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Temperature is the independent variable because it is deliberately changed."},{"text":"Enzyme concentration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Enzyme concentration should be controlled so that it does not affect the results. Temperature is the variable deliberately changed."},{"text":"Rate of reaction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rate of reaction is measured in response to the temperature change, making it the dependent variable rather than the independent variable."}]},{"id":"aaa804ef-adce-4602-957b-c4a2147e3159","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In a temperature-enzyme investigation, what is the dependent variable?","back":"Rate of reaction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Rate of reaction.","correct":true,"explanation":"The rate of reaction is measured to determine how it responds to changes in temperature, so it is the dependent variable."},{"text":"Temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperature is deliberately changed by the investigator, so it is the independent variable. The measured dependent variable is the rate of reaction."},{"text":"pH.","correct":false,"explanation":"pH should be held constant to prevent it affecting enzyme activity. The dependent variable measured is the rate of reaction."},{"text":"Substrate concentration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Substrate concentration should normally be controlled during a temperature investigation. The outcome being measured is the rate of reaction."}]},{"id":"edd7f949-eb43-4d38-9848-101afb6b374f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Control variables are kept [ ] so the investigation is a [ ].","back":"Control variables are kept the same so the investigation is a fair test.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Control variables are kept the same so the investigation is a fair test.","correct":true,"explanation":"Keeping control variables the same prevents them influencing the result, ensuring that only the independent variable affects the dependent variable in a fair test."},{"text":"Control variables are kept changing so the investigation is a fair test.","correct":false,"explanation":"Control variables must remain the same, not be changed deliberately. This isolates the independent variable and makes the investigation a fair test."},{"text":"Control variables are kept the same so the investigation is a preliminary test.","correct":false,"explanation":"Keeping control variables the same makes an investigation a fair test, not a preliminary test. A preliminary test is used to refine the method."},{"text":"Control variables are kept measured so the investigation is a repeat test.","correct":false,"explanation":"Control variables are kept the same rather than measured repeatedly, and this creates a fair test by preventing other factors from affecting the outcome."}]},{"id":"e1ea13e0-cd43-4da8-af60-64a09fe50653","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why should a fair test change only the independent variable?","back":"So changes in the dependent variable can be linked to it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"So changes in the dependent variable can be linked to it.","correct":true,"explanation":"Changing only the independent variable isolates its effect, allowing any resulting change in the dependent variable to be linked to that independent variable."},{"text":"So changes in the independent variable can be linked to it.","correct":false,"explanation":"The independent variable is deliberately changed, not observed as the outcome. A fair test links changes in the dependent variable to it."},{"text":"So changes in the control variables can be linked to it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Control variables should not change during a fair test. Changes in the dependent variable can therefore be linked to the independent variable."},{"text":"So changes in the random errors can be linked to it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random errors are unwanted variations rather than the measured outcome. Changing only the independent variable links changes in the dependent variable to it."}]},{"id":"a46cb94b-7503-43d4-a5e7-aeb7cb69a544","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is an enzyme method invalid if temperature and pH both change?","back":"You cannot tell which factor changed the rate.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"You cannot tell which factor changed the rate.","correct":true,"explanation":"Both temperature and pH can alter enzyme activity, so changing them together makes it impossible to identify which factor caused the rate change."},{"text":"You can tell both factors changed the rate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Knowing both variables changed does not reveal their separate effects. You cannot tell which factor changed the rate because temperature and pH both influence enzymes."},{"text":"You cannot tell which enzyme changed the rate.","correct":false,"explanation":"The enzyme used should already be known from the method. The validity problem is that you cannot tell whether temperature or pH changed the rate."},{"text":"You cannot measure how much the rate changed.","correct":false,"explanation":"The rate can still be measured, but its cause cannot be identified. You cannot tell which of the two changing factors affected it."}]},{"id":"d1f0b37d-3db8-4829-9ecd-30dd10c2c987","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can enzyme and substrate temperature be controlled before mixing?","back":"Let both reach the set temperature in a water bath.