positive phototropism, growing towards light rather than away from it. This helps the plant obtain more light for photosynthesis."},{"text":"It may stop photosynthesising.","correct":false,"explanation":"Light usually provides the energy needed for photosynthesis, so a shoot responds directionally by growing towards it rather than stopping photosynthesis."},{"text":"It may produce roots towards light.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shoots respond to light by growing towards it, whereas roots generally grow away from light. The response described for a shoot is growth towards light."}]},{"id":"eb37cfc7-a9ca-4e05-ba9a-86c881effa40","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which characteristic is a change in position of the whole organism or part of it?","back":"Movement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Movement.","correct":true,"explanation":"Movement is a change in position of the whole organism or of part of it. It includes movement in animals and growth movements in plants."},{"text":"Respiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration releases energy from food; it does not describe a change in position. The characteristic involving a change in position is movement."},{"text":"Sensitivity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sensitivity is the ability to detect and respond to changes in the surroundings. The change in position itself is described as movement."},{"text":"Growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Growth is a permanent increase in size or dry mass, not specifically a change in position. A change in position of the organism or a part is movement."}]},{"id":"99b28a6c-0b54-4510-a6e1-103907d7b36d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can rooted plants still show movement?","back":"Their parts can change position or growth direction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Their parts can change position or growth direction.","correct":true,"explanation":"Although rooted plants cannot usually move from place to place, their shoots, roots, and leaves can change position or grow in a different direction."},{"text":"Their cells can leave the soil and move independently.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rooted plant cells do not generally leave the plant and move independently. Plant movement occurs when parts change position or alter their direction of growth."},{"text":"Their seeds can change position while attached to the plant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Seeds may be dispersed after leaving a plant, but this does not explain movement in a rooted plant. Its parts can change position or growth direction."},{"text":"Their roots can detach and move to new locations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Roots normally remain attached and anchored in the soil. Rooted plants can still show movement because their parts change position or their direction of growth."}]},{"id":"8e75841a-d916-4653-8950-60b2835ef33e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively [ ] [ ].","back":"Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Homeostasis keeps conditions inside an organism relatively constant, allowing enzymes and cells to function effectively even when external conditions change."},{"text":"Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively changing internal environment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Homeostasis reduces internal changes rather than maintaining them. Its definition is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment."},{"text":"Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively constant external environment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Organisms cannot maintain the entire external environment. Homeostasis regulates conditions inside the organism, maintaining a relatively constant internal environment."},{"text":"Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively constant body size.","correct":false,"explanation":"Homeostasis concerns internal conditions such as temperature, water content, and glucose concentration, not body size. Its definition refers to a relatively constant internal environment."}]},{"id":"42648bb3-f363-4654-8698-7c6915fc1002","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do organisms need homeostasis for cell reactions?","back":"Cell reactions only work properly within suitable conditions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cell reactions only work properly within suitable conditions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Enzymes and other cell processes work effectively only within suitable ranges of temperature, pH, water content, and concentrations, so homeostasis is essential."},{"text":"Cell reactions only produce energy in completely unchanging conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cell reactions can continue while conditions vary slightly; they do not require completely unchanging conditions. Homeostasis keeps conditions within a suitable range for reactions."},{"text":"Cell reactions only occur outside the organism’s cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Many essential reactions occur inside cells, including respiration and protein synthesis. Homeostasis is needed because these reactions require suitable internal conditions."},{"text":"Cell reactions only work properly at the highest possible temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"Excessive temperature can denature enzymes and stop reactions working. Homeostasis maintains a suitable range of conditions rather than the highest possible temperature."}]},{"id":"060774fc-0435-4a2f-9334-62b8f1cfa0d4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which reproduction type involves two parents and gametes such as sperm and egg?","back":"Sexual reproduction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sexual reproduction.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes from two parents, such as a sperm and an egg, producing offspring with genetic variation."},{"text":"Asexual reproduction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction uses one parent and does not involve the fusion of sperm and egg gametes. The two-parent process described is sexual reproduction."},{"text":"Binary fission.","correct":false,"explanation":"Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides into two. It does not involve two parents or sex gametes."},{"text":"Vegetative propagation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vegetative propagation is asexual reproduction using plant structures such as runners or bulbs. It involves one parent rather than sperm and egg gametes."}]},{"id":"01a05069-67dd-4735-9b2f-6f1ab71dbd9d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does asexual reproduction usually produce?","back":"Genetically identical offspring, unless mutations occur.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Genetically identical offspring, unless mutations occur.","correct":true,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction normally involves one parent and produces offspring with the same genes as that parent. Mutations can occasionally create differences."},{"text":"Genetically different offspring, unless mutations occur.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genetic differences between offspring are usually associated with sexual reproduction or mutation. Asexual reproduction normally produces genetically identical offspring."},{"text":"One offspring only, unless mutations occur.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction can produce many offspring, not necessarily just one. Its defining result is genetic identity, except where mutations arise."},{"text":"Sterile offspring, unless mutations occur.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asexual reproduction does not normally produce sterile offspring as its defining outcome. It usually creates genetically identical offspring unless mutations occur."}]},{"id":"57ce2250-3b8a-4584-904f-b1393b17e564","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can an infertile individual still be alive?","back":"Reproduction is a group characteristic, not constant for every individual.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Reproduction is a group characteristic, not constant for every individual.","correct":true,"explanation":"Reproduction is a characteristic of living organisms considered as a group, so an individual can be alive even if it cannot reproduce."},{"text":"Respiration is a group characteristic, not constant for every individual.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration is essential for releasing energy in living cells, so an infertile individual still carries it out. Infertility affects reproduction instead."},{"text":"Sensitivity is a group characteristic, not constant for every individual.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sensitivity is the ability to detect and respond to stimuli, which living individuals generally show. Infertility concerns reproductive ability, not sensitivity."},{"text":"Excretion is a group characteristic, not constant for every individual.","correct":false,"explanation":"Excretion removes toxic metabolic waste and is necessary for normal life. An individual may be infertile while still excreting waste."}]},{"id":"9a910f08-c1ca-44b6-baec-953e4134302a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Growth is a permanent increase in [ ]; development is change towards being more [ ].","back":"Growth is a permanent increase in size and mass; development is change towards being more mature or complex.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Growth is a permanent increase in size and mass; development is change towards being more mature or complex.","correct":true,"explanation":"Growth is measured as a permanent increase in size and mass, whereas development describes becoming more mature or complex in form or function."},{"text":"Growth is a permanent increase in size and mass; development is change towards being less mature or complex.","correct":false,"explanation":"Size and mass describe growth, but development is not simply a reduction in maturity or complexity. Development involves becoming more mature or complex."},{"text":"Growth is a permanent increase in mature or complex; development is change towards being more size and mass.","correct":false,"explanation":"Development concerns maturity or complexity, not merely size and mass. Growth is the permanent increase in size and mass."},{"text":"Growth is a temporary increase in size and mass; development is change towards being more unchanged.","correct":false,"explanation":"A temporary increase is not growth because growth must be permanent. Development involves becoming more mature or complex, rather than remaining unchanged."}]},{"id":"8019da54-09a2-4c80-8dbc-8646bfdd14b5","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What separates growth from development?","back":"