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Let both reach the set temperature in a water bath.","correct":true,"explanation":"A water bath brings both solutions to the chosen temperature before the reaction begins, preventing initial temperature differences from affecting the measured rate."},{"text":"Let both reach the set temperature over a Bunsen burner.","correct":false,"explanation":"Direct flame heating is uneven and may denature the enzyme. Both solutions should reach the set temperature gently in a water bath."},{"text":"Let both reach the set temperature in a refrigerator.","correct":false,"explanation":"A refrigerator can cool materials but cannot reliably establish a range of chosen experimental temperatures. A controlled water bath should be used."},{"text":"Let both reach the set temperature in a measuring cylinder.","correct":false,"explanation":"A measuring cylinder measures volume rather than controlling temperature. Both solutions should be placed in a water bath until they reach the set temperature."}]},{"id":"e82e45db-288b-4229-9e1e-948866bc2d0c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Resolution is the [ ] an instrument can detect.","back":"Resolution is the smallest change an instrument can detect.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"smallest change","correct":true,"explanation":"Resolution describes the smallest change in a measured quantity that an instrument can distinguish or display."},{"text":"largest measurement","correct":false,"explanation":"The largest measurement relates to an instrument’s range, not its resolution. Resolution is the smallest change that the instrument can detect."},{"text":"true value","correct":false,"explanation":"A true value is the ideal accurate value of a quantity, not a feature detected by an instrument. Resolution means the smallest detectable change."},{"text":"average value","correct":false,"explanation":"An average value is calculated from repeated measurements and does not define instrument resolution. Resolution is the smallest change the instrument can detect."}]},{"id":"69979adc-8f12-424f-8d9e-726bf0471c61","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which apparatus lets you read gas volume directly in cm³ during a reaction?","back":"A gas syringe.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A gas syringe.","correct":true,"explanation":"A gas syringe has a graduated scale, so the volume of gas produced can be read directly in cm³ as the reaction proceeds."},{"text":"A delivery tube.","correct":false,"explanation":"A delivery tube transfers gas but does not measure its volume. A gas syringe collects the gas and provides a graduated scale for direct readings in cm³."},{"text":"A conical flask.","correct":false,"explanation":"A conical flask can contain the reacting substances, but it cannot measure the gas produced. A gas syringe is needed to collect and read the gas volume directly."},{"text":"A test tube.","correct":false,"explanation":"A test tube can hold a small reaction but has no suitable scale for measuring gas volume. A gas syringe gives direct, graduated volume readings."}]},{"id":"c8665987-bd7e-4064-9b4a-af37a99a4f4e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"If up to 70 cm³ of gas may form, why is a 10 cm³ gas syringe unsuitable?","back":"It fills too quickly, giving incomplete data.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It fills too quickly, giving incomplete data.","correct":true,"explanation":"The reaction may produce 70 cm³, so a 10 cm³ syringe reaches its maximum capacity early and cannot record the gas produced after that point."},{"text":"It fills too slowly, giving delayed data.","correct":false,"explanation":"The problem is insufficient capacity, not slow filling. A 10 cm³ syringe fills too quickly when up to 70 cm³ forms, so later readings are lost."},{"text":"It has too much capacity, giving imprecise data.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the capacity problem: 10 cm³ is far below the possible 70 cm³ volume. The syringe fills too quickly, producing incomplete data."},{"text":"It cannot measure gas, giving no data.","correct":false,"explanation":"A gas syringe can measure gas, but this one is too small. It fills too quickly because its 10 cm³ capacity is below the possible 70 cm³ produced."}]},{"id":"163e3dda-2bea-4823-ab86-72b909cf5682","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Current is measured with an [ ]; potential difference is measured with a [ ].","back":"Current is measured with an ammeter; potential difference is measured with a voltmeter.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Current is measured with an ammeter; potential difference is measured with a voltmeter.","correct":true,"explanation":"An ammeter measures the flow of electric charge through a circuit, while a voltmeter measures the potential difference between two points in the circuit."},{"text":"Current is measured with an voltmeter; potential difference is measured with a ammeter.","correct":false,"explanation":"The instruments have been reversed. Current is measured using an ammeter connected in series, while potential difference is measured using a voltmeter connected in parallel."},{"text":"Current is measured with an ohmmeter; potential difference is measured with a voltmeter.","correct":false,"explanation":"An ohmmeter measures electrical resistance rather than current. Current requires an ammeter, while potential difference is correctly measured using a voltmeter."},{"text":"Current is measured with an ammeter; potential difference is measured with a ohmmeter.","correct":false,"explanation":"An ohmmeter measures resistance rather than potential difference. Current is measured with an ammeter, but potential difference must be measured with a voltmeter."}]},{"id":"b0be693e-d672-4982-909a-155eef6b6da3","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Contrast accuracy and precision in measurements.","back":"

Accuracy: close to the true value.
Precision: repeats close to each other.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Accuracy: close to the true value.
Precision: repeats close to each other.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Accuracy describes how close a measurement is to the accepted true value, whereas precision describes how closely repeated measurements agree with one another."},{"text":"

Accuracy: repeats close to each other.
Precision: close to the true value.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These definitions have been reversed. Accuracy means closeness to the true value, while precision means repeated measurements are close to one another."},{"text":"

Accuracy: close to zero.
Precision: repeats widely spread out.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Accuracy is not closeness to zero, and widely spread repeats indicate poor precision. Accuracy is closeness to the true value; precision is closeness among repeats."},{"text":"

Accuracy: recorded to more decimal places.
Precision: close to the true value.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Decimal places indicate instrument resolution, not necessarily accuracy, and closeness to the true value defines accuracy. Precision instead concerns agreement between repeated measurements."}]},{"id":"8b4e9451-010a-47f4-b969-6ccc90f7a89e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Similar results with the same person, method and apparatus show [ ]; similar results with different people or apparatus show [ ].","back":"Similar results with the same person, method and apparatus show repeatability; similar results with different people or apparatus show reproducibility.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Similar results with the same person, method and apparatus show repeatability; similar results with different people or apparatus show reproducibility.","correct":true,"explanation":"Repeatability concerns agreement when the person, method and equipment stay the same. Reproducibility concerns agreement when the investigation is repeated by others or with different equipment."},{"text":"Similar results with the same person, method and apparatus show reproducibility; similar results with different people or apparatus show repeatability.","correct":false,"explanation":"The terms have been reversed. Unchanged conditions test repeatability, whereas changing the person or apparatus tests whether results are reproducible."},{"text":"Similar results with the same person, method and apparatus show repeatability; similar results with different people or apparatus show repeatability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repeatability applies only when the same person, method and apparatus are used. Agreement after changing people or apparatus demonstrates reproducibility instead."},{"text":"Similar results with the same person, method and apparatus show reproducibility; similar results with different people or apparatus show reproducibility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reproducibility applies when people or apparatus change, not when all conditions remain the same. Agreement under unchanged conditions demonstrates repeatability."}]},{"id":"59ef9cdf-97f9-4d6e-8f26-207c1871aa98","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In repeats of 52 s, 54 s, 53 s and 87 s, which result is anomalous?","back":"87 s.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"87 s.","correct":true,"explanation":"The first three times cluster closely between 52 s and 54 s, while 87 s lies far outside this pattern and is therefore anomalous."},{"text":"52 s.","correct":false,"explanation":"Choosing the lowest result does not identify an anomaly. The 52 s result agrees closely with 53 s and 54 s, while 87 s is far from the cluster."},{"text":"54 s.","correct":false,"explanation":"Choosing the highest value within the main cluster is a common slip. The 54 s result is close to 52 s and 53 s; 87 s is anomalous."},{"text":"53 s.","correct":false,"explanation":"The central result is consistent with both 52 s and 54 s, so it is not anomalous. The isolated 87 s result does not fit the repeated pattern."}]},{"id":"18e6199e-9ad6-46ce-80ff-9d78d7ec43be","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Mean = [ ] ÷ [ ].","back":"Mean = sum of repeat readings ÷ number of readings.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mean = sum of repeat readings ÷ number of readings.","correct":true,"explanation":"The arithmetic mean is calculated by adding all the repeat readings together and then dividing this total by the number of readings taken."},{"text":"Mean = number of readings ÷ sum of repeat readings.","correct":false,"explanation":"The division has been reversed. To calculate the mean, add the repeat readings and divide that sum by the number of readings, not the other way around."