Growth: becoming bigger.
Development: changing form, structure or abilities.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Growth: becoming bigger.
Development: changing form, structure or abilities.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Growth refers to becoming larger, while development includes changes in form, structure or abilities as an organism becomes more mature."},{"text":"

Growth: becoming older.
Development: changing form, structure or abilities.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Growth is not defined as becoming older, although age may increase alongside it. Development concerns changes in form, structure or abilities."},{"text":"

Growth: changing form, structure or abilities.
Development: becoming bigger.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Development is broader than simply becoming bigger; it involves changes in form, structure or abilities. Becoming bigger describes growth."},{"text":"

Growth: becoming bigger.
Development: becoming bigger.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Both processes are incorrectly described as becoming bigger. Growth is becoming bigger, whereas development involves changes in form, structure or abilities."}]},{"id":"8017cec4-82f0-40d0-bfeb-1e59b117100e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What checklist rule stops a flame being classified as living?","back":"It does not show the full set of life processes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It does not show the full set of life processes.","correct":true,"explanation":"A flame may show some individual features, such as movement or growth, but it is not living because it does not show the complete set of life processes."},{"text":"It does not show the ability to move.","correct":false,"explanation":"Movement alone is not enough to classify something as living. A flame may move, but it lacks the full set of life processes."},{"text":"It does not show the ability to produce heat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Producing heat is not one of the complete life processes used by the checklist. A flame is excluded because it lacks the full set."},{"text":"It does not show the ability to produce light.","correct":false,"explanation":"A flame can produce light, but light production is not the checklist requirement for life. The relevant criterion is showing all life processes."}]},{"id":"e00625a1-db14-4646-9571-544ddd70d0af","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A thing once alive but no longer carrying out life processes is [ ]; a thing never alive is [ ].","back":"A thing once alive but no longer carrying out life processes is dead; a thing never alive is non-living.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A thing once alive but no longer carrying out life processes is dead; a thing never alive is non-living.","correct":true,"explanation":"An object that was previously alive but has stopped carrying out life processes is dead, while one that has never been alive is non-living."},{"text":"A thing once alive but no longer carrying out life processes is dormant; a thing never alive is non-living.","correct":false,"explanation":"A dormant organism may temporarily reduce its activity but remains alive. The description specifies that life processes have stopped after life, so the correct term is dead."},{"text":"A thing once alive but no longer carrying out life processes is non-living; a thing never alive is dead.","correct":false,"explanation":"Non-living describes something that has never been alive. Something that was alive and has stopped its life processes is described as dead."},{"text":"A thing once alive but no longer carrying out life processes is living; a thing never alive is non-living.","correct":false,"explanation":"Living means carrying out life processes, so it cannot describe something that has stopped them. A never-living thing is non-living, while a former organism is dead."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Characteristics of living organisms","title":"Characteristics of living organisms Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/igcse/biology/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"c801a08b-54eb-58af-8f66-3be87ed89c58","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]