},{"text":"Mean = sum of repeat readings ÷ range of readings.","correct":false,"explanation":"The range measures spread and is not the required divisor. The sum of the readings must be divided by the number of readings to find the mean."},{"text":"Mean = highest repeat reading ÷ number of readings.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using only the highest reading ignores the other measurements. The mean uses the sum of every repeat reading divided by the total number of readings."}]},{"id":"13172a47-1c85-4920-9997-e2375b3185ca","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Calculate the mean time for 52 s, 54 s and 53 s.","back":"53 s.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"53 s.","correct":true,"explanation":"Adding the three times gives 159 s, and dividing by three readings gives a mean of 53 s."},{"text":"159 s.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the sum of the readings rather than their mean. Dividing 159 s by the three readings gives the correct mean of 53 s."},{"text":"52 s.","correct":false,"explanation":"This selects the lowest reading instead of calculating the mean. The total is 159 s, which divided by three gives 53 s."},{"text":"54 s.","correct":false,"explanation":"This selects the highest reading rather than averaging all three. Adding the values gives 159 s and dividing by three gives 53 s."}]},{"id":"cd501815-f696-46bc-8701-8542a8a55bb8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"For gas production, what formula gives reaction rate?","back":"$\\text{rate} = \\frac{\\text{volume of gas produced}}{\\text{time taken}}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$\\text{rate} = \\frac{\\text{volume of gas produced}}{\\text{time taken}}$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Reaction rate is calculated by dividing the amount of gas produced by the time taken, giving the volume produced per unit of time."},{"text":"$\\text{rate} = \\frac{\\text{time taken}}{\\text{volume of gas produced}}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship and gives time per unit volume rather than volume per unit time. The correct formula divides the volume of gas produced by the time taken."},{"text":"$\\text{rate} = \\text{volume of gas produced} \\times \\text{time taken}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying volume by time does not give a rate and produces the wrong units. Rate is found by dividing the volume of gas produced by the time taken."},{"text":"$\\text{rate} = \\frac{1}{\\text{volume of gas produced} \\times \\text{time taken}}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Taking the reciprocal of both quantities reverses the relationship twice and gives incorrect units. The required calculation is volume of gas produced divided by time taken."}]},{"id":"28d782b3-d121-4517-a73d-e740e5a93dc7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Calculate the rate for 20 cm³ of gas produced in 53 s.","back":"0.38 cm³ s^-1.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"0.38 cm³ s^-1.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dividing 20 cm³ by 53 s gives 0.377... cm³ s^-1, which rounds to 0.38 cm³ s^-1."},{"text":"0.40 cm³ s^-1.","correct":false,"explanation":"This comes from approximating 53 s to 50 s before calculating, but the given values should be used. $20 \\div 53 = 0.377...$, which rounds to 0.38 cm³ s^-1."},{"text":"2.65 cm³ s^-1.","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses the reciprocal calculation, $53 \\div 20$, instead of rate = volume divided by time. Using $20 \\div 53$ gives 0.38 cm³ s^-1."},{"text":"1.06 cm³ s^-1.","correct":false,"explanation":"This results from treating the time as 19 s or combining the values incorrectly. The required calculation is $20 \\div 53$, giving 0.38 cm³ s^-1."}]},{"id":"ffe94c50-8270-4de1-b1d1-c1071e6403ed","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The independent variable goes in the [ ] of a results table and on the [ ] of a graph.","back":"The independent variable goes in the first column of a results table and on the x-axis of a graph.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The independent variable goes in the first column of a results table and on the x-axis of a graph.","correct":true,"explanation":"The independent variable is the one deliberately changed, so it is recorded in the first column and plotted on the x-axis."},{"text":"The independent variable goes in the last column of a results table and on the y-axis of a graph.","correct":false,"explanation":"The dependent variable, not the independent variable, normally goes on the y-axis. The independent variable is placed in the first column and on the x-axis."},{"text":"The independent variable goes in the second column of a results table and on the y-axis of a graph.","correct":false,"explanation":"The y-axis shows the dependent variable, and the independent variable belongs in the first column. Confusing the two variables reverses their usual positions."},{"text":"The independent variable goes in the first column of a results table and on the y-axis of a graph.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the first column is correct, the y-axis usually displays the dependent variable. The independent variable should be plotted on the x-axis."}]},{"id":"0f63c4be-978b-4abf-a4d3-a0058256be2c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why draw a line of best fit instead of joining every point dot-to-dot?","back":"It shows the overall pattern in the data.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It shows the overall pattern in the data.","correct":true,"explanation":"A line of best fit represents the overall trend, allowing the pattern to be seen despite random variation or anomalous points."},{"text":"It shows the exact value for every result.","correct":false,"explanation":"A line of best fit does not pass through every measured value or show each result exactly. It shows the overall pattern in the data."},{"text":"It removes all anomalous results from the data.","correct":false,"explanation":"Drawing a line of best fit does not delete anomalous results; those points remain visible and may be identified separately. The line shows the overall pattern."},{"text":"It connects the results in time order.","correct":false,"explanation":"Joining points in time order can suggest a misleading path between measurements. A line of best fit is drawn to show the overall pattern in the data."}]},{"id":"24562579-3ac5-4c92-aef8-ca604493baa6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What formula gives magnification in microscopy?","back":"$\\text{magnification} = \\frac{\\text{image size}}{\\text{actual size}}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$\\text{magnification} = \\frac{\\text{image size}}{\\text{actual size}}$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Magnification compares how large the image appears with the specimen’s real size, so it is calculated by dividing image size by actual size."},{"text":"$\\text{magnification} = \\frac{\\text{actual size}}{\\text{image size}}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the ratio and usually gives a value less than one for a magnified image. Magnification is image size divided by actual size."},{"text":"$\\text{magnification} = \\text{image size} + \\text{actual size}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding the two lengths does not compare their scale and does not produce magnification. The correct relationship is image size divided by actual size."},{"text":"$\\text{magnification} = \\text{image size} - \\text{actual size}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Subtracting the lengths gives a difference in size, not a scale factor. Magnification is found by dividing the image size by the actual size."}]},{"id":"ae147207-2d9e-419d-8687-d585b86b6166","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Distinguish hazard, risk and control measure in practical safety.","back":"

Hazard: something that could cause harm.
Risk: chance of harm happening.
Control measure: action reducing the risk.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Hazard: something that could cause harm.
Risk: chance of harm happening.
Control measure: action reducing the risk.

","correct":true,"explanation":"A hazard is a potential source of harm, risk is the likelihood that harm will occur, and a control measure is an action used to reduce that risk."},{"text":"

Hazard: chance of harm happening.
Risk: something that could cause harm.
Control measure: amount of harm caused.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the meanings of hazard and risk and treats a control measure as an outcome. A hazard could cause harm, risk is its likelihood, and a control measure reduces that risk."},{"text":"

Hazard: action reducing the risk.
Risk: amount of harm caused.
Control measure: something that could cause harm.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The three definitions have been shifted between the terms. A hazard could cause harm, risk is the chance of harm happening, and a control measure reduces the risk."},{"text":"

Hazard: amount of harm caused.
Risk: action reducing the risk.
Control measure: chance of harm happening.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These describe consequences, precautions and likelihood under the wrong labels. Hazard means a possible source of harm, risk means its chance of occurring, and a control measure reduces it."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Biology Paper 1"},"heading":"Practical skills","title":"Practical skills Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/science/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"8c5d196d-de96-5b83-bd34-918f4a011096","